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Frivolous Litigation
People hear the term "frivolous" litigation and what comes to mind are the guys who sue over a train whistle keeping them awake at night in prison. All too often prisoners seeking justice don't find any, not because their claims are frivolous but because they are too poor to afford counsel and lack the skills and knowledge to wade through the procedural thicket of litigation. Robert Hudson fell victim to this common problem.
When Indianapolis police arrested Hudson they seized about $500 worth of his property. At the conclusion of the state court proceedings, a judge ordered the police to return the property to Hudson. The city, which was not a party to the criminal proceedings, was not notified. Hudson tried to track down his property and was ignored. In an attempt to enforce the state court order he filed suit in federal court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that police had deprived him of his property without due process of law. The federal court denied Hudson's application to proceed in forma pauperis , without payment of costs, holding the suit was legally frivolous in light of Parrat v. Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 101 S Ct. 1908 (1981) because Hudson had state remedies available, indeed, he had already prevailed in his state remedies. Disobedience to a state court's order is contempt of court to be enforced by that court rather than via § 1983.
Hudson then filed suit in small claims court which was dismissed because to prosecute a small claim he needed to personally appear in court or be represented by counsel. Being locked up and poor he could do neither. Meanwhile, the state criminal court bailiff wrote Hudson telling him that his property had been destroyed and there was nothing more the court could or would do about the matter. Indiana state law requires police to notify the owner of property before it is destroyed or disposed of, they did neither, flouting state law as well as the court order in the case. Hudson again filed suit in federal court claiming that his experience in small claims court showed he had no adequate state law remedies. The suit was again dismissed, on claim preclusion grounds as well as the merits.
Hudson appealed and the court of appeals for the seventh circuit affirmed the lower district court dismissals with the following comments: "Indiana can find little honor in this outcome. The prosecutor failed to notify the police of the criminal court's order. Although Indianapolis may have learned about the criminal court's order belatedly, it cannot plead ignorance of Indiana Code § 35-33-5-5(c)(1), with which it failed to comply. We were surprised, to say the least, to discover that the criminal court believes that the right response to disobedience to its order is to close the case file without further action. The city was not served with process and did not participate in the district court, but it has elected to defend the appeal and the cost it has borne in doing so must have exceeded the value of Hudson's property. At oral argument we asked the defendants' lawyer, who carries the title 'Chief Counsel, Litigation' for Indianapolis, why the City did not compensate Hudson for his property. She replied that the City is willing to bear the costs of litigation in order to establish a reputation that will discourage frivolous demands. Well and good, if Hudson's claim were indeed frivolous. This suit is frivolous, but his claim is meritorious, and we are disappointed that Indianapolis cannot distinguish the two." See: Hudson v. Hedge , 27 F.3d 274 (7th Cir. 1994).
When Indianapolis police arrested Hudson they seized about $500 worth of his property. At the conclusion of the state court proceedings, a judge ordered the police to return the property to Hudson. The city, which was not a party to the criminal proceedings, was not notified. Hudson tried to track down his property and was ignored. In an attempt to enforce the state court order he filed suit in federal court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that police had deprived him of his property without due process of law. The federal court denied Hudson's application to proceed in forma pauperis , without payment of costs, holding the suit was legally frivolous in light of Parrat v. Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 101 S Ct. 1908 (1981) because Hudson had state remedies available, indeed, he had already prevailed in his state remedies. Disobedience to a state court's order is contempt of court to be enforced by that court rather than via § 1983.
Hudson then filed suit in small claims court which was dismissed because to prosecute a small claim he needed to personally appear in court or be represented by counsel. Being locked up and poor he could do neither. Meanwhile, the state criminal court bailiff wrote Hudson telling him that his property had been destroyed and there was nothing more the court could or would do about the matter. Indiana state law requires police to notify the owner of property before it is destroyed or disposed of, they did neither, flouting state law as well as the court order in the case. Hudson again filed suit in federal court claiming that his experience in small claims court showed he had no adequate state law remedies. The suit was again dismissed, on claim preclusion grounds as well as the merits.
