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Warden's Smoking Ban Violates BOP Rules
The court of appeals for the Ninth circuit held that a warden's ban on smoking in a prison camp violated federal Bureau of Prison (BOP) rules requiring that warden's designate outdoor smoking areas.
The warden of the BOP camp in Sheridan, Oregon banned smoking in the camp even though smoking is allowed in the neighboring prison.]Four prisoners filed suit claiming the ban was unconstitutional. The district court dismissed the suit. The court of appeals affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
The court of appeals noted that prisoners have no constitutional right to smoke and a ban on smoking furthers legitimate governmental interests of protecting the health and safety of prisoners and staff.
However, 28 C.F.R. § 551.163(a) requires that BOP wardens designate outdoor smoking areas in all BOP facilities. The court held that this is a mandatory duty. The warden's creation of a smoking ban therefore violated § 551.163. "Pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 551.163(a), the warden must identify outdoor smoking areas to accommodate the prisoners housed at the prison camp." The brief ruling contains a useful discussion on the mandatory language of BOP rules. After the ruling was issued the BOP amended § 551.163(a). See: Webber v. Crabtree, 158 F.3d 460 (9th Cir. 1998).
The warden of the BOP camp in Sheridan, Oregon banned smoking in the camp even though smoking is allowed in the neighboring prison.]Four prisoners filed suit claiming the ban was unconstitutional. The district court dismissed the suit. The court of appeals affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
The court of appeals noted that prisoners have no constitutional right to smoke and a ban on smoking furthers legitimate governmental interests of protecting the health and safety of prisoners and staff.
However, 28 C.F.R. § 551.163(a) requires that BOP wardens designate outdoor smoking areas in all BOP facilities. The court held that this is a mandatory duty. The warden's creation of a smoking ban therefore violated § 551.163. "Pursuant to 28 C.F.R. § 551.163(a), the warden must identify outdoor smoking areas to accommodate the prisoners housed at the prison camp." The brief ruling contains a useful discussion on the mandatory language of BOP rules. After the ruling was issued the BOP amended § 551.163(a). See: Webber v. Crabtree, 158 F.3d 460 (9th Cir. 1998).
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Related legal case
Webber v. Crabtree
| Year | 1998 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 158 F.3d 460 (9th Cir. 1998) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
Webber v. Crabtree, 158 F.3d 460, 98 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 7696 (9th Cir. 10/08/1998)
[1] U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
[2] No. 97-36014
[4] October 08, 1998
[5] JOHN CARL WEBBER, JR.; FLOYD SMITH; LARRY FREEMAN; AND DAVID ALLEN, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,
v.
JOSEPH CRABTREE, WARDEN; DENNIS H. GILSTRAP, FCI CAMP ADMINISTRATOR; AND UNITED STATES BUREAU OF PRISONS, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
[6] D.C. No. CV-97-00493-MFM
[7] Counsel John Carl Webber, Jr.; Floyd Smith; Larry Freeman; and David Allen, Sheridan, Oregon, pro se for the plaintiffs-appellants. Craig J. Casey, Assistant United States Attorney, Portland, Oregon, for the defendants-appellees.
[8] Before: Stephen Reinhardt, David R. Thompson, and Edward Leavy, Circuit Judges.
[9] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Per Curiam
[10] FOR PUBLICATION
[11] Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Malcolm F. Marsh, District Judge, Presiding
[12] Submitted July 9, 1998*
[13] Per Curiam Opinion
[14] *The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 9th Cir. R. 34-4.
[15] SUMMARY
[16] John Carl Webber, Jr., Floyd Smith, Larry Freeman, and David Allen, Federal Prison Camp inmates in Sheridan, Oregon, appeal pro se the district court's order granting summary judgment for the prison officials in the inmates' 28 U.S.C. S 1331 claim for equitable relief from a smoking ban instituted at the camp. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 1291. We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, see Freeman v. Arpaio, 125 F.3d 732, 735 (9th Cir. 1997), and we affirm in part and reverse in part.
