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Qualified Immunity Denied In Failure To Protect And Delay of Emergency Treatment
Qualified Immunity Denied In Failure To
Protect And Delay of Emergency Treatment
by Bob Williams
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that guards are not entitled to qualified immunity for failing to segregate co-defendants in a known hostile relationship and that doctors are not entitled to qualified immunity in delaying emergency treatment after an assault.
Alfred Scicluna was attacked in the Michigan State Muskegon Correctional Facility (MCF) by his co-defendant, Eugene O'Sullivan. Scicluna's resident unit manager and counsel, Felix Carrizales, was warned by both Scicluna and his sister of the hostile relationship and that continued housing in this situation violated MDOC regulations. Carrizales took no action. After the attack, Scicluna was treated at a community hospital where a portion of his skull was removed. The civilian surgeon recommended cranioplasty to replace the skull portion.
MCF's medical director, Dr. Richard Huff, recalled Scicluna from the hospital, rejected further surgery, prescribed an anti-seizure drug to toxic levels and transferred him to a prison without facilities to treat him. The next day, Scicluna was transferred again with orders for an immediate neurosurgical consultation but he was not seen for three weeks. When finally seen, Dr. Paul Harvey lowered Scicluna's medication below toxic levels and transferred him back to Dr. Huff's care.
Scicluna filed a § 1983 complaint claiming deliberate indifference to his safety against Carrizales for his failure to protect; deliberate indifference to a serious medical need against Dr. Huff, for failing to properly treat him, and Dr. Harvey for delaying treatment for three weeks. All three defendants filed separate motions for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. The district court denied the motions leading to an interlocutory appeal where the defendants must be willing to concede the facts alleged by Scicluna and argue only the legal issues.
In evaluating qualified immunity the Court looks to three factors: whether "(1) a constitutional violation occurred, (2) the right violated was clearly established, and (3) the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts, and supported the allegations by sufficient evidence, to indicate that what the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established constitutional rights."
Despite Carrizales's argument of lack of documentary evidence and his assertion that a reasonable person would not have known he faced liability for failure to protect, the Court found that documentary evidence is not essential, other sources could be used including pleadings, depositions, affidavits, etc. When viewed in the light most favorable to Scicluna the evidence shows Carrizales was warned by both Sciluna and his sister and also knew of the Michigan Department of Corrections directive requiring separating co-defendants and that the directives warned of personal liability for non-compliance. Qualified immunity was therefore properly denied.
Dr. Huff claimed in a brief that he thought Scicluna would be treated at another prison but did not submit a sworn affidavit or other evidence to this assertion. He also claimed a reasonable person would not have known the transfer was deliberate indifference. The Court held that "a right can be clearly established even if there is no case involving fundamentally similar or materially similar facts if the premise of a prior case alerts officials to the close applicability of the legal principles to a subsequent set of facts." By extension of Estelle v. Gamble , 97 S.Ct. 285 (1972), deliberate indifference to a serious medical need was well-established twenty years before this 1992 incident. Qualified immunity was also properly denied on the medical claims.
Finally, Dr. Harvey claimed he did not know of the immediate order and, as with Dr. Huff, claimed the right to medical care was not clearly established. The Court found Dr. Harvey's failure to explain the delay allows a reasonable inference to be drawn that he purposefully ignored the emergency order. Qualified immunity was denied to him as well. See: Scicluna v. Wells, 345 F.3d 441 (6th Cir. 2003).
Protect And Delay of Emergency Treatment
by Bob Williams
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that guards are not entitled to qualified immunity for failing to segregate co-defendants in a known hostile relationship and that doctors are not entitled to qualified immunity in delaying emergency treatment after an assault.
Alfred Scicluna was attacked in the Michigan State Muskegon Correctional Facility (MCF) by his co-defendant, Eugene O'Sullivan. Scicluna's resident unit manager and counsel, Felix Carrizales, was warned by both Scicluna and his sister of the hostile relationship and that continued housing in this situation violated MDOC regulations. Carrizales took no action. After the attack, Scicluna was treated at a community hospital where a portion of his skull was removed. The civilian surgeon recommended cranioplasty to replace the skull portion.
