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No Immunity for Failure to Protect Prisoner from Violence
The court of appeals for the eighth circuit held that prisoners have a clearly established right to be protected from violence by other prisoners. The court also gave a detailed discussion of appellate jurisdiction in reviewing interlocutory appeals by prison officials who have been denied qualified immunity at the trial level. Carroll Erickson was assaulted by another prisoner while confined to the protective custody unit of the Pennington County Jail in South Dakota. Prior to the assault Erickson told a jail guard he had been threatened. The guard told another guard on the next shift who said he would keep a eye on the situation. While making his rounds the guard left Erickson unattended in a recreation area that could be accessed by other prisoners. Erickson was duly assaulted and filed suit claiming his eighth amendment right had been violated. Erickson was taken to a hospital where he received stitches. The examining doctor wanted to take x-rays and keep Erickson overnight for observation. The sheriff refused and returned Erickson to the jail. Erickson then filed suit claiming his right to safety and medical care was violated.
The district court denied the defendants qualified immunity and scheduled the case for trial to resolve disputed facts. The defendants filed an interlocutory appeal claiming they were entitled to qualified immunity. The court of appeals affirmed in part, reversed in part and dismissed part of the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. The court noted that on interlocutory appeals it has jurisdiction to consider only whether the law was clearly established, not on the sufficiency of the evidence in a given case. "In other words, we can examine the information possessed by an official to decide whether, given those facts, a reasonable official would have known his or her actions violated an established legal standard, but we cannot examine whether the official committed the alleged act, damages, causation or other similar matters." The court refused to consider the defendants' challenge to Erickson's credibility.
The court held that it was clearly established that the eighth amendment requires prison officials to protect prisoners from attacks by other prisoners. "When prison officials know an inmate faces a risk of serious harm from another inmate and fail to take reasonable measures to lessen the risk, the Eighth Amendment is violated." The court held that based on this standard the guard Erickson initially told of the danger was entitled to immunity because the attack did not take place until two hours after he had left the jail, and he did inform the oncoming shift of the threat to Erickson. The court held that the guard who left Erickson in the recreation area was not entitled to qualified immunity because his actions could be established as unreasonable.
The court held that it lacked jurisdiction to consider the medical claim. "Erickson can succeed on his claim by showing Carver intentionally interfered with treatment prescribed for a serious medical condition." The defendants claimed there was no evidence showing Erickson's condition was serious or escalating or that their refusal to allow treatment caused Erickson any harm. "Because Carver's disregard of a doctor's order would show Carver intentionally interfered with prescribed treatment..., the district court properly denied Carver summary judgment on the ground of qualified immunity." The district court also properly declined to dismiss the claim for punitive damages against the defendants. See: Erickson v. Holloway , 77 F.3d 1078 (8th Cir. 1996).
The district court denied the defendants qualified immunity and scheduled the case for trial to resolve disputed facts. The defendants filed an interlocutory appeal claiming they were entitled to qualified immunity. The court of appeals affirmed in part, reversed in part and dismissed part of the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. The court noted that on interlocutory appeals it has jurisdiction to consider only whether the law was clearly established, not on the sufficiency of the evidence in a given case. "In other words, we can examine the information possessed by an official to decide whether, given those facts, a reasonable official would have known his or her actions violated an established legal standard, but we cannot examine whether the official committed the alleged act, damages, causation or other similar matters." The court refused to consider the defendants' challenge to Erickson's credibility.
The court held that it was clearly established that the eighth amendment requires prison officials to protect prisoners from attacks by other prisoners. "When prison officials know an inmate faces a risk of serious harm from another inmate and fail to take reasonable measures to lessen the risk, the Eighth Amendment is violated." The court held that based on this standard the guard Erickson initially told of the danger was entitled to immunity because the attack did not take place until two hours after he had left the jail, and he did inform the oncoming shift of the threat to Erickson. The court held that the guard who left Erickson in the recreation area was not entitled to qualified immunity because his actions could be established as unreasonable.
