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Race Discrimination in Prison Job Assignments Condemned
Race Discrimination In Prison Job Assignments Condemned
A black prisoner's allegation that white prisoners were given work assignments without completing any training while he was required to take 90-days of training for an electrician assignment, despite the fact that he was an electrician by trade, stated a claim for racial discrimination.
The black inmate filed a federal civil rights lawsuit alleging that he was subjected to racial discrimination when he put in a request for a prison work assignment as an electrician. Although he was an electrician by trade prior to incarceration, he was purportedly told that he had to complete 90 days of training before he could become eligible for the maintenance electrician program.
He also claimed that a white inmate who arrived at the prison on the same day and on the same bus as him, was given a program assignment without having to complete any 90-day training, and that two other white inmates who had arrived the previous week had also received assignments without having to complete 90 days of training. Further, he stated that no black inmates at all had been assigned to the maintenance electrician program for a period of ten years.
A federal appeals court found that these allegations stated a claim for racial discrimination in violation of the fourteenth amendment's equal protection clause. The appeals court therefore overturned a trial court dismissal of this claim. The court rejected the argument that, since the inmate did not allege that the particular white inmates mentioned in his complaint were given assignments as electricians, that his complaint was factually insufficient.
His complaint "not only alleges that he was treated differently because of his race, but also, drawing a fair Race Discrimination inference, that black inmates in the past have been treated differently because of their race. We think these allegations by a pro se prisoner sufficiently set forth an equal protection claim." The court did, however, uphold the dismissal of an eighth amendment claim by the prisoner, such exclusion from the prison's maintenance electrician program did not constitute "punishment," let alone punishment that is "cruel and unusual." See: LaBounty v. Adler, 933 F.2d 121 (2 Cir. 1991).
A black prisoner's allegation that white prisoners were given work assignments without completing any training while he was required to take 90-days of training for an electrician assignment, despite the fact that he was an electrician by trade, stated a claim for racial discrimination.
The black inmate filed a federal civil rights lawsuit alleging that he was subjected to racial discrimination when he put in a request for a prison work assignment as an electrician. Although he was an electrician by trade prior to incarceration, he was purportedly told that he had to complete 90 days of training before he could become eligible for the maintenance electrician program.
He also claimed that a white inmate who arrived at the prison on the same day and on the same bus as him, was given a program assignment without having to complete any 90-day training, and that two other white inmates who had arrived the previous week had also received assignments without having to complete 90 days of training. Further, he stated that no black inmates at all had been assigned to the maintenance electrician program for a period of ten years.
A federal appeals court found that these allegations stated a claim for racial discrimination in violation of the fourteenth amendment's equal protection clause. The appeals court therefore overturned a trial court dismissal of this claim. The court rejected the argument that, since the inmate did not allege that the particular white inmates mentioned in his complaint were given assignments as electricians, that his complaint was factually insufficient.
His complaint "not only alleges that he was treated differently because of his race, but also, drawing a fair Race Discrimination inference, that black inmates in the past have been treated differently because of their race. We think these allegations by a pro se prisoner sufficiently set forth an equal protection claim." The court did, however, uphold the dismissal of an eighth amendment claim by the prisoner, such exclusion from the prison's maintenance electrician program did not constitute "punishment," let alone punishment that is "cruel and unusual." See: LaBounty v. Adler, 933 F.2d 121 (2 Cir. 1991).
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Related legal case
Labounty v. Adler
| Year | 1991 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 933 F.2d 121 (2nd Cir. 1991) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
Bounty v. Adler, 933 F.2d 121 (2nd Cir. 05/14/1991)
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
[2] No. 90-2543
[3] 1991; 933 F.2d 121
[4] decided: May 14, 1991.
[5] MARK LA BOUNTY, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
STEPHEN G. ADLER, E. CARRILLO, WALTER A. BURDGE, J. GRIGIONI, AND ALL PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERS, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
[6] Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Richard Owen, Judge, dismissing pro se prisoner's § 1983 complaint for failure to state a claim.
[7] Mark LaBounty, Plaintiff-Appellant pro se.
