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CCA Conditions Claim Not Frivolous
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has reversed a Tennessee Federal District Court's dismissal of a prisoner's 42 U.S.C. §1983 claims as frivolous, vacating and remanding part of the lower court's decision with instructions.
David Dellis is a Wisconsin prisoner who was for a time held in private Tennessee prisons operated by Corrections Corporation of America (CCA). Dellis sued CCA and the prisons in which he was incarcerated alleging numerous civil rights violations. After granting Dellis in forma pauperis status, the district court dismissed all claims as frivolous. Dellis appealed.
Citing Nietzke v. Williams , 490 U.S. 319, 325, 109 S.Ct. 1827 (1989), the appeals court defined "frivolous" as a claim lacking a legal or factual basis for argument. The court found that some of Dellis' claims were frivolous, and other claims failed to state a claim for relief under applicable legal standards.
Three of Dellis' claims failure to protect from gang member assaults, excessive use of force, and deprivation of water were not frivolous.
Prison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from violence suffered at the hands of other prisoners." Dellis' refusal of protective custody did not excuse CCA's failure to protect if Dellis could "establish that this assault was reasonably preventable." The excessive force claim was wrongly dismissed because the district court used the wrong standard of review. The water claim was also wrongly dismissed because the district court clearly misread Dellis' claimed facts.
Dellis failed to exhaust administrative remedies on any claim. Under Booth v. Churner , 531 U.S. 956, 121 S.Ct. 1819, 149 L.Ed.2d 958 (2001), prisoners must exhaust all available administrative remedies, even if the requested remedies are unavailable and the administrative procedures futile. On Dellis' meritorious claims, the appeals court vacated the district court decision and remanded with instructions to dismiss without prejudice. Dellis must now exhaust futile administrative remedies before refiling his suit. See: Dellis v. Corrections Corporation of America , 257 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2001).
David Dellis is a Wisconsin prisoner who was for a time held in private Tennessee prisons operated by Corrections Corporation of America (CCA). Dellis sued CCA and the prisons in which he was incarcerated alleging numerous civil rights violations. After granting Dellis in forma pauperis status, the district court dismissed all claims as frivolous. Dellis appealed.
Citing Nietzke v. Williams , 490 U.S. 319, 325, 109 S.Ct. 1827 (1989), the appeals court defined "frivolous" as a claim lacking a legal or factual basis for argument. The court found that some of Dellis' claims were frivolous, and other claims failed to state a claim for relief under applicable legal standards.
Three of Dellis' claims failure to protect from gang member assaults, excessive use of force, and deprivation of water were not frivolous.
Prison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from violence suffered at the hands of other prisoners." Dellis' refusal of protective custody did not excuse CCA's failure to protect if Dellis could "establish that this assault was reasonably preventable." The excessive force claim was wrongly dismissed because the district court used the wrong standard of review. The water claim was also wrongly dismissed because the district court clearly misread Dellis' claimed facts.
Dellis failed to exhaust administrative remedies on any claim. Under Booth v. Churner , 531 U.S. 956, 121 S.Ct. 1819, 149 L.Ed.2d 958 (2001), prisoners must exhaust all available administrative remedies, even if the requested remedies are unavailable and the administrative procedures futile. On Dellis' meritorious claims, the appeals court vacated the district court decision and remanded with instructions to dismiss without prejudice. Dellis must now exhaust futile administrative remedies before refiling his suit. See: Dellis v. Corrections Corporation of America , 257 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2001).
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Related legal case
Dellis v. Corrections Corp of America
| Year | 2001 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 257 F.3d 508 (6th Cir. 2001) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
Dellis v. Corrections Corporation of America, No. 99-6479 (6th Cir. 07/18/2001)
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 99-6479
[3] 2001
[4] July 18, 2001
[5] DAVID K. DELLIS, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT.
v.
CORRECTIONS CORPORATION OF AMERICA; STATE OF WISCONSIN; ALLEN BARGERY; PATRICK WHALEN, WARDEN; PERCY PITZER; ADAMS; CORK; J. CURRIE; DALE DRINKARD; PASCHALL; DIANE ROAN; WILKERSON; WOODARD; WILLIAM HENDERSON; MONTGOMERY; JACKSON; HEINZ; TONY O'HARE, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee at Jackson. No. 99-01169--James D. Todd, Chief District Judge.
[7] Counsel ON Brief: David K. Dellis, Portage, Wisconsin, for Appellant.
[8] Before: Keith, Siler, and Clay, Circuit Judges.