The court held that it lacked jurisdiction to consider the medical claim. "Erickson can succeed on his claim by showing Carver intentionally interfered with treatment prescribed for a serious medical condition." The defendants claimed there was no evidence showing Erickson's condition was serious or escalating or that their refusal to allow treatment caused Erickson any harm. "Because Carver's disregard of a doctor's order would show Carver intentionally interfered with prescribed treatment..., the district court properly denied Carver summary judgment on the ground of qualified immunity." The district court also properly declined to dismiss the claim for punitive damages against the defendants. See: Erickson v. Holloway , 77 F.3d 1078 (8th Cir. 1996).
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Related legal case
Erickson v. Holloway
| Year | 1996 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 77 F.3d 1078 (8th Cir. 1996) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Erickson v. Holloway, 77 F.3d 1078 (8th Cir. 02/28/1996)
[Editor's note: footnotes (if any) trail the opinion]
[1] U.S. CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 94-3901SD
[3] Carroll W. Erickson,
[4] Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
[5] Don Holloway, Pennington County Sheriff; Pennington County, South Dakota, an organized county in the state of South Dakota;
[6] Defendants,
[7] Jeff Birdsall, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Robert Johnle, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Dan Carver, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff;
[8] Defendants-Appellants,
[9] Mary Evelyn Rogers, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff,
[10] Defendant.
[11] No. 94-4008SD
[12] Carroll W. Erickson,
[13] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[14] Don Holloway, Pennington County Sheriff; Pennington County, South Dakota, an organized county in the state of South Dakota;
[15] Defendants-Appellees,
[16] Jeff Birdsall, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Robert Johnle, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Dan Carver, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff;
[17] Defendants,
[18] Mary Evelyn Rogers, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff,
[19] Defendant-Appellee.
[20] Submitted: October 18, 1995
[21] Filed: February 28, 1996
[22] Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota.
[23] Before FAGG, HEANEY, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
[24] FAGG, Circuit Judge.
[25] After Carroll W. Erickson was beaten by a fellow inmate in the protective custody cell block at the Pennington County Jail, Erickson brought this action under 42 U.S.C. Section(s) 1983 alleging several officials failed to protect him from the assault and interfered with a doctor's recommendations for treating his injuries. Deputy Sheriff Dan Carver and jail guards Robert Johnle and Jeff Birdsall appeal the district court's denial of their motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. Erickson cross-appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment to Pennington County, Sheriff Don Holloway, and Deputy Sheriff Mary Evelyn Rogers. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and dismiss in part for lack of jurisdiction.
[26] We grant the motion to supplement the record on appeal, and state the facts in the light most favorable to Erickson, Reece v. Groose, 60 F.3d 487, 488 (8th Cir. 1995). On September 8, 1990, Erickson told Johnle, the jail guard on duty at the time, that Herbert Flying Horse, an inmate assigned to the protective custody cellblock for punitive segregation, had threatened to assault Erickson. Because Johnle's shift was nearly finished, Johnle passed the information on to Birdsall, the guard for the next shift. After coming on duty, Birdsall told Erickson that Johnle had informed him of the threat and that he would watch for potential trouble. Later, Flying Horse verbally harassed Erickson in the cell block's common area, and Birdsall told Flying Horse to go somewhere else. When Erickson and another inmate asked permission to play basketball in the recreation area, Birdsall unlocked the recreation room door from the cell block's control panel. After Erickson and the other inmate entered the recreation area, Birdsall locked the door behind them.
[27] Birdsall later left the control panel unattended for about six minutes to make a routine check of the cell block. The control panel is located in the common area and physically accessible to inmates. Birdsall saw Flying Horse moving toward the recreation area, but continued with his rounds because he knew the door to the recreation area was locked. Contrary to jail policy, however, Birdsall had not disabled the control panel to prevent inmates from operating the locks. While Birdsall was away from the panel, an inmate opened the electronic lock to the recreation area to let Flying Horse enter. Once inside, Flying Horse punched and kicked Erickson, then left. Erickson's face was cut and bleeding.
[28] Deputies Carver and Rogers took Erickson to the hospital for immediate treatment. An emergency room doctor stitched a 1.5 centimeter cut beneath Erickson's eye. According to Erickson, the doctor also wanted to x-ray Erickson's head and chest and keep Erickson at the hospital overnight for observation, but Carver refused to allow the x-rays or Erickson's admittance to the hospital. Carver and Rogers then returned Erickson to the jail.