[17] [1] The inmates first argue that they were denied equal protection because Federal Correctional Institution inmates are permitted to buy and use tobacco whereas Federal Prison Camp inmates are not. The inmates, however, are not members of a suspect class. The inmates have also failed to show that smoking is a fundamental right. Thus, to meet the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause, the prison officials must show only that the ban bears a rational relation to a legitimate governmental objective. See Coakley v. Murphy, 884 F.2d 1218, 1221-22 (9th Cir. 1989).
[18] [2] The prison officials correctly assert that the Bureau of Prisons has a legitimate objective of protecting the health and safety of inmates and staff by providing a clean air environment. See 28 C.F.R. S 551.160 (1997); cf. Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 35 (1993) (prisoner's allegation of exposure to secondhand smoke may state a cause of action under the Eighth Amendment). The district court, therefore, did not err by finding that the smoking ban is rationally related to this legitimate governmental objective. See Coakley, 884 F.2d at 1221-22.
[19] [3] The inmates next argue that the prison regulations do not grant the warden discretion to ban all smoking. We agree. The regulations require the warden to identify outdoor smoking areas:
[20] At all medical referral centers, including housing units, and at minimum security institutions, including satellite camps and intensive confinement centers, the Warden shall identify "smoking areas," ordinarily outside of all buildings and away from all entrances so as not to expose others to second-hand smoke.
[21] 28 C.F.R. S 551.163(a) (emphasis added). The district court found that the regulations gave the warden discretion to designate smoking areas. The regulations, however, require the warden to identify outdoor areas, and leave the warden no discretion to refuse to do so. See id.*fn1
[22] The Director of the Bureau of Prisons has been delegated the authority to promulgate rules that govern the control and management of federal prisons. See 28 C.F.R.S 0.96(p). Although we accord a high degree of deference to an agency's interpretation of its own regulation, that interpretation cannot be upheld if it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation. See United States v. Larionoff, 431 U.S. 864, 872 (1977); Nigro v. Sullivan, 40 F.3d 990, 996 (9th Cir. 1994).
[23] [4] Section 551.163 mandates that the warden "shall identify" smoking areas. See 28 C.F.R.S 551.163(a). The Bureau's own interpretation of "shall" indicates an intent that it be treated as mandatory: "Shall means an obligation is imposed." See 28 C.F.R. S 500.1(e); Newman v. Chater, 87 F.3d 358, 361 (9th Cir. 1996) ("shall" generally indicates a mandatory intent unless a convincing argument to the contrary is made). In these circumstances, we conclude that the warden's smoking ban is inconsistent with the regulation. See Nigro, 40 F.3d at 996.
[24] Pursuant to 28 C.F.R. S 551.163(a), the warden must identify outdoor smoking areas to accommodate the prisoners housed at the prison camp.*fn2
[25] AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Opinion Footnotes
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[26] *fn1 The district court's interpretation of the regulation is undercut by section 551.163(b), which also states that the warden "shall identify" outdoor smoking areas and "may, but is not required to, designate a limited number of indoor smoking areas." See 28 C.F.R. S 551.163(b).
[27] *fn2 Because we conclude that the warden's creation of a smoking ban violates the plain language of section 551.163 and requires a reversal, we do not address the inmates' contentions that denial of class certification and failure to appoint counsel constitute reversible error.
[1] U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
[2] No. 97-36014
[4] October 08, 1998
[5] JOHN CARL WEBBER, JR.; FLOYD SMITH; LARRY FREEMAN; AND DAVID ALLEN, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,
v.
JOSEPH CRABTREE, WARDEN; DENNIS H. GILSTRAP, FCI CAMP ADMINISTRATOR; AND UNITED STATES BUREAU OF PRISONS, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
[6] D.C. No. CV-97-00493-MFM
[7] Counsel John Carl Webber, Jr.; Floyd Smith; Larry Freeman; and David Allen, Sheridan, Oregon, pro se for the plaintiffs-appellants. Craig J. Casey, Assistant United States Attorney, Portland, Oregon, for the defendants-appellees.
[8] Before: Stephen Reinhardt, David R. Thompson, and Edward Leavy, Circuit Judges.