Hudson appealed and the court of appeals for the seventh circuit affirmed the lower district court dismissals with the following comments: "Indiana can find little honor in this outcome. The prosecutor failed to notify the police of the criminal court's order. Although Indianapolis may have learned about the criminal court's order belatedly, it cannot plead ignorance of Indiana Code § 35-33-5-5(c)(1), with which it failed to comply. We were surprised, to say the least, to discover that the criminal court believes that the right response to disobedience to its order is to close the case file without further action. The city was not served with process and did not participate in the district court, but it has elected to defend the appeal and the cost it has borne in doing so must have exceeded the value of Hudson's property. At oral argument we asked the defendants' lawyer, who carries the title 'Chief Counsel, Litigation' for Indianapolis, why the City did not compensate Hudson for his property. She replied that the City is willing to bear the costs of litigation in order to establish a reputation that will discourage frivolous demands. Well and good, if Hudson's claim were indeed frivolous. This suit is frivolous, but his claim is meritorious, and we are disappointed that Indianapolis cannot distinguish the two." See: Hudson v. Hedge , 27 F.3d 274 (7th Cir. 1994).
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Related legal case
Hudson v. Hedge
| Year | 1994 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 27 F.3d 274 (7th Cir. 1994) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
Hudson v. Hedge, 27 F.3d 274 (7th Cir. 06/17/1994)
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 93-2037
[4] decided: June 17, 1994.
[5] ROBERT HUDSON, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
T. HEDGE AND CITY OF INDIANAPOLIS, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division. No. IP 93-437-C. John Daniel Tinder, Judge.
[7] For ROBERT HUDSON, Plaintiff - Appellant: Allen E. Shoenberger, Michele Anderson, Law Student, LOYOLA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Chicago, IL.
[8] For T. HEDGE, Indianapolis Police Department, INDIANAPOLIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, Property Room, Defendant - Appellee: MaryAnn G. Oldham, OFFICE OF THE CORPORATION COUNSEL, City Counsel Legal Division, Indianapolis, IN.
[9] Before Fairchild, Cummings, and Easterbrook, Circuit Judges.
[10] Author: Easterbrook
[11] EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge. Indiana is giving Robert Hudson the runaround. The Indianapolis police did not honor a court order in his favor. Ever since, public officials have been blaming each other; none is willing to make good the loss. Hudson seeks federal relief.
[12] Police seized some of Hudson's property, worth approximately $500, when they arrested him. After the Conclusion of the state criminal proceeding, the Judge ordered the police to return the property. But Indianapolis was not a party to the criminal case, and apparently none of the lawyers bothered to tell the City about the order. Writing from his cell, Hudson tried to track down the property but found that prisoners' plaints do not receive much attention. So he filed a suit in federal court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, contending that the police had deprived him of his property without due process of law. Citing Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 68 L. Ed. 2d 420, 101 S. Ct. 1908 (1981), Judge McKinney denied Hudson's application to proceed in forma pauperis and dismissed the case as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). As the Judge saw things, Hudson had state remedies for the deprivation of his property--indeed had already prevailed in state court on this question and was merely experiencing difficulties in enforcing the order in his favor. Disobedience to a state court's order is contempt of court rather than a violation of federal law. Pacelli v. deVito, 972 F.2d 871, 876 (7th Cir. 1992). The Judge dismissed the suit with prejudice; Hudson did not appeal.
[13] Instead of filing a motion to hold the police in contempt of court, Hudson began a new suit in small claims court. This was doomed: it was untimely, and Hudson had neglected to make the prior administrative claim that state law requires. Ind. Code § 34-4-16.5-7. Hudson had another problem: the small claims court requires plaintiffs to appear in person or by counsel. Still locked up, Hudson could not readily appear in person, and he could not afford counsel. Apparently the case was dismissed. (Hudson did not ask the court to issue a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum so that he could appear in person.) Meanwhile, the bailiff of the criminal court wrote Hudson a letter stating that his property had been destroyed or "placed into the pension fund" and that "there is nothing more that this court can do for you, and no more responses will be forthcoming." Apparently the Indianapolis police flouted state law as well as the court order, for Indiana requires the police to return property to its rightful owner and to give notice before disposing of seized property that the police believe need not be returned. Ind. Code § 35-33-5-5(c)(1). It is undisputed that Hudson received neither notice nor property. In lieu of seeking relief from a higher state court, Hudson filed a second federal suit under § 1983, asserting that the outcome of the case in small claims court showed that he lacked effective state remedies. Again the court dismissed the case as frivolous under § 1915(d), this time on the ground of claim preclusion (res judicata). Judge Tinder added that he agreed with Judge McKinney on the merits.