[29] On appeal, Johnle, Birdsall, and Carver assert they are entitled to qualified immunity because they did not violate Erickson's clearly established constitutional rights. Prosser v. Ross, 70 F.3d 1005, 1007 (8th Cir. 1995). Before addressing the appeal's merits, we discuss our jurisdiction. Some of Erickson's claims remain in the district court awaiting trial, so the district court has not entered a final order in this case to confer jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. Section(s) 1291. Nevertheless, under Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985), we have jurisdiction to consider certain limited issues when officials bring an immediate appeal from the denial of a summary judgment motion based on qualified immunity. We have jurisdiction to consider whether given facts show a violation of clearly established law, but not "evidence sufficiency," that is, which facts the parties might be able to prove at trial. Johnson v. Jones, 115 S. Ct. 2151, 2155-59 (1995). In other words, we can examine the information possessed by an official to decide whether, given those facts, a reasonable official would have known his or her actions violated an established legal standard, but we cannot examine whether the official committed the alleged act, damages, causation, or other similar matters. Miller v. Schoenen, No. 95-1766, 1995 WL 63301, at *2-3 (8th Cir. Feb. 15, 1996).
[30] Johnle, Birdsall, and Carver devote much of their brief to challenging the credibility of Erickson's evidence. We lack jurisdiction to consider these challenges. Instead, we can decide whether the facts as Erickson presents them show a violation of clearly established law.
[31] Before the attack on Erickson, it was clear that the Eighth Amendment requires prison officials to protect inmates from violence at the hands of other inmates. See Farmer v. Brennan, 114 S. Ct. 1970, 1976 (1994). When prison officials know an inmate faces a substantial risk of serious harm from another inmate and fail to take reasonable measures to lessen the risk, the Eighth Amendment is violated. Id. at 1984; Reece, 60 F.3d at 490.
[32] Viewing the information known to the guards in Erickson's favor, Reece, 60 F.3d at 490, both Johnle and Birdsall had been told of Flying Horse's threat and thus knew Erickson faced a substantial risk of serious harm. Birdsall failed to disable the control panel and investigate Flying Horse's sudden movement toward the recreation area. These facts could establish Birdsall's response was unreasonable. See Porm v. White, 762 F.2d 635, 637-38 (8th Cir. 1985). The district court thus properly denied summary judgment to Birdsall. Johnle's shift ended more than two hours before Flying Horse attacked Erickson, however, and Johnle told Birdsall about Flying Horse's threat when Birdsall came on duty. Because this response was reasonable as a matter of law, the district court should have granted summary judgment to Johnle.
[33] Deputy Carver asserts qualified immunity shields him from Erickson's claim that Carver deprived him of adequate medical care. Erickson can succeed on his claim by showing Carver intentionally interfered with treatment prescribed for a serious medical condition. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104-06 (1976). Challenging the district court's finding that Erickson had a serious medical condition, Carver contends there is no evidence that Erickson's condition was acute or escalating, or that the alleged refusal of x-rays or hospitalization caused Erickson any harm. See Beyerbach v. Sears, 49 F.3d 1324, 1326 (8th Cir. 1995). After Johnson, however, we lack jurisdiction to review these contentions in this appeal. Reece, 60 F.3d at 491-92; Miller, 1995 WL 63301, at *3. Because Carver's disregard of a doctor's order would show Carver intentionally interfered with prescribed treatment, see Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104-05 (explaining deliberate indifference), the district court properly denied Carver summary judgment on the ground of qualified immunity.
[34] Because a jury must decide whether Birdsall and Carver acted with deliberate indifference, the district court properly refused to dismiss Erickson's claims for punitive damages against them. See Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56 (1983).
[35] In his cross-appeal, Erickson challenges the grant of summary judgment to Pennington County, Sheriff Holloway, and Deputy Rogers on the ground of qualified immunity. Erickson asserts no basis for our jurisdiction over his cross-appeal in his brief, however. As we explained earlier, there is no final order in this case, and Erickson's cross-appeal does not fall within the Mitchell exception. We also lack pendent jurisdiction over Erickson's cross-appeal. See Johnson, 115 S. Ct. at 2159.