MCF's medical director, Dr. Richard Huff, recalled Scicluna from the hospital, rejected further surgery, prescribed an anti-seizure drug to toxic levels and transferred him to a prison without facilities to treat him. The next day, Scicluna was transferred again with orders for an immediate neurosurgical consultation but he was not seen for three weeks. When finally seen, Dr. Paul Harvey lowered Scicluna's medication below toxic levels and transferred him back to Dr. Huff's care.
Scicluna filed a § 1983 complaint claiming deliberate indifference to his safety against Carrizales for his failure to protect; deliberate indifference to a serious medical need against Dr. Huff, for failing to properly treat him, and Dr. Harvey for delaying treatment for three weeks. All three defendants filed separate motions for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. The district court denied the motions leading to an interlocutory appeal where the defendants must be willing to concede the facts alleged by Scicluna and argue only the legal issues.
In evaluating qualified immunity the Court looks to three factors: whether "(1) a constitutional violation occurred, (2) the right violated was clearly established, and (3) the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts, and supported the allegations by sufficient evidence, to indicate that what the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established constitutional rights."
Despite Carrizales's argument of lack of documentary evidence and his assertion that a reasonable person would not have known he faced liability for failure to protect, the Court found that documentary evidence is not essential, other sources could be used including pleadings, depositions, affidavits, etc. When viewed in the light most favorable to Scicluna the evidence shows Carrizales was warned by both Sciluna and his sister and also knew of the Michigan Department of Corrections directive requiring separating co-defendants and that the directives warned of personal liability for non-compliance. Qualified immunity was therefore properly denied.
Dr. Huff claimed in a brief that he thought Scicluna would be treated at another prison but did not submit a sworn affidavit or other evidence to this assertion. He also claimed a reasonable person would not have known the transfer was deliberate indifference. The Court held that "a right can be clearly established even if there is no case involving fundamentally similar or materially similar facts if the premise of a prior case alerts officials to the close applicability of the legal principles to a subsequent set of facts." By extension of Estelle v. Gamble , 97 S.Ct. 285 (1972), deliberate indifference to a serious medical need was well-established twenty years before this 1992 incident. Qualified immunity was also properly denied on the medical claims.
Finally, Dr. Harvey claimed he did not know of the immediate order and, as with Dr. Huff, claimed the right to medical care was not clearly established. The Court found Dr. Harvey's failure to explain the delay allows a reasonable inference to be drawn that he purposefully ignored the emergency order. Qualified immunity was denied to him as well. See: Scicluna v. Wells, 345 F.3d 441 (6th Cir. 2003).
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Related legal case
Scicluna v. Wells
| Year | 2003 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 345 F.3d 441 (6th Cir. 2003) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
| Injunction Status | N/A |
Scicluna v. Wells, 345 F.3d 441, 2003 Fed.App. 0350 (6th Cir. 10/02/2003)
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 02-2117
[3] 345 F.3d 441, 2003 Fed.App. 0350,
[4] October 02, 2003
[5] ALFRED R. SCICLUNA, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
HARRY G. WELLS ET AL., DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit. No. 99-70376--Avern Cohn, Senior District Judge.
[7] Counsel
[8] Argued: John L. Thurber, Office OF The Attorney General, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellants.
[9] Nedra D. Campbell, Law Office OF Nedra D. Campbell, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee.
[10] Onbrief: John L. Thurber, Office OF The Attorney General, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellants.
[11] Nedra D. Campbell, Law Office OF Nedra D. Campbell, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee.
[12] Before: Merritt, Moore, and Gilman, Circuit Judges.
[13] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Ronald Lee Gilman, Circuit Judge.
[14] RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
[15] ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2003 FED App. 0350P (6th Cir.)