[8] Tyrone Mark Powell, New York, New York, Assistant Attorney General of the State of New York (Robert Abrams, Attorney General of the State of New York), for Defendants-Appellees.
[9] Kaufman, Kearse and Pratt, Circuit Judges.
[10] Author: Pratt
[11] PRATT, Circuit Judge
[12] Pro se plaintiffs create unique problems for federal courts. In recognition of this uniqueness, courts have developed some special strategies and guidelines to deal with such litigants. We are obliged to construe their pleadings and papers liberally. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 30 L. Ed. 2d 652, 92 S. Ct. 594 (1972). Incarcerated pro se litigants, since they cannot avail themselves of the freedom of other litigants, may "file" a notice of appeal simply by delivering it to prison authorities for mailing, rather than by actually filing it with the clerk of court as is generally required. Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 101 L. Ed. 2d 245, 108 S. Ct. 2379 (1988). Additionally, judges in our circuit have generally been flexible with time requirements and defaults where a pro se litigant is concerned. We are fully cognizant of the burdens that pro se actions place not only upon our district judges, but upon this court as well. Indeed, hardly a week goes by that we do not dismiss a number of appeals brought by pro se litigants because the underlying suits are "frivolous or malicious". 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d).
[13] Nevertheless, our desire for efficiency and even our subjective confidence in the ultimate result achieved do not permit a disregard for the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure such as occurred in this case. According to his complaint, filed on a standard pro se complaint form, Mark LaBounty is a black inmate at Green Haven Correctional Facility, a penal institution of the New York Department of Corrections. He arrived at Green Haven on January 17, 1989, and put in a request for a work assignment as an electrician. An electrician by trade, LaBounty nevertheless was told that he had to complete 90 days of "school, vocation, and or industry" [ sic ] before he could become eligible for the maintenance electrician program.
[14] According to LaBounty's complaint, a white inmate, who arrived at Green Haven on the same day and on the same bus as LaBounty, was given a program assignment without having to complete any 90-day school, vocation, or industry requirement; two other white inmates, who arrived at Green Haven the previous week, were similarly given work assignments without having to complete 90 days of school, vocation, or industry; and no blacks at all had been assigned to the maintenance electrician program for a period of ten years.
[15] On these facts LaBounty claimed violations of (1) his eighth amendment right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment, and (2) his fourteenth amendment right to equal protection of the laws.
[16] Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), 12(b)(6) and 12(h)(3), and under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). No affidavits supported the motion, which was expressly based "upon the summons and complaint and upon the accompanying memorandum of law".
[17] The district court granted defendants' motion and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. In its decision, however, the court relied upon considerable factual material that was not in the complaint, but was set forth by defendants in their memorandum of law. In essence defendants advanced, and the court accepted, the factual contention that LaBounty was not qualified to work in the electrical maintenance program.
[18] Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(h)(3) provide no basis for relief to defendants. Relief, if at all, would have to be based on Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Upon such a motion, all factual allegations in the complaint must be taken as true and construed favorably to the plaintiff. Ortiz v. Cornetta, 867 F.2d 146, 149 (2d Cir. 1989); see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90, 94 S. Ct. 1683 (1974); Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-48, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80, 78 S. Ct. 99 (1957). Rule 12(b)(6) does not give the district court authority to consider matters outside the pleadings; it simply delineates the procedures which must be followed in testing the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Kopec v. Coughlin, 922 F.2d 152, 155 (2d Cir. 1991). If the movant wishes to test the factual underpinnings of the complaint, it may submit proper evidence outside the pleadings and move for summary judgment under Rule 56. Id. at 154-55. The nonmovant must then be given an opportunity to respond. Id.
[19] The defendants argue on appeal that LaBounty's allegations are not sufficient to state a claim for discriminatory treatment, since they do not amount to a claim that the white inmates referred to were given positions in the maintenance electrician program. But such an allegation is not necessary to avoid dismissal of this pro se complaint. LaBounty did allege that similarly-situated white inmates were given work assignments without having to complete any 90-day program, while LaBounty, who is black, had the additional obstacles placed in his way. LaBounty further alleged that "all persons assigned as institution electricians are non-Black and there are witnesses who can testify that it has been that way for the past ten (10) years that they know of." Thus, his complaint not only alleges that he was treated differently because of his race, but also, drawing a fair inference, that black inmates in the past have been treated differently because of their race. We think these allegations by a pro se prisoner sufficiently set forth an equal protection claim.