[36] In conclusion, we affirm the denial of summary judgment to Birdsall, reverse the denial of summary judgment to Johnle, affirm the denial of summary judgment to Carver, and dismiss Erickson's cross-appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
[37] A true copy.
[38] Attest:
[39] CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
19960228
Erickson v. Holloway, 77 F.3d 1078 (8th Cir. 02/28/1996)
[Editor's note: footnotes (if any) trail the opinion]
[1] U.S. CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 94-3901SD
[3] Carroll W. Erickson,
[4] Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
[5] Don Holloway, Pennington County Sheriff; Pennington County, South Dakota, an organized county in the state of South Dakota;
[6] Defendants,
[7] Jeff Birdsall, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Robert Johnle, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Dan Carver, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff;
[8] Defendants-Appellants,
[9] Mary Evelyn Rogers, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff,
[10] Defendant.
[11] No. 94-4008SD
[12] Carroll W. Erickson,
[13] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[14] Don Holloway, Pennington County Sheriff; Pennington County, South Dakota, an organized county in the state of South Dakota;
[15] Defendants-Appellees,
[16] Jeff Birdsall, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Robert Johnle, guard employed by the Pennington County Jail; Dan Carver, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff;
[17] Defendants,
[18] Mary Evelyn Rogers, Pennington County Deputy Sheriff,
[19] Defendant-Appellee.
[20] Submitted: October 18, 1995
[21] Filed: February 28, 1996
[22] Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota.
[23] Before FAGG, HEANEY, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
[24] FAGG, Circuit Judge.
[25] After Carroll W. Erickson was beaten by a fellow inmate in the protective custody cell block at the Pennington County Jail, Erickson brought this action under 42 U.S.C. Section(s) 1983 alleging several officials failed to protect him from the assault and interfered with a doctor's recommendations for treating his injuries. Deputy Sheriff Dan Carver and jail guards Robert Johnle and Jeff Birdsall appeal the district court's denial of their motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. Erickson cross-appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment to Pennington County, Sheriff Don Holloway, and Deputy Sheriff Mary Evelyn Rogers. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and dismiss in part for lack of jurisdiction.
[26] We grant the motion to supplement the record on appeal, and state the facts in the light most favorable to Erickson, Reece v. Groose, 60 F.3d 487, 488 (8th Cir. 1995). On September 8, 1990, Erickson told Johnle, the jail guard on duty at the time, that Herbert Flying Horse, an inmate assigned to the protective custody cellblock for punitive segregation, had threatened to assault Erickson. Because Johnle's shift was nearly finished, Johnle passed the information on to Birdsall, the guard for the next shift. After coming on duty, Birdsall told Erickson that Johnle had informed him of the threat and that he would watch for potential trouble. Later, Flying Horse verbally harassed Erickson in the cell block's common area, and Birdsall told Flying Horse to go somewhere else. When Erickson and another inmate asked permission to play basketball in the recreation area, Birdsall unlocked the recreation room door from the cell block's control panel. After Erickson and the other inmate entered the recreation area, Birdsall locked the door behind them.
[27] Birdsall later left the control panel unattended for about six minutes to make a routine check of the cell block. The control panel is located in the common area and physically accessible to inmates. Birdsall saw Flying Horse moving toward the recreation area, but continued with his rounds because he knew the door to the recreation area was locked. Contrary to jail policy, however, Birdsall had not disabled the control panel to prevent inmates from operating the locks. While Birdsall was away from the panel, an inmate opened the electronic lock to the recreation area to let Flying Horse enter. Once inside, Flying Horse punched and kicked Erickson, then left. Erickson's face was cut and bleeding.
[28] Deputies Carver and Rogers took Erickson to the hospital for immediate treatment. An emergency room doctor stitched a 1.5 centimeter cut beneath Erickson's eye. According to Erickson, the doctor also wanted to x-ray Erickson's head and chest and keep Erickson at the hospital overnight for observation, but Carver refused to allow the x-rays or Erickson's admittance to the hospital. Carver and Rogers then returned Erickson to the jail.