[16] Argued: September 12, 2003
[17] OPINION
[18] Alfred Scicluna, a Michigan prisoner, brought suit against two physicians and a corrections officer for the alleged violation of his rights under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dr. Paul Harvey, Dr. Richard Huff, and Corrections Officer Felix Carrizales filed separate motions for summary judgment based upon the doctrine of qualified immunity. The defendants now appeal the district court's denial of their motions, arguing that the record provides no basis for Scicluna's allegations that they were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical and security needs. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
[19] I. BACKGROUND
[20] A. Factual background
[21] Scicluna suffered a fractured skull as the result of an unprovoked attack on April 20, 1992 that was orchestrated by Eugene O'Sullivan, Scicluna's co-defendant in the criminal trial that resulted in their imprisonment. At the time of the attack, Scicluna and O'Sullivan were both inmates at the Muskegon Correctional Facility (MCF) in Muskegon, Michigan. Scicluna contends that Carrizales, his Resident Unit Manager and counselor at MCF, demonstrated deliberate indifference by taking no action to transfer either Scicluna or O'Sullivan to a different facility, even though Carrizales had been told by Scicluna that the two inmates had a hostile relationship and that keeping them together at MCF was in violation of Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) regulations concerning "known conflict situations." Carrizales, on the other hand, argues that he was unaware of any conflict between Scicluna and O'Sullivan and therefore could not have demonstrated deliberate indifference to the safety of Scicluna by failing to address the conflict situation.
[22] Following the attack, Scicluna was brought to a community hospital in Muskegon for emergency neurosurgery. He was treated by a civilian physician, who removed a portion of his skull and recommended continued treatment, including a crainioplasty to replace the removed portion. Rather than authorize further surgery, Huff, MCF's Medical Director, recalled Scicluna from the community hospital. Huff examined Scicluna on April 27, 1992, after which Huff prescribed the anti-seizure drug Dilantin. Following a second examination on May 5, 1992, Huff transferred Scicluna to Kinross Correctional Facility (KCF) in Kincheole, Michigan for a neurosurgical consultation. Because KCF did not have the facilities needed to treat Scicluna, he was transferred to the G. Robert Cotton Correction Facility (JCF) in Jackson, Michigan on the following day. Scicluna contends that Huff demonstrated deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs by transferring him to a facility that Huff knew was not equipped to treat him. In response, Huff argues that he believed that KCF was equipped to treat Scicluna and that none of his actions constituted deliberate indifference.
[23] Scicluna arrived at JCF on May 6, 1992, with paperwork calling for an immediate neursurgical consultation. But he was not examined by Harvey until May 26, 1992. Harvey, after determining that Scicluna's level of Dilantin was toxic and that his skull was recently fractured, lowered his Dilantin levels and arranged to have Scicluna transferred to the Earnest C. Brooks Correctional Facility (LRF) in Muskegon, Michigan for a neurosurgical consultation. Scicluna arrived at LRF, which is in the same complex as MCF, on August 5, 1992, and was again placed under the care of Huff.
[24] Scicluna argues that Harvey demonstrated deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs by failing to examine him until 20 days after he arrived at JCF, despite papers calling for an "immediate neuro consult." Harvey contends that the record provides no basis for finding deliberate indifference on his part because Scicluana offered no evidence that Harvey even knew that Scicluna was at JCF prior to May 26, 1992.
[25] B. Procedural background
[26] Scicluna filed suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, "which provides for a private right of action against any person who, under color of state law, violates another person's federal rights." Hardin v. Straub, 954 F.2d 1193, 1198 (6th Cir. 1992). Harvey, Huff, and Carrizales filed separate motions for summary judgment based upon the doctrine of qualified immunity. The district court denied the motions on the basis that Scicluna has raised genuine issues of material fact that could not be resolved on summary judgment. This timely appeal followed.
[27] II. ANALYSIS
[28] A. Standard of review
[29] This court reviews the denial of qualified immunity in an action brought under 42 U.S.C. §1983 de novo. Klein v. Long, 275 F.3d 544, 550 (6th Cir. 2001). "[F]or an interlocutory appeal to be appropriate, a defendant seeking qualified immunity must be willing to concede to the facts as alleged by the plaintiff and discuss only the legal issues raised by the case." Shehee v. Luttrell, 199 F.3d 295, 299 (6th Cir. 1999). We will therefore accept Scicluna's allegations as true for purposes of this interlocutory appeal and view all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to him.
