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On Remand From Supreme Court, Sixth Circuit Reverses Judgment on Guard Retaliation Claim
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, on remand from the United States Supreme Court, reversed a district courts grant of summary judgment to a prison guard on a First Amendment retaliation claim.
Michigan prisoner Shakur Muhammad brought suit against guard Mark Close, alleging Close violated his First Amendment writes by charging him with threatening behavior, which necessitates pre-hearing lockup, in retaliation for prior lawsuits and grievance proceedings