[29] On appeal, Johnle, Birdsall, and Carver assert they are entitled to qualified immunity because they did not violate Erickson's clearly established constitutional rights. Prosser v. Ross, 70 F.3d 1005, 1007 (8th Cir. 1995). Before addressing the appeal's merits, we discuss our jurisdiction. Some of Erickson's claims remain in the district court awaiting trial, so the district court has not entered a final order in this case to confer jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. Section(s) 1291. Nevertheless, under Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985), we have jurisdiction to consider certain limited issues when officials bring an immediate appeal from the denial of a summary judgment motion based on qualified immunity. We have jurisdiction to consider whether given facts show a violation of clearly established law, but not "evidence sufficiency," that is, which facts the parties might be able to prove at trial. Johnson v. Jones, 115 S. Ct. 2151, 2155-59 (1995). In other words, we can examine the information possessed by an official to decide whether, given those facts, a reasonable official would have known his or her actions violated an established legal standard, but we cannot examine whether the official committed the alleged act, damages, causation, or other similar matters. Miller v. Schoenen, No. 95-1766, 1995 WL 63301, at *2-3 (8th Cir. Feb. 15, 1996).
[30] Johnle, Birdsall, and Carver devote much of their brief to challenging the credibility of Erickson's evidence. We lack jurisdiction to consider these challenges. Instead, we can decide whether the facts as Erickson presents them show a violation of clearly established law.
[31] Before the attack on Erickson, it was clear that the Eighth Amendment requires prison officials to protect inmates from violence at the hands of other inmates. See Farmer v. Brennan, 114 S. Ct. 1970, 1976 (1994). When prison officials know an inmate faces a substantial risk of serious harm from another inmate and fail to take reasonable measures to lessen the risk, the Eighth Amendment is violated. Id. at 1984; Reece, 60 F.3d at 490.
[32] Viewing the information known to the guards in Erickson's favor, Reece, 60 F.3d at 490, both Johnle and Birdsall had been told of Flying Horse's threat and thus knew Erickson faced a substantial risk of serious harm. Birdsall failed to disable the control panel and investigate Flying Horse's sudden movement toward the recreation area. These facts could establish Birdsall's response was unreasonable. See Porm v. White, 762 F.2d 635, 637-38 (8th Cir. 1985). The district court thus properly denied summary judgment to Birdsall. Johnle's shift ended more than two hours before Flying Horse attacked Erickson, however, and Johnle told Birdsall about Flying Horse's threat when Birdsall came on duty. Because this response was reasonable as a matter of law, the district court should have granted summary judgment to Johnle.
[33] Deputy Carver asserts qualified immunity shields him from Erickson's claim that Carver deprived him of adequate medical care. Erickson can succeed on his claim by showing Carver intentionally interfered with treatment prescribed for a serious medical condition. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104-06 (1976). Challenging the district court's finding that Erickson had a serious medical condition, Carver contends there is no evidence that Erickson's condition was acute or escalating, or that the alleged refusal of x-rays or hospitalization caused Erickson any harm. See Beyerbach v. Sears, 49 F.3d 1324, 1326 (8th Cir. 1995). After Johnson, however, we lack jurisdiction to review these contentions in this appeal. Reece, 60 F.3d at 491-92; Miller, 1995 WL 63301, at *3. Because Carver's disregard of a doctor's order would show Carver intentionally interfered with prescribed treatment, see Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104-05 (explaining deliberate indifference), the district court properly denied Carver summary judgment on the ground of qualified immunity.
[34] Because a jury must decide whether Birdsall and Carver acted with deliberate indifference, the district court properly refused to dismiss Erickson's claims for punitive damages against them. See Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56 (1983).
[35] In his cross-appeal, Erickson challenges the grant of summary judgment to Pennington County, Sheriff Holloway, and Deputy Rogers on the ground of qualified immunity. Erickson asserts no basis for our jurisdiction over his cross-appeal in his brief, however. As we explained earlier, there is no final order in this case, and Erickson's cross-appeal does not fall within the Mitchell exception. We also lack pendent jurisdiction over Erickson's cross-appeal. See Johnson, 115 S. Ct. at 2159.
[36] In conclusion, we affirm the denial of summary judgment to Birdsall, reverse the denial of summary judgment to Johnle, affirm the denial of summary judgment to Carver, and dismiss Erickson's cross-appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
[37] A true copy.
[38] Attest:
[39] CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
19960228