[9] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Clay, Circuit Judge
[10] RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
[11] ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2001 FED App. 0228P (6th Cir.)
[12] Submitted: March 7, 2001
[13] OPINION
[14] Plaintiff, David K. Dellis, a Wisconsin prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court's order dismissing Plaintiff's civil rights complaint filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). On March 13, 2001, we issued an order holding Plaintiff's case in abeyance until the Supreme Court rendered its decision as to whether a prisoner filing suit over prison conditions and seeking monetary relief was required to exhaust his administrative remedies before filing suit. See Booth v. Churner, __U.S. __, 121 S.Ct. 1819 (2001). The context in which we issued our order was that we found some of Plaintiff's unexhausted claims were not frivolous and stated cognizable claims for purposes of surviving dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In light of the Supreme Court's unanimous decision that a prisoner seeking monetary damages must complete the prison administrative process notwithstanding the fact that the process will not afford the prisoner the specific relief that he seeks, see Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1821, we now order the district court to dismiss without prejudice those claims which we find potentially meritorious so as to allow Plaintiff an opportunity to exhaust his administrative remedies.*fn1
[15] BACKGROUND
[16] Seeking injunctive, declaratory, and monetary relief, Plaintiff sued the Corrections Corporation of America ("CCA"), the State of Wisconsin, and approximately thirty prison employees, named and unnamed, in their official capacities.
[17] Plaintiff was once incarcerated at Hardeman County Correctional Facility ("HCCF"), and was transferred to Whiteville Correctional Facility ("WCF"). Both institutions are operated by the CCA. Plaintiff's sixty-one page complaint alleged, among other things, that (1) inmate gang members at HCCF harassed and attacked him; and (2) gang members at WCF threatened him, beat him, and stole his property. He asserted that employees at WCF (3) beat him; (4) fired him from his prison job; (5) subjected him to improper conditions of confinement; (6) failed to protect him from an inmate attack; (7) denied him access to legal materials; and (8) opened his legal mail. The district court granted Plaintiff in forma pauperis status, and sua sponte dismissed his case as frivolous. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). Plaintiff filed a motion to combine the action with an earlier action that had also been dismissed as frivolous. The district court held that it lacked jurisdiction to consolidate the cases on appeal and denied the motion.
[18] Plaintiff filed a timely appeal reasserting the claims made in his complaint, and argues that the district court should have consolidated his case with an earlier action. For the reasons set forth below, we hold that the district court properly dismissed some of Plaintiff's claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), but improperly dismissed others. Because Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that he exhausted his administrative remedies as to any of his claims, his potentially meritorious claims should have been dismissed without prejudice. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e; Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1822.
[19] DISCUSSION
[20] We review a district court's decision to dismiss a claim as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) de novo. See McGore v. Wrigglesworth, 114 F.3d 601, 604 (6th Cir. 1997). A case is frivolous if it lacks an arguable basis either in law or fact. See Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). Upon review, we conclude that the district court properly dismissed as frivolous Plaintiff's claims arising out of his incarceration at HCCF inasmuch as any such claim is barred the by the applicable statute of limitations. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(3); Merriweather v. City of Memphis, 107 F.3d 396, 398 (6th Cir. 1997). Plaintiff was transferred from HCCF to WCF on July 25, 1998, and filed this action on August 2, 1999. Thus any claim he had accrued more than one year before he filed suit. See Collyer v. Darling, 98 F.3d 211, 220 (6th Cir. 1996). In addition, we find that the district court properly dismissed as frivolous Plaintiff's claim that he was fired from his prison job.*fn2 See Newsom v. Norris, 888 F.2d 371, 374 (6th Cir. 1989) (finding that an inmate has no constitutionally protected property or liberty interest in prison employment).
[21] With respect to Plaintiff's conditions of confinement claims - that he was deprived of a lower bunk, was subjected to a flooded cell, and was deprived of a working toilet - Plaintiff alleged only temporary inconveniences and did not demonstrate that the conditions fell beneath the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities as measured by a contemporary standard of decency. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981). Therefore, these claims, although not frivolous, fail to state claims upon which relief can be granted. See id. Similarly, Plaintiff failed to state an access to the court claim because he did not demonstrate actual prejudice to pending or contemplated litigation. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996). Likewise, his conclusory, unsupported statements alleging that his legal mail was opened were insufficient to state a claim. See Morgan v. Church's Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir. 1987); Chapman v. City of Detroit, 808 F.2d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 1986). Finally, Plaintiff's allegation that other inmates stole his property fails to state a claim against the prison officials because the prison's negligence in allowing the theft is not a "taking" for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 531-33 (1984); Lucien v. Johnson, 61 F.3d 573, 575-76 (7th Cir. 1995). We therefore agree with the district court's dismissal of these claims, albeit for reasons other than that of the district court. See City Mgmt. Corp. v. U.S. Chem. Co., Inc., 43 F.3d 244, 251 (6th Cir. 1994).
