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Three Strikes Applied
The court of appeals for the seventh circuit discussed the application of the Prison Litigation Reform Act's (PLRA) provision requiring full payment of filing fees after three suits have been dismissed as frivolous, malicious or failing to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Lokmar Abdul Wadood is an Indiana state prisoner characterized by the seventh circuit as a "frequent filer." The only exception to paying full filing fees after a plaintiff has had three suits dismissed for being frivolous, malicious or failing to state a claim is if the plaintiff is under "imminent danger of serious physical injury."
Abdul Wadood has had at least five frivolous appeals dismissed by the seventh circuit since the PLRA was signed into law on April 26, 1996. The court held that the PLRA is not impermissibly retroactive as applied to previously dismissed suits because it did not change the legal consequences of actions preceding its enactment. 28 U.S.C. § 1915 had only excused prepayment of docket fees for indigent litigants. "A litigant remains liable for them, and for other costs, although poverty may make collection impossible."
The PLRA requires indigent prisoners to make partial payments until the filing fee is satisfied. "The increase from partial prepayment to 100% prepayment applies to filings after the third frivolous suit." The court held that from now on Abdul Wadood could only use the partial prepayment provision of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 in the future if he were "under imminent danger of serious physical injury." The court declined to decide what the term means, how it is to be applied or raised. "It is enough to say that in light of Abdul Wadood's multiple frivolous suits and appeals, he must now pay the full docket fees unless he can satisfy this standard." See: Abdul Wadood v. Nathan, 91 F.3d 1023 (7th Cir. 1996).
Abdul Wadood has had at least five frivolous appeals dismissed by the seventh circuit since the PLRA was signed into law on April 26, 1996. The court held that the PLRA is not impermissibly retroactive as applied to previously dismissed suits because it did not change the legal consequences of actions preceding its enactment. 28 U.S.C. § 1915 had only excused prepayment of docket fees for indigent litigants. "A litigant remains liable for them, and for other costs, although poverty may make collection impossible."
The PLRA requires indigent prisoners to make partial payments until the filing fee is satisfied. "The increase from partial prepayment to 100% prepayment applies to filings after the third frivolous suit." The court held that from now on Abdul Wadood could only use the partial prepayment provision of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 in the future if he were "under imminent danger of serious physical injury." The court declined to decide what the term means, how it is to be applied or raised. "It is enough to say that in light of Abdul Wadood's multiple frivolous suits and appeals, he must now pay the full docket fees unless he can satisfy this standard." See: Abdul Wadood v. Nathan, 91 F.3d 1023 (7th Cir. 1996).
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Related legal case
Abdul Wadood v. Nathan
| Year | 1996 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 91 F.3d 1023 (7th Cir. 1996) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abdul-Wadood v. Nathan, 91 F.3d 1023 (7th Cir. 08/02/1996)
[Editor's note: footnotes (if any) trail the opinion]
[1] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit
[2] No. 96-1074
[3] LOKMAR Y. ABDUL-WADOOD,
[4] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[5] SYLVESTER NATHAN,
[6] Defendant-Appellee.
[7] No. 96-1296
[8] LOKMAR Y. ABDUL-WADOOD,
[9] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[10] CONRADO DELROSARIO and ADRIANE JAGGERS,
[11] Defendants-Appellees.
[12] No. 96-1527
[13] LOKMAR Y. ABDUL-WADOOD,
[14] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[15] TODD KAMLEITER, et al.,
[16] Defendants-Appellees.
[17] Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division.
[18] No. 3:94CV707RM
[19] Robert L. Miller, Jr., Judge.
[20] No. 3:95CV243AS
[21] Allen Sharp, Chief Judge.
[22] No. 3:94CV759RM
[23] Robert L. Miller, Jr., Judge.
[24] SUBMITTED JULY 18, 1996
[25] DECIDED AUGUST 2, 1996
[26] Before BAUER, EASTERBROOK, and DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judges.
[27] EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.
[28] Lokmar Abdul-Wadood, a prisoner of Indiana, is a frequent filer. Last month we affirmed several cases he was pursuing, concluding that two of the appeals were frivolous and counted toward the three "strikes" allowed by the Prison Litigation Reform Act, Pub. L. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321 (Apr. 26, 1996). After losing three cases for one of the enumerated grounds, which include frivolousness, a plaintiff must prepay the docket fee for filing a complaint or taking an appeal, unless he is "under imminent danger of serious physical injury." 28 U.S.C. sec. 1915(g), added by sec. 804(d) of the new statute. Abdul-Wadood had at least five other cases on appeal at the time we warned him about the consequences of frivolous litigation. He did not withdraw any of the five appeals. Today we affirm in three more, all of them frivolous. The allowed strikes now are exhausted.