[20] As to his eighth amendment claim, LaBounty alleges, based on the same facts, that "the refusal to allow plaintiff an electrician assignment due to my race, subjected him to cruel and unusual punishment" [ sic ]. To constitute a violation of the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the eighth amendment, a prisoner must allege something akin to "unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain", Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 173, 49 L. Ed. 2d 859, 96 S. Ct. 2909 (1976) (joint opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.), or punishment "incompatible with 'the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.'" Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102, 50 L. Ed. 2d 251, 97 S. Ct. 285 (1976) (quoting Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101, 2 L. Ed. 2d 630, 78 S. Ct. 590 (1958)).
[21] The conduct of which LaBounty complains -- exclusion from the prison's maintenance electrician program -- does not even constitute "punishment", let alone punishment that is "cruel and unusual". Consequently, his eighth amendment claim, being facially invalid, was properly dismissed.
[22] Although the portion of LaBounty's complaint which alleges that the denial of a prison work assignment constituted cruel and unusual punishment was properly dismissed because it was facially invalid, the remainder of his complaint, taking all facts as true, paints a sufficient picture of racial discrimination in violation of his right to equal protection of the laws to survive dismissal at the pleading stage. Consequently, that portion of his complaint should not have been dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
[23] We affirm the judgment in part, reverse the judgment in part, and remand for further proceedings on LaBounty's equal protection claim.
[24] Disposition
[25] Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part.
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
[2] No. 90-2543
[3] 1991; 933 F.2d 121
[4] decided: May 14, 1991.
[5] MARK LA BOUNTY, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
STEPHEN G. ADLER, E. CARRILLO, WALTER A. BURDGE, J. GRIGIONI, AND ALL PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERS, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
[6] Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Richard Owen, Judge, dismissing pro se prisoner's § 1983 complaint for failure to state a claim.
[7] Mark LaBounty, Plaintiff-Appellant pro se.
[8] Tyrone Mark Powell, New York, New York, Assistant Attorney General of the State of New York (Robert Abrams, Attorney General of the State of New York), for Defendants-Appellees.
[9] Kaufman, Kearse and Pratt, Circuit Judges.
[10] Author: Pratt
[11] PRATT, Circuit Judge
[12] Pro se plaintiffs create unique problems for federal courts. In recognition of this uniqueness, courts have developed some special strategies and guidelines to deal with such litigants. We are obliged to construe their pleadings and papers liberally. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 30 L. Ed. 2d 652, 92 S. Ct. 594 (1972). Incarcerated pro se litigants, since they cannot avail themselves of the freedom of other litigants, may "file" a notice of appeal simply by delivering it to prison authorities for mailing, rather than by actually filing it with the clerk of court as is generally required. Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 101 L. Ed. 2d 245, 108 S. Ct. 2379 (1988). Additionally, judges in our circuit have generally been flexible with time requirements and defaults where a pro se litigant is concerned. We are fully cognizant of the burdens that pro se actions place not only upon our district judges, but upon this court as well. Indeed, hardly a week goes by that we do not dismiss a number of appeals brought by pro se litigants because the underlying suits are "frivolous or malicious". 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d).
[13] Nevertheless, our desire for efficiency and even our subjective confidence in the ultimate result achieved do not permit a disregard for the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure such as occurred in this case. According to his complaint, filed on a standard pro se complaint form, Mark LaBounty is a black inmate at Green Haven Correctional Facility, a penal institution of the New York Department of Corrections. He arrived at Green Haven on January 17, 1989, and put in a request for a work assignment as an electrician. An electrician by trade, LaBounty nevertheless was told that he had to complete 90 days of "school, vocation, and or industry" [ sic ] before he could become eligible for the maintenance electrician program.