[22] We disagree, however, with the district court's dismissal of Plaintiff's claims for failure to protect, excessive force, and deprivation of water. Prison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from violence suffered at the hands of other prisoners. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994); Wilson v. Yaklich, 148 F.3d 596, 600 (6th Cir. 1998).
[23] Although Plaintiff's complaint indicated that he refused protective custody in August of 1998, this does not necessarily excuse Defendants' alleged failure to protect Plaintiff from attack in June of 1999. Plaintiff may be able to establish that this assault was reasonably preventable. See Babcock v. White, 102 F.3d 267, 272 (7th Cir. 1996).
[24] Plaintiff may also be able to prove an excessive use of force claim. He alleged that members of WCF's special "SORT" unit ordered him to kneel on his bunk with his hands behind his back, and beat him even though he complied. The district court apparently assumed that the guards were justified in using force to maintain or restore discipline. See Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992). In this regard the district court erred in failing to accept Plaintiff's pleaded allegations as true. See Lewis v. ACB Bus. Servs., Inc., 135 F.3d 389, 405 (6th Cir. 1998).
[25] In addition, Plaintiff's deprivation of drinking water allegation states a viable Eighth Amendment claim. Plaintiff stated that he was deprived of drinking water for three days when the prison's water supply went out in January 1999. He alleged that he was given only two half pints of milk and one sixteen and one-half ounce bottle of water during this time. The district court assumed that this was Plaintiff's fluid intake on each day; however, Plaintiff claims that this was his total fluid intake over a three day period. Therefore, accepting Plaintiff's allegations as true, we believe that Plaintiff has pleaded facts which if proven would entitle him to relief. See, e.g., Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 732 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding that inmates presented a triable Eighth Amendment claim where they alleged, among other things, that they received inadequate drinking water for four days).
[26] CONCLUSION
[27] For the above stated reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's dismissal of the following claims: that Plaintiff was deprived of a lower bunk, was subjected to a flooded cell, was deprived of a working toilet, was denied access to the courts, had his legal mail opened, and had his property stolen; we VACATE the district court's order dismissing the remainder of Plaintiff's claims as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); and we REMAND the case to the district court with instructions to enter an order dismissing these viable claims without prejudice as a result of Plaintiff's failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1822.
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Opinion Footnotes
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[28] *fn1 We note that Plaintiff also requested injunctive and declaratory relief in his complaint; however, because he is no longer incarcerated in either Hardeman County Correctional Facility or Whiteville Correctional Facility, these prayers for relief are moot. See Kensu v. Haigh, 87 F.3d 172, 175 (6th Cir. 1996).
[29] *fn2 Dismissing Plaintiff's unexhausted, but frivolous, claims is consistent with Booth, which addressed the exhaustion requirement under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) for futile, but not frivolous, § 1983 claims. Futile claims concern inadequate administrative remedy. See McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 147-148 (1992) (identifying delay in administrative action, lack of agency power to grant relief, and administrative bias as examples of inadequate administrative remedy which may excuse exhaustion requirements). Under Booth, the Court "will not read futility or other exceptions into statutory exhaustion requirements where Congress has provided otherwise." Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1825 n.6 (citing McCarthy, 503 U.S. at 144). Booth thus requires, under § 1997e(a), that even futile claims be exhausted "before a complaint under § 1983 may be entertained." Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1824. Conversely, frivolous claims are themselves inadequate, and unrelated to inadequate administrative remedy. We may dismiss unexhausted claims that are frivolous because Booth does not reach the plain language of § 1997e(c)(2), which provides that, for such claims, "the court may dismiss the underlying claim without first requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies." Plaintiff's claims which fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted may also be dismissed pursuant to § 1997e(c)(2).
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 99-6479
[3] 2001
[4] July 18, 2001
[5] DAVID K. DELLIS, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT.
v.
CORRECTIONS CORPORATION OF AMERICA; STATE OF WISCONSIN; ALLEN BARGERY; PATRICK WHALEN, WARDEN; PERCY PITZER; ADAMS; CORK; J. CURRIE; DALE DRINKARD; PASCHALL; DIANE ROAN; WILKERSON; WOODARD; WILLIAM HENDERSON; MONTGOMERY; JACKSON; HEINZ; TONY O'HARE, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee at Jackson. No. 99-01169--James D. Todd, Chief District Judge.