[14] Judge McKinney held that Hudson's claim is frivolous and dismissed the suit with prejudice. That Disposition may have been mistaken in light of Denton v. Hernandez, 118 L. Ed. 2d 340, 112 S. Ct. 1728, 1734 (1992), which says that an order under § 1915(d) bars only proceedings in forma pauperis and does not preclude a new suit if the plaintiff pays the docket fee. But Hudson did not ask Judge McKinney to change his dismissal to one without prejudice and did not appeal from that decision; he cannot use a new suit to contend that the Disposition of the first was mistaken. Federated Department Stores, Inc. v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 69 L. Ed. 2d 103, 101 S. Ct. 2424 (1981); Reed v. Allen, 286 U.S. 191, 76 L. Ed. 1054, 52 S. Ct. 532 (1932); Supporters to Oppose Pollution, Inc. v. Heritage Group, 973 F.2d 1320, 1325-27 (7th Cir. 1992). At all events, Hudson did not pay the docket fee to commence his second case; instead he sought once again to proceed in forma pauperis, and that request is barred by any standard.
[15] Although Hudson contends that the failure of his state suit and the letter from the bailiff supply extra evidence that justifies fresh litigation, new evidence does not relieve a litigant of the preclusive effect of a (federal) judgment. Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 789 F.2d 589, 596 (7th Cir. 1986); Aliff v. Joy Manufacturing Co., 914 F.2d 39 (4th Cir. 1990). (Because the first judgment was rendered by a federal court, we apply the federal law of preclusion rather than the state law reflected in cases such as Lee v. Peoria, 685 F.2d 196 (7th Cir. 1983). See In re Energy Cooperative, 814 F.2d 1226, 1230 (7th Cir. 1987).) To make matters worse for Hudson, appellate review of dismissals under § 1915(d) is deferential. Denton, 112 S. Ct. at 1734. So even if we were inclined to doubt the district court's ruling (which we are not), Hudson could not prevail, because Judge Tinder did not abuse his discretion in applying principles of preclusion to this fourth suit about the same property.
[16] Indiana can find little honor in this outcome. The prosecutor failed to notify the police of the criminal court's order. Although Indianapolis may have learned about the criminal court's order belatedly, it cannot plead ignorance of Ind. Code § 3535-5(c)(1), with which it failed to comply. We were surprised, to say the least, to discover that the criminal court believes that the right response to disobedience to its order is to close the file without further action. The City was not served with process and did not participate in the district court, but it has elected to defend the appeal, and the cost it has borne in doing so must have exceeded the value of Hudson's property. At oral argument we asked the defendants' lawyer, who carries the title "Chief Counsel, Litigation" for Indianapolis, why the City did not compensate Hudson for his property. She replied that the City is willing to bear the costs of litigation in order to establish a reputation that will discourage frivolous demands. Well and good, if Hudson's claim were indeed frivolous. This suit is frivolous, but his claim is meritorious, and we are disappointed that Indianapolis cannot distinguish the two.
[17] AFFIRMED
[18] Disposition
[19] AFFIRMED
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 93-2037
[4] decided: June 17, 1994.
[5] ROBERT HUDSON, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
T. HEDGE AND CITY OF INDIANAPOLIS, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division. No. IP 93-437-C. John Daniel Tinder, Judge.
[7] For ROBERT HUDSON, Plaintiff - Appellant: Allen E. Shoenberger, Michele Anderson, Law Student, LOYOLA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Chicago, IL.
[8] For T. HEDGE, Indianapolis Police Department, INDIANAPOLIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, Property Room, Defendant - Appellee: MaryAnn G. Oldham, OFFICE OF THE CORPORATION COUNSEL, City Counsel Legal Division, Indianapolis, IN.
[9] Before Fairchild, Cummings, and Easterbrook, Circuit Judges.
[10] Author: Easterbrook
[11] EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge. Indiana is giving Robert Hudson the runaround. The Indianapolis police did not honor a court order in his favor. Ever since, public officials have been blaming each other; none is willing to make good the loss. Hudson seeks federal relief.
[12] Police seized some of Hudson's property, worth approximately $500, when they arrested him. After the Conclusion of the state criminal proceeding, the Judge ordered the police to return the property. But Indianapolis was not a party to the criminal case, and apparently none of the lawyers bothered to tell the City about the order. Writing from his cell, Hudson tried to track down the property but found that prisoners' plaints do not receive much attention. So he filed a suit in federal court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, contending that the police had deprived him of his property without due process of law. Citing Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 68 L. Ed. 2d 420, 101 S. Ct. 1908 (1981), Judge McKinney denied Hudson's application to proceed in forma pauperis and dismissed the case as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). As the Judge saw things, Hudson had state remedies for the deprivation of his property--indeed had already prevailed in state court on this question and was merely experiencing difficulties in enforcing the order in his favor. Disobedience to a state court's order is contempt of court rather than a violation of federal law. Pacelli v. deVito, 972 F.2d 871, 876 (7th Cir. 1992). The Judge dismissed the suit with prejudice; Hudson did not appeal.
[13] Instead of filing a motion to hold the police in contempt of court, Hudson began a new suit in small claims court. This was doomed: it was untimely, and Hudson had neglected to make the prior administrative claim that state law requires. Ind. Code § 34-4-16.5-7. Hudson had another problem: the small claims court requires plaintiffs to appear in person or by counsel. Still locked up, Hudson could not readily appear in person, and he could not afford counsel. Apparently the case was dismissed. (Hudson did not ask the court to issue a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum so that he could appear in person.) Meanwhile, the bailiff of the criminal court wrote Hudson a letter stating that his property had been destroyed or "placed into the pension fund" and that "there is nothing more that this court can do for you, and no more responses will be forthcoming." Apparently the Indianapolis police flouted state law as well as the court order, for Indiana requires the police to return property to its rightful owner and to give notice before disposing of seized property that the police believe need not be returned. Ind. Code § 35-33-5-5(c)(1). It is undisputed that Hudson received neither notice nor property. In lieu of seeking relief from a higher state court, Hudson filed a second federal suit under § 1983, asserting that the outcome of the case in small claims court showed that he lacked effective state remedies. Again the court dismissed the case as frivolous under § 1915(d), this time on the ground of claim preclusion (res judicata). Judge Tinder added that he agreed with Judge McKinney on the merits.
[14] Judge McKinney held that Hudson's claim is frivolous and dismissed the suit with prejudice. That Disposition may have been mistaken in light of Denton v. Hernandez, 118 L. Ed. 2d 340, 112 S. Ct. 1728, 1734 (1992), which says that an order under § 1915(d) bars only proceedings in forma pauperis and does not preclude a new suit if the plaintiff pays the docket fee. But Hudson did not ask Judge McKinney to change his dismissal to one without prejudice and did not appeal from that decision; he cannot use a new suit to contend that the Disposition of the first was mistaken. Federated Department Stores, Inc. v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 69 L. Ed. 2d 103, 101 S. Ct. 2424 (1981); Reed v. Allen, 286 U.S. 191, 76 L. Ed. 1054, 52 S. Ct. 532 (1932); Supporters to Oppose Pollution, Inc. v. Heritage Group, 973 F.2d 1320, 1325-27 (7th Cir. 1992). At all events, Hudson did not pay the docket fee to commence his second case; instead he sought once again to proceed in forma pauperis, and that request is barred by any standard.
[15] Although Hudson contends that the failure of his state suit and the letter from the bailiff supply extra evidence that justifies fresh litigation, new evidence does not relieve a litigant of the preclusive effect of a (federal) judgment. Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 789 F.2d 589, 596 (7th Cir. 1986); Aliff v. Joy Manufacturing Co., 914 F.2d 39 (4th Cir. 1990). (Because the first judgment was rendered by a federal court, we apply the federal law of preclusion rather than the state law reflected in cases such as Lee v. Peoria, 685 F.2d 196 (7th Cir. 1983). See In re Energy Cooperative, 814 F.2d 1226, 1230 (7th Cir. 1987).) To make matters worse for Hudson, appellate review of dismissals under § 1915(d) is deferential. Denton, 112 S. Ct. at 1734. So even if we were inclined to doubt the district court's ruling (which we are not), Hudson could not prevail, because Judge Tinder did not abuse his discretion in applying principles of preclusion to this fourth suit about the same property.
[16] Indiana can find little honor in this outcome. The prosecutor failed to notify the police of the criminal court's order. Although Indianapolis may have learned about the criminal court's order belatedly, it cannot plead ignorance of Ind. Code § 3535-5(c)(1), with which it failed to comply. We were surprised, to say the least, to discover that the criminal court believes that the right response to disobedience to its order is to close the file without further action. The City was not served with process and did not participate in the district court, but it has elected to defend the appeal, and the cost it has borne in doing so must have exceeded the value of Hudson's property. At oral argument we asked the defendants' lawyer, who carries the title "Chief Counsel, Litigation" for Indianapolis, why the City did not compensate Hudson for his property. She replied that the City is willing to bear the costs of litigation in order to establish a reputation that will discourage frivolous demands. Well and good, if Hudson's claim were indeed frivolous. This suit is frivolous, but his claim is meritorious, and we are disappointed that Indianapolis cannot distinguish the two.
[17] AFFIRMED
[18] Disposition
[19] AFFIRMED
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------