[30] B. Doctrine of qualified immunity
[31] The doctrine of qualified immunity shields from liability for civil damages those officials whose "conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). We evaluate a defendant's claim of qualified immunity by determining whether (1) a constitutional violation occurred, (2) the right violated was clearly established, and (3) "the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts, and supported the allegations by sufficient evidence, to indicate that what the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established constitutional rights." Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 691 (6th Cir. 1999) (en banc).
[32] Scicluna contends that the defendants violated a clearly established constitutional right when they showed deliberate indifference to his serious medical and safety needs. Such conduct is prohibited by the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). To show that he was subjected to such deliberate indifference, Scicluna need not prove that the defendants had the "express intent to inflict unnecessary pain," but only that their conduct demonstrated a level of "obduracy and wantonness" greater than simple "inadvertence or error in good faith . . . ." Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986).
[33] C. Carrizales's motion
[34] Scicluna testified in his deposition that he told Carrizales of the conflict situation with O'Sullivan and of the relevant MDOC regulations. Carrizales, however, claims that the record fails to support a finding of deliberate indifference because there is no documentary evidence supporting Scicluna's deposition testimony. But documentary evidence is not essential to overcome a motion for summary judgment. Other sources of evidence, such as deposition testimony, may suffice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(C) (stating that the "pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits" are considered in determining whether there is a genuine issue as to any material fact). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Scicluna establishes that Carrizales was told that O'Sullivan presented a serious threat to the safety of Scicluna, and that, in knowing disregard of MDOC regulations, Carrizales took no action to segregate the two inmates even though he was conscious of the risk that his failure to act imposed upon Scicluna.
[35] Carrizales argues, alternatively, that no reasonable government official in 1992 could have known that failure to follow up on general information pertaining to an inmate-housing conflict situation would expose the official to liability. But Carrizales, according to Scicluna, had before him far more than general information concerning the conflict. Both Scicluna and his sister had allegedly informed Carrizales that O'Sullivan posed a specific threat to Scicluna. In addition, MDOC had issued directives requiring the segregation of former co-defendants, such as Scicluna and O'Sullivan, because of the risk of assault, and had warned officials that they could be found personally liable for not following MDOC policy. Scicluna, consequently, "was a member of an identifiable group of prisoners for whom risk of assault was a serious problem . . . ." Marsh v. Arn, 937 F.2d 1056, 1062 (6th Cir. 1991) (contrasting the plaintiff in Marsh, who was not a member of an identifiable risk group, with the plaintiff in Walsh v. Mellas, 837 F.2d 789 (7th Cir. 1988), who was a member of such an identifiable group).
[36] "If the law was clearly established, the immunity defense ordinarily should fail, since a reasonably competent public official should know the law governing his conduct." Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818-19. A constitutional right is clearly established where "a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). In light of these legal principles and the facts as asserted by Scicluna, the district court did not err in denying Carrizales's motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
[37] D. Huff's motion
[38] Huff argues in his brief that he believed that Scicluna would receive all necessary medical treatment at KCF when he transferred Scicluna there in May of 1992. But he offered no affidavit in support of this assertion. Scicluna, on the other hand, testified under oath that Huff knew that KCF officials would be unable to treat his condition. Viewing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Scicluna as the non-movant, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Huff knew that he was transferring Scicluna to a facility that was unable to treat his injury.