[7] Counsel ON Brief: David K. Dellis, Portage, Wisconsin, for Appellant.
[8] Before: Keith, Siler, and Clay, Circuit Judges.
[9] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Clay, Circuit Judge
[10] RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
[11] ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2001 FED App. 0228P (6th Cir.)
[12] Submitted: March 7, 2001
[13] OPINION
[14] Plaintiff, David K. Dellis, a Wisconsin prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court's order dismissing Plaintiff's civil rights complaint filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). On March 13, 2001, we issued an order holding Plaintiff's case in abeyance until the Supreme Court rendered its decision as to whether a prisoner filing suit over prison conditions and seeking monetary relief was required to exhaust his administrative remedies before filing suit. See Booth v. Churner, __U.S. __, 121 S.Ct. 1819 (2001). The context in which we issued our order was that we found some of Plaintiff's unexhausted claims were not frivolous and stated cognizable claims for purposes of surviving dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In light of the Supreme Court's unanimous decision that a prisoner seeking monetary damages must complete the prison administrative process notwithstanding the fact that the process will not afford the prisoner the specific relief that he seeks, see Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1821, we now order the district court to dismiss without prejudice those claims which we find potentially meritorious so as to allow Plaintiff an opportunity to exhaust his administrative remedies.*fn1
[15] BACKGROUND
[16] Seeking injunctive, declaratory, and monetary relief, Plaintiff sued the Corrections Corporation of America ("CCA"), the State of Wisconsin, and approximately thirty prison employees, named and unnamed, in their official capacities.
[17] Plaintiff was once incarcerated at Hardeman County Correctional Facility ("HCCF"), and was transferred to Whiteville Correctional Facility ("WCF"). Both institutions are operated by the CCA. Plaintiff's sixty-one page complaint alleged, among other things, that (1) inmate gang members at HCCF harassed and attacked him; and (2) gang members at WCF threatened him, beat him, and stole his property. He asserted that employees at WCF (3) beat him; (4) fired him from his prison job; (5) subjected him to improper conditions of confinement; (6) failed to protect him from an inmate attack; (7) denied him access to legal materials; and (8) opened his legal mail. The district court granted Plaintiff in forma pauperis status, and sua sponte dismissed his case as frivolous. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). Plaintiff filed a motion to combine the action with an earlier action that had also been dismissed as frivolous. The district court held that it lacked jurisdiction to consolidate the cases on appeal and denied the motion.
[18] Plaintiff filed a timely appeal reasserting the claims made in his complaint, and argues that the district court should have consolidated his case with an earlier action. For the reasons set forth below, we hold that the district court properly dismissed some of Plaintiff's claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), but improperly dismissed others. Because Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that he exhausted his administrative remedies as to any of his claims, his potentially meritorious claims should have been dismissed without prejudice. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e; Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1822.
[19] DISCUSSION
[20] We review a district court's decision to dismiss a claim as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) de novo. See McGore v. Wrigglesworth, 114 F.3d 601, 604 (6th Cir. 1997). A case is frivolous if it lacks an arguable basis either in law or fact. See Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). Upon review, we conclude that the district court properly dismissed as frivolous Plaintiff's claims arising out of his incarceration at HCCF inasmuch as any such claim is barred the by the applicable statute of limitations. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(3); Merriweather v. City of Memphis, 107 F.3d 396, 398 (6th Cir. 1997). Plaintiff was transferred from HCCF to WCF on July 25, 1998, and filed this action on August 2, 1999. Thus any claim he had accrued more than one year before he filed suit. See Collyer v. Darling, 98 F.3d 211, 220 (6th Cir. 1996). In addition, we find that the district court properly dismissed as frivolous Plaintiff's claim that he was fired from his prison job.*fn2 See Newsom v. Norris, 888 F.2d 371, 374 (6th Cir. 1989) (finding that an inmate has no constitutionally protected property or liberty interest in prison employment).