[29] In appeal No. 96-1074, Abdul-Wadood contends that Sylvester Nathan, a prison physician, violated the cruel and unusual punishments clause of the eighth amendment by administering inappropriate treatment for an attack of sickle cell anemia, an incurable condition from which Abdul-Wadood suffers. When Abdul-Wadood complained of pain, Dr. Nathan first gave him ibuprofen; pain continued, and Dr. Nathan prescribed increasingly strong pain medicine, culminating in Tylenol No. 4, which brought relief. The prison hospital also administered intravenous fluids. Given the strict standards of Farmer v. Brennan, 114 S. Ct. 1970 (1994), and Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976), the district court properly granted summary judgment to Dr. Nathan. Abdul-Wadood's disagreement with the selection of medicine and therapy falls well short of demonstrating deliberate indifference to a serious medical need. Malpractice does not violate the Constitution, and we doubt that this treatment could even be called negligent.
[30] In appeal No. 96-1296, Abdul-Wadood contends that Conrado Delrosario, another prison physician, and Adriane Jaggers, a nurse, violated the cruel and unusual punishments clause by providing inappropriate treatment for an elbow injury he sustained while exercising. Abdul-Wadood decided that his pain marked the start of a sickle cell crisis and demanded ibuprofen, suing when he did not get it. (Note the nimble change of position: when Dr. Nathan started with ibuprofen for a sickle cell episode, Abdul-Wadood called that cruel and unusual.) Dr. Delrosario concluded that Abdul-Wadood exhibited none of the signs of a sickle cell crisis and prescribed an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory agent. For all this record reveals, the diagnosis and treatment were exactly right; there was no constitutional problem.
[31] In appeal No. 96-1527, Abdul-Wadood contends that several prison officials violated the due process clause of the Constitution by fining him 50 cents, issuing a reprimand, and suspending his commissary privileges for his repeated improper possession of string (which can be used as a garrote) and torn socks. It has long been clear that such minor steps do not implicate any liberty or property interest, see Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. 78, 88 n.9 (1976), a conclusion fortified by Sandin v. Connor, 115 S. Ct. 2293 (1995). Summary judgment was wholly proper; indeed, the complaint is preposterous and fails to state a claim on which relief can be based.
[32] All three of these appeals are frivolous, and Abdul-Wadood now has at least five strikes against him. Application of the new Act is not impermissibly retroactive, not only because Abdul-Wadood had ample chance to dismiss his frivolous litigation after April 26 (and a direct warning from this court a month ago), but also because the statute does not change any of the legal consequences of deeds preceding its enactment. See Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 114 S. Ct. 1483 (1994). All sec. 1915 has ever done is excuse pre-payment of the docket fees; a litigant remains liable for them, and for other costs, although poverty may make collection impossible. See McGill v. Faulkner, 18 F.3d 456 (7th Cir. 1994). Other changes made by the new statute curtail the extent to which payment may be deferred for any litigant. Under sec. 804(a)(3) of the law, adding 28 U.S.C. sec. 1915(b), a prisoner must prepay toward the docket fee 20 percent of the funds in his institutional account (or 20 percent of its average balance during the preceding six months, if this is greater), and the prison must remit to the court 20 percent of any funds the inmate receives each month until the fee has been paid in full. The increase from partial prepayment to 100 percent prepayment applies to filings after the third frivolous suit.
[33] The conclusion that sec. 1915(g) applies poses the question what happens to Abdul-Wadood's appeals. Having declared No. 96-1074 frivolous, should we dismiss the other two without reaching the merits. We think not. Section 1915(g) governs bringing new actions or filing new appeals -- the events that trigger an obligation to pay a docket fee -- rather than the disposition of existing cases. Therefore we decide all three of these appeals on the merits rather than deeming one frivolous and dismissing the other two. Any of Abdul-Wadood's appeals remaining on our docket (or pending in the district court) likewise should be addressed on the merits.
[34] Abdul-Wadood can use the partial prepayment option in sec. 1915(b) only if in the future he "is under imminent danger of serious physical injury." We need not decide what this phrase means, or how it is to be raised or proved. It is enough to say that in light of Abdul-Wadood's multiple frivolous suits and appeals, he must now pay the full docket fees unless he can satisfy this standard.
[35] AFFIRMED
19960802
Abdul-Wadood v. Nathan, 91 F.3d 1023 (7th Cir. 08/02/1996)
[Editor's note: footnotes (if any) trail the opinion]
[1] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit
[2] No. 96-1074
[3] LOKMAR Y. ABDUL-WADOOD,
[4] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[5] SYLVESTER NATHAN,
[6] Defendant-Appellee.
[7] No. 96-1296
[8] LOKMAR Y. ABDUL-WADOOD,
[9] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[10] CONRADO DELROSARIO and ADRIANE JAGGERS,
[11] Defendants-Appellees.
[12] No. 96-1527
[13] LOKMAR Y. ABDUL-WADOOD,
[14] Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
[15] TODD KAMLEITER, et al.,
[16] Defendants-Appellees.
[17] Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division.
[18] No. 3:94CV707RM
[19] Robert L. Miller, Jr., Judge.
[20] No. 3:95CV243AS
[21] Allen Sharp, Chief Judge.
[22] No. 3:94CV759RM
[23] Robert L. Miller, Jr., Judge.
[24] SUBMITTED JULY 18, 1996
[25] DECIDED AUGUST 2, 1996
[26] Before BAUER, EASTERBROOK, and DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judges.