[39] Huff argues, alternatively, that even if his decision to transfer Scicluna to KCF constituted deliberate indifference, the constitutional right violated was not clearly established by 1992. But "a right can be clearly established even if there is no case involving fundamentally similar' or materially similar' facts" if the premise of a prior case alerts officials to the "clear applicability" of the legal principle to "a subsequent set of facts." Feathers v. Aey, 319 F.3d 843, 850 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741, 743 (2002)). Deliberate indifference to a prisoner's serious medical condition was known to be a violation of the Eighth Amendment's right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment long before 1992. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976) (holding that "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners" is "proscribed by the Eighth Amendment"). Transferring a prisoner in need of urgent medical attention to a facility that the official knows is unable to provide the required treatment is conduct that would alert a reasonable person to the likelihood of personal liability. See Fitzke v. Shappell, 468 F.2d 1072, 1076 (6th Cir. 1972) ("[W]here the circumstances are clearly sufficient to indicate the need of medical attention for injury or illness, the denial of such aid constitutes the deprivation of constitutional due process."). Based upon the present record, the district court did not err in denying Huff's motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
[40] E. Harvey's motion
[41] Harvey claims that the record does not support a finding of his deliberate indifference because there is no evidence that he was even aware that Scicluna was at JCF between May 6 and May 26 of 1992. In the absence of an explanation for the delay, however, a reasonable inference arises that Harvey purposefully ignored the emergency-treatment report specifying that Scicluna required an "immediate neuro consult." Viewing the facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Scicluna, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Harvey's three-week delay constituted deliberate indifference.
[42] Harvey argues, alternatively, that even if his failure to treat Scicluna at JCF constituted deliberate indifference, the constitutional right violated was not clearly established by 1992. Before 1992, however, the Supreme Court had established in Estelle that deliberate indifference to a prisoner's serious medical condition constitutes a violation of the Eighth Amendment. 429 U.S. at 104. Knowingly waiting three weeks to examine a prisoner referred to one's care for urgent attention is conduct that a reasonable prison official in 1992 should have known would subject him to personal liability. Based upon the present record, the district court did not err in denying Harvey's motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
[43] III. CONCLUSION
[44] For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court that denied the defendants' motions for summary judgment.
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 02-2117
[3] 345 F.3d 441, 2003 Fed.App. 0350,
[4] October 02, 2003
[5] ALFRED R. SCICLUNA, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
HARRY G. WELLS ET AL., DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit. No. 99-70376--Avern Cohn, Senior District Judge.
[7] Counsel
[8] Argued: John L. Thurber, Office OF The Attorney General, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellants.
[9] Nedra D. Campbell, Law Office OF Nedra D. Campbell, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee.
[10] Onbrief: John L. Thurber, Office OF The Attorney General, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellants.
[11] Nedra D. Campbell, Law Office OF Nedra D. Campbell, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee.
[12] Before: Merritt, Moore, and Gilman, Circuit Judges.
[13] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Ronald Lee Gilman, Circuit Judge.
[14] RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
[15] ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2003 FED App. 0350P (6th Cir.)
[16] Argued: September 12, 2003
[17] OPINION
[18] Alfred Scicluna, a Michigan prisoner, brought suit against two physicians and a corrections officer for the alleged violation of his rights under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dr. Paul Harvey, Dr. Richard Huff, and Corrections Officer Felix Carrizales filed separate motions for summary judgment based upon the doctrine of qualified immunity. The defendants now appeal the district court's denial of their motions, arguing that the record provides no basis for Scicluna's allegations that they were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical and security needs. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
[19] I. BACKGROUND
[20] A. Factual background
[21] Scicluna suffered a fractured skull as the result of an unprovoked attack on April 20, 1992 that was orchestrated by Eugene O'Sullivan, Scicluna's co-defendant in the criminal trial that resulted in their imprisonment. At the time of the attack, Scicluna and O'Sullivan were both inmates at the Muskegon Correctional Facility (MCF) in Muskegon, Michigan. Scicluna contends that Carrizales, his Resident Unit Manager and counselor at MCF, demonstrated deliberate indifference by taking no action to transfer either Scicluna or O'Sullivan to a different facility, even though Carrizales had been told by Scicluna that the two inmates had a hostile relationship and that keeping them together at MCF was in violation of Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) regulations concerning "known conflict situations." Carrizales, on the other hand, argues that he was unaware of any conflict between Scicluna and O'Sullivan and therefore could not have demonstrated deliberate indifference to the safety of Scicluna by failing to address the conflict situation.