[9] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Per Curiam
[10] FOR PUBLICATION
[11] Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Malcolm F. Marsh, District Judge, Presiding
[12] Submitted July 9, 1998*
[13] Per Curiam Opinion
[14] *The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 9th Cir. R. 34-4.
[15] SUMMARY
[16] John Carl Webber, Jr., Floyd Smith, Larry Freeman, and David Allen, Federal Prison Camp inmates in Sheridan, Oregon, appeal pro se the district court's order granting summary judgment for the prison officials in the inmates' 28 U.S.C. S 1331 claim for equitable relief from a smoking ban instituted at the camp. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 1291. We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, see Freeman v. Arpaio, 125 F.3d 732, 735 (9th Cir. 1997), and we affirm in part and reverse in part.
[17] [1] The inmates first argue that they were denied equal protection because Federal Correctional Institution inmates are permitted to buy and use tobacco whereas Federal Prison Camp inmates are not. The inmates, however, are not members of a suspect class. The inmates have also failed to show that smoking is a fundamental right. Thus, to meet the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause, the prison officials must show only that the ban bears a rational relation to a legitimate governmental objective. See Coakley v. Murphy, 884 F.2d 1218, 1221-22 (9th Cir. 1989).
[18] [2] The prison officials correctly assert that the Bureau of Prisons has a legitimate objective of protecting the health and safety of inmates and staff by providing a clean air environment. See 28 C.F.R. S 551.160 (1997); cf. Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 35 (1993) (prisoner's allegation of exposure to secondhand smoke may state a cause of action under the Eighth Amendment). The district court, therefore, did not err by finding that the smoking ban is rationally related to this legitimate governmental objective. See Coakley, 884 F.2d at 1221-22.
[19] [3] The inmates next argue that the prison regulations do not grant the warden discretion to ban all smoking. We agree. The regulations require the warden to identify outdoor smoking areas:
[20] At all medical referral centers, including housing units, and at minimum security institutions, including satellite camps and intensive confinement centers, the Warden shall identify "smoking areas," ordinarily outside of all buildings and away from all entrances so as not to expose others to second-hand smoke.
[21] 28 C.F.R. S 551.163(a) (emphasis added). The district court found that the regulations gave the warden discretion to designate smoking areas. The regulations, however, require the warden to identify outdoor areas, and leave the warden no discretion to refuse to do so. See id.*fn1
[22] The Director of the Bureau of Prisons has been delegated the authority to promulgate rules that govern the control and management of federal prisons. See 28 C.F.R.S 0.96(p). Although we accord a high degree of deference to an agency's interpretation of its own regulation, that interpretation cannot be upheld if it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation. See United States v. Larionoff, 431 U.S. 864, 872 (1977); Nigro v. Sullivan, 40 F.3d 990, 996 (9th Cir. 1994).
[23] [4] Section 551.163 mandates that the warden "shall identify" smoking areas. See 28 C.F.R.S 551.163(a). The Bureau's own interpretation of "shall" indicates an intent that it be treated as mandatory: "Shall means an obligation is imposed." See 28 C.F.R. S 500.1(e); Newman v. Chater, 87 F.3d 358, 361 (9th Cir. 1996) ("shall" generally indicates a mandatory intent unless a convincing argument to the contrary is made). In these circumstances, we conclude that the warden's smoking ban is inconsistent with the regulation. See Nigro, 40 F.3d at 996.
[24] Pursuant to 28 C.F.R. S 551.163(a), the warden must identify outdoor smoking areas to accommodate the prisoners housed at the prison camp.*fn2
[25] AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Opinion Footnotes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[26] *fn1 The district court's interpretation of the regulation is undercut by section 551.163(b), which also states that the warden "shall identify" outdoor smoking areas and "may, but is not required to, designate a limited number of indoor smoking areas." See 28 C.F.R. S 551.163(b).
[27] *fn2 Because we conclude that the warden's creation of a smoking ban violates the plain language of section 551.163 and requires a reversal, we do not address the inmates' contentions that denial of class certification and failure to appoint counsel constitute reversible error.