[27] EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.
[28] Lokmar Abdul-Wadood, a prisoner of Indiana, is a frequent filer. Last month we affirmed several cases he was pursuing, concluding that two of the appeals were frivolous and counted toward the three "strikes" allowed by the Prison Litigation Reform Act, Pub. L. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321 (Apr. 26, 1996). After losing three cases for one of the enumerated grounds, which include frivolousness, a plaintiff must prepay the docket fee for filing a complaint or taking an appeal, unless he is "under imminent danger of serious physical injury." 28 U.S.C. sec. 1915(g), added by sec. 804(d) of the new statute. Abdul-Wadood had at least five other cases on appeal at the time we warned him about the consequences of frivolous litigation. He did not withdraw any of the five appeals. Today we affirm in three more, all of them frivolous. The allowed strikes now are exhausted.
[29] In appeal No. 96-1074, Abdul-Wadood contends that Sylvester Nathan, a prison physician, violated the cruel and unusual punishments clause of the eighth amendment by administering inappropriate treatment for an attack of sickle cell anemia, an incurable condition from which Abdul-Wadood suffers. When Abdul-Wadood complained of pain, Dr. Nathan first gave him ibuprofen; pain continued, and Dr. Nathan prescribed increasingly strong pain medicine, culminating in Tylenol No. 4, which brought relief. The prison hospital also administered intravenous fluids. Given the strict standards of Farmer v. Brennan, 114 S. Ct. 1970 (1994), and Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976), the district court properly granted summary judgment to Dr. Nathan. Abdul-Wadood's disagreement with the selection of medicine and therapy falls well short of demonstrating deliberate indifference to a serious medical need. Malpractice does not violate the Constitution, and we doubt that this treatment could even be called negligent.
[30] In appeal No. 96-1296, Abdul-Wadood contends that Conrado Delrosario, another prison physician, and Adriane Jaggers, a nurse, violated the cruel and unusual punishments clause by providing inappropriate treatment for an elbow injury he sustained while exercising. Abdul-Wadood decided that his pain marked the start of a sickle cell crisis and demanded ibuprofen, suing when he did not get it. (Note the nimble change of position: when Dr. Nathan started with ibuprofen for a sickle cell episode, Abdul-Wadood called that cruel and unusual.) Dr. Delrosario concluded that Abdul-Wadood exhibited none of the signs of a sickle cell crisis and prescribed an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory agent. For all this record reveals, the diagnosis and treatment were exactly right; there was no constitutional problem.
[31] In appeal No. 96-1527, Abdul-Wadood contends that several prison officials violated the due process clause of the Constitution by fining him 50 cents, issuing a reprimand, and suspending his commissary privileges for his repeated improper possession of string (which can be used as a garrote) and torn socks. It has long been clear that such minor steps do not implicate any liberty or property interest, see Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. 78, 88 n.9 (1976), a conclusion fortified by Sandin v. Connor, 115 S. Ct. 2293 (1995). Summary judgment was wholly proper; indeed, the complaint is preposterous and fails to state a claim on which relief can be based.
[32] All three of these appeals are frivolous, and Abdul-Wadood now has at least five strikes against him. Application of the new Act is not impermissibly retroactive, not only because Abdul-Wadood had ample chance to dismiss his frivolous litigation after April 26 (and a direct warning from this court a month ago), but also because the statute does not change any of the legal consequences of deeds preceding its enactment. See Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 114 S. Ct. 1483 (1994). All sec. 1915 has ever done is excuse pre-payment of the docket fees; a litigant remains liable for them, and for other costs, although poverty may make collection impossible. See McGill v. Faulkner, 18 F.3d 456 (7th Cir. 1994). Other changes made by the new statute curtail the extent to which payment may be deferred for any litigant. Under sec. 804(a)(3) of the law, adding 28 U.S.C. sec. 1915(b), a prisoner must prepay toward the docket fee 20 percent of the funds in his institutional account (or 20 percent of its average balance during the preceding six months, if this is greater), and the prison must remit to the court 20 percent of any funds the inmate receives each month until the fee has been paid in full. The increase from partial prepayment to 100 percent prepayment applies to filings after the third frivolous suit.
[33] The conclusion that sec. 1915(g) applies poses the question what happens to Abdul-Wadood's appeals. Having declared No. 96-1074 frivolous, should we dismiss the other two without reaching the merits. We think not. Section 1915(g) governs bringing new actions or filing new appeals -- the events that trigger an obligation to pay a docket fee -- rather than the disposition of existing cases. Therefore we decide all three of these appeals on the merits rather than deeming one frivolous and dismissing the other two. Any of Abdul-Wadood's appeals remaining on our docket (or pending in the district court) likewise should be addressed on the merits.
[34] Abdul-Wadood can use the partial prepayment option in sec. 1915(b) only if in the future he "is under imminent danger of serious physical injury." We need not decide what this phrase means, or how it is to be raised or proved. It is enough to say that in light of Abdul-Wadood's multiple frivolous suits and appeals, he must now pay the full docket fees unless he can satisfy this standard.
[35] AFFIRMED
19960802