[22] Following the attack, Scicluna was brought to a community hospital in Muskegon for emergency neurosurgery. He was treated by a civilian physician, who removed a portion of his skull and recommended continued treatment, including a crainioplasty to replace the removed portion. Rather than authorize further surgery, Huff, MCF's Medical Director, recalled Scicluna from the community hospital. Huff examined Scicluna on April 27, 1992, after which Huff prescribed the anti-seizure drug Dilantin. Following a second examination on May 5, 1992, Huff transferred Scicluna to Kinross Correctional Facility (KCF) in Kincheole, Michigan for a neurosurgical consultation. Because KCF did not have the facilities needed to treat Scicluna, he was transferred to the G. Robert Cotton Correction Facility (JCF) in Jackson, Michigan on the following day. Scicluna contends that Huff demonstrated deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs by transferring him to a facility that Huff knew was not equipped to treat him. In response, Huff argues that he believed that KCF was equipped to treat Scicluna and that none of his actions constituted deliberate indifference.
[23] Scicluna arrived at JCF on May 6, 1992, with paperwork calling for an immediate neursurgical consultation. But he was not examined by Harvey until May 26, 1992. Harvey, after determining that Scicluna's level of Dilantin was toxic and that his skull was recently fractured, lowered his Dilantin levels and arranged to have Scicluna transferred to the Earnest C. Brooks Correctional Facility (LRF) in Muskegon, Michigan for a neurosurgical consultation. Scicluna arrived at LRF, which is in the same complex as MCF, on August 5, 1992, and was again placed under the care of Huff.
[24] Scicluna argues that Harvey demonstrated deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs by failing to examine him until 20 days after he arrived at JCF, despite papers calling for an "immediate neuro consult." Harvey contends that the record provides no basis for finding deliberate indifference on his part because Scicluana offered no evidence that Harvey even knew that Scicluna was at JCF prior to May 26, 1992.
[25] B. Procedural background
[26] Scicluna filed suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, "which provides for a private right of action against any person who, under color of state law, violates another person's federal rights." Hardin v. Straub, 954 F.2d 1193, 1198 (6th Cir. 1992). Harvey, Huff, and Carrizales filed separate motions for summary judgment based upon the doctrine of qualified immunity. The district court denied the motions on the basis that Scicluna has raised genuine issues of material fact that could not be resolved on summary judgment. This timely appeal followed.
[27] II. ANALYSIS
[28] A. Standard of review
[29] This court reviews the denial of qualified immunity in an action brought under 42 U.S.C. §1983 de novo. Klein v. Long, 275 F.3d 544, 550 (6th Cir. 2001). "[F]or an interlocutory appeal to be appropriate, a defendant seeking qualified immunity must be willing to concede to the facts as alleged by the plaintiff and discuss only the legal issues raised by the case." Shehee v. Luttrell, 199 F.3d 295, 299 (6th Cir. 1999). We will therefore accept Scicluna's allegations as true for purposes of this interlocutory appeal and view all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to him.
[30] B. Doctrine of qualified immunity
[31] The doctrine of qualified immunity shields from liability for civil damages those officials whose "conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). We evaluate a defendant's claim of qualified immunity by determining whether (1) a constitutional violation occurred, (2) the right violated was clearly established, and (3) "the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts, and supported the allegations by sufficient evidence, to indicate that what the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established constitutional rights." Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 691 (6th Cir. 1999) (en banc).
[32] Scicluna contends that the defendants violated a clearly established constitutional right when they showed deliberate indifference to his serious medical and safety needs. Such conduct is prohibited by the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). To show that he was subjected to such deliberate indifference, Scicluna need not prove that the defendants had the "express intent to inflict unnecessary pain," but only that their conduct demonstrated a level of "obduracy and wantonness" greater than simple "inadvertence or error in good faith . . . ." Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986).
[33] C. Carrizales's motion
[34] Scicluna testified in his deposition that he told Carrizales of the conflict situation with O'Sullivan and of the relevant MDOC regulations. Carrizales, however, claims that the record fails to support a finding of deliberate indifference because there is no documentary evidence supporting Scicluna's deposition testimony. But documentary evidence is not essential to overcome a motion for summary judgment. Other sources of evidence, such as deposition testimony, may suffice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(C) (stating that the "pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits" are considered in determining whether there is a genuine issue as to any material fact). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Scicluna establishes that Carrizales was told that O'Sullivan presented a serious threat to the safety of Scicluna, and that, in knowing disregard of MDOC regulations, Carrizales took no action to segregate the two inmates even though he was conscious of the risk that his failure to act imposed upon Scicluna.