[14] According to LaBounty's complaint, a white inmate, who arrived at Green Haven on the same day and on the same bus as LaBounty, was given a program assignment without having to complete any 90-day school, vocation, or industry requirement; two other white inmates, who arrived at Green Haven the previous week, were similarly given work assignments without having to complete 90 days of school, vocation, or industry; and no blacks at all had been assigned to the maintenance electrician program for a period of ten years.
[15] On these facts LaBounty claimed violations of (1) his eighth amendment right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment, and (2) his fourteenth amendment right to equal protection of the laws.
[16] Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), 12(b)(6) and 12(h)(3), and under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). No affidavits supported the motion, which was expressly based "upon the summons and complaint and upon the accompanying memorandum of law".
[17] The district court granted defendants' motion and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. In its decision, however, the court relied upon considerable factual material that was not in the complaint, but was set forth by defendants in their memorandum of law. In essence defendants advanced, and the court accepted, the factual contention that LaBounty was not qualified to work in the electrical maintenance program.
[18] Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(h)(3) provide no basis for relief to defendants. Relief, if at all, would have to be based on Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Upon such a motion, all factual allegations in the complaint must be taken as true and construed favorably to the plaintiff. Ortiz v. Cornetta, 867 F.2d 146, 149 (2d Cir. 1989); see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90, 94 S. Ct. 1683 (1974); Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-48, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80, 78 S. Ct. 99 (1957). Rule 12(b)(6) does not give the district court authority to consider matters outside the pleadings; it simply delineates the procedures which must be followed in testing the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Kopec v. Coughlin, 922 F.2d 152, 155 (2d Cir. 1991). If the movant wishes to test the factual underpinnings of the complaint, it may submit proper evidence outside the pleadings and move for summary judgment under Rule 56. Id. at 154-55. The nonmovant must then be given an opportunity to respond. Id.
[19] The defendants argue on appeal that LaBounty's allegations are not sufficient to state a claim for discriminatory treatment, since they do not amount to a claim that the white inmates referred to were given positions in the maintenance electrician program. But such an allegation is not necessary to avoid dismissal of this pro se complaint. LaBounty did allege that similarly-situated white inmates were given work assignments without having to complete any 90-day program, while LaBounty, who is black, had the additional obstacles placed in his way. LaBounty further alleged that "all persons assigned as institution electricians are non-Black and there are witnesses who can testify that it has been that way for the past ten (10) years that they know of." Thus, his complaint not only alleges that he was treated differently because of his race, but also, drawing a fair inference, that black inmates in the past have been treated differently because of their race. We think these allegations by a pro se prisoner sufficiently set forth an equal protection claim.
[20] As to his eighth amendment claim, LaBounty alleges, based on the same facts, that "the refusal to allow plaintiff an electrician assignment due to my race, subjected him to cruel and unusual punishment" [ sic ]. To constitute a violation of the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the eighth amendment, a prisoner must allege something akin to "unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain", Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 173, 49 L. Ed. 2d 859, 96 S. Ct. 2909 (1976) (joint opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.), or punishment "incompatible with 'the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.'" Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102, 50 L. Ed. 2d 251, 97 S. Ct. 285 (1976) (quoting Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101, 2 L. Ed. 2d 630, 78 S. Ct. 590 (1958)).
[21] The conduct of which LaBounty complains -- exclusion from the prison's maintenance electrician program -- does not even constitute "punishment", let alone punishment that is "cruel and unusual". Consequently, his eighth amendment claim, being facially invalid, was properly dismissed.
[22] Although the portion of LaBounty's complaint which alleges that the denial of a prison work assignment constituted cruel and unusual punishment was properly dismissed because it was facially invalid, the remainder of his complaint, taking all facts as true, paints a sufficient picture of racial discrimination in violation of his right to equal protection of the laws to survive dismissal at the pleading stage. Consequently, that portion of his complaint should not have been dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
[23] We affirm the judgment in part, reverse the judgment in part, and remand for further proceedings on LaBounty's equal protection claim.
[24] Disposition
[25] Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part.