[21] With respect to Plaintiff's conditions of confinement claims - that he was deprived of a lower bunk, was subjected to a flooded cell, and was deprived of a working toilet - Plaintiff alleged only temporary inconveniences and did not demonstrate that the conditions fell beneath the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities as measured by a contemporary standard of decency. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981). Therefore, these claims, although not frivolous, fail to state claims upon which relief can be granted. See id. Similarly, Plaintiff failed to state an access to the court claim because he did not demonstrate actual prejudice to pending or contemplated litigation. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996). Likewise, his conclusory, unsupported statements alleging that his legal mail was opened were insufficient to state a claim. See Morgan v. Church's Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir. 1987); Chapman v. City of Detroit, 808 F.2d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 1986). Finally, Plaintiff's allegation that other inmates stole his property fails to state a claim against the prison officials because the prison's negligence in allowing the theft is not a "taking" for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 531-33 (1984); Lucien v. Johnson, 61 F.3d 573, 575-76 (7th Cir. 1995). We therefore agree with the district court's dismissal of these claims, albeit for reasons other than that of the district court. See City Mgmt. Corp. v. U.S. Chem. Co., Inc., 43 F.3d 244, 251 (6th Cir. 1994).
[22] We disagree, however, with the district court's dismissal of Plaintiff's claims for failure to protect, excessive force, and deprivation of water. Prison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from violence suffered at the hands of other prisoners. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994); Wilson v. Yaklich, 148 F.3d 596, 600 (6th Cir. 1998).
[23] Although Plaintiff's complaint indicated that he refused protective custody in August of 1998, this does not necessarily excuse Defendants' alleged failure to protect Plaintiff from attack in June of 1999. Plaintiff may be able to establish that this assault was reasonably preventable. See Babcock v. White, 102 F.3d 267, 272 (7th Cir. 1996).
[24] Plaintiff may also be able to prove an excessive use of force claim. He alleged that members of WCF's special "SORT" unit ordered him to kneel on his bunk with his hands behind his back, and beat him even though he complied. The district court apparently assumed that the guards were justified in using force to maintain or restore discipline. See Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992). In this regard the district court erred in failing to accept Plaintiff's pleaded allegations as true. See Lewis v. ACB Bus. Servs., Inc., 135 F.3d 389, 405 (6th Cir. 1998).
[25] In addition, Plaintiff's deprivation of drinking water allegation states a viable Eighth Amendment claim. Plaintiff stated that he was deprived of drinking water for three days when the prison's water supply went out in January 1999. He alleged that he was given only two half pints of milk and one sixteen and one-half ounce bottle of water during this time. The district court assumed that this was Plaintiff's fluid intake on each day; however, Plaintiff claims that this was his total fluid intake over a three day period. Therefore, accepting Plaintiff's allegations as true, we believe that Plaintiff has pleaded facts which if proven would entitle him to relief. See, e.g., Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 732 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding that inmates presented a triable Eighth Amendment claim where they alleged, among other things, that they received inadequate drinking water for four days).
[26] CONCLUSION
[27] For the above stated reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's dismissal of the following claims: that Plaintiff was deprived of a lower bunk, was subjected to a flooded cell, was deprived of a working toilet, was denied access to the courts, had his legal mail opened, and had his property stolen; we VACATE the district court's order dismissing the remainder of Plaintiff's claims as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); and we REMAND the case to the district court with instructions to enter an order dismissing these viable claims without prejudice as a result of Plaintiff's failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1822.
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Opinion Footnotes
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[28] *fn1 We note that Plaintiff also requested injunctive and declaratory relief in his complaint; however, because he is no longer incarcerated in either Hardeman County Correctional Facility or Whiteville Correctional Facility, these prayers for relief are moot. See Kensu v. Haigh, 87 F.3d 172, 175 (6th Cir. 1996).
[29] *fn2 Dismissing Plaintiff's unexhausted, but frivolous, claims is consistent with Booth, which addressed the exhaustion requirement under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) for futile, but not frivolous, § 1983 claims. Futile claims concern inadequate administrative remedy. See McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 147-148 (1992) (identifying delay in administrative action, lack of agency power to grant relief, and administrative bias as examples of inadequate administrative remedy which may excuse exhaustion requirements). Under Booth, the Court "will not read futility or other exceptions into statutory exhaustion requirements where Congress has provided otherwise." Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1825 n.6 (citing McCarthy, 503 U.S. at 144). Booth thus requires, under § 1997e(a), that even futile claims be exhausted "before a complaint under § 1983 may be entertained." Booth, 121 S.Ct. at 1824. Conversely, frivolous claims are themselves inadequate, and unrelated to inadequate administrative remedy. We may dismiss unexhausted claims that are frivolous because Booth does not reach the plain language of § 1997e(c)(2), which provides that, for such claims, "the court may dismiss the underlying claim without first requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies." Plaintiff's claims which fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted may also be dismissed pursuant to § 1997e(c)(2).