[35] Carrizales argues, alternatively, that no reasonable government official in 1992 could have known that failure to follow up on general information pertaining to an inmate-housing conflict situation would expose the official to liability. But Carrizales, according to Scicluna, had before him far more than general information concerning the conflict. Both Scicluna and his sister had allegedly informed Carrizales that O'Sullivan posed a specific threat to Scicluna. In addition, MDOC had issued directives requiring the segregation of former co-defendants, such as Scicluna and O'Sullivan, because of the risk of assault, and had warned officials that they could be found personally liable for not following MDOC policy. Scicluna, consequently, "was a member of an identifiable group of prisoners for whom risk of assault was a serious problem . . . ." Marsh v. Arn, 937 F.2d 1056, 1062 (6th Cir. 1991) (contrasting the plaintiff in Marsh, who was not a member of an identifiable risk group, with the plaintiff in Walsh v. Mellas, 837 F.2d 789 (7th Cir. 1988), who was a member of such an identifiable group).
[36] "If the law was clearly established, the immunity defense ordinarily should fail, since a reasonably competent public official should know the law governing his conduct." Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818-19. A constitutional right is clearly established where "a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). In light of these legal principles and the facts as asserted by Scicluna, the district court did not err in denying Carrizales's motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
[37] D. Huff's motion
[38] Huff argues in his brief that he believed that Scicluna would receive all necessary medical treatment at KCF when he transferred Scicluna there in May of 1992. But he offered no affidavit in support of this assertion. Scicluna, on the other hand, testified under oath that Huff knew that KCF officials would be unable to treat his condition. Viewing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Scicluna as the non-movant, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Huff knew that he was transferring Scicluna to a facility that was unable to treat his injury.
[39] Huff argues, alternatively, that even if his decision to transfer Scicluna to KCF constituted deliberate indifference, the constitutional right violated was not clearly established by 1992. But "a right can be clearly established even if there is no case involving fundamentally similar' or materially similar' facts" if the premise of a prior case alerts officials to the "clear applicability" of the legal principle to "a subsequent set of facts." Feathers v. Aey, 319 F.3d 843, 850 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741, 743 (2002)). Deliberate indifference to a prisoner's serious medical condition was known to be a violation of the Eighth Amendment's right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment long before 1992. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976) (holding that "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners" is "proscribed by the Eighth Amendment"). Transferring a prisoner in need of urgent medical attention to a facility that the official knows is unable to provide the required treatment is conduct that would alert a reasonable person to the likelihood of personal liability. See Fitzke v. Shappell, 468 F.2d 1072, 1076 (6th Cir. 1972) ("[W]here the circumstances are clearly sufficient to indicate the need of medical attention for injury or illness, the denial of such aid constitutes the deprivation of constitutional due process."). Based upon the present record, the district court did not err in denying Huff's motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
[40] E. Harvey's motion
[41] Harvey claims that the record does not support a finding of his deliberate indifference because there is no evidence that he was even aware that Scicluna was at JCF between May 6 and May 26 of 1992. In the absence of an explanation for the delay, however, a reasonable inference arises that Harvey purposefully ignored the emergency-treatment report specifying that Scicluna required an "immediate neuro consult." Viewing the facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Scicluna, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Harvey's three-week delay constituted deliberate indifference.
[42] Harvey argues, alternatively, that even if his failure to treat Scicluna at JCF constituted deliberate indifference, the constitutional right violated was not clearly established by 1992. Before 1992, however, the Supreme Court had established in Estelle that deliberate indifference to a prisoner's serious medical condition constitutes a violation of the Eighth Amendment. 429 U.S. at 104. Knowingly waiting three weeks to examine a prisoner referred to one's care for urgent attention is conduct that a reasonable prison official in 1992 should have known would subject him to personal liability. Based upon the present record, the district court did not err in denying Harvey's motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
[43] III. CONCLUSION
[44] For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court that denied the defendants' motions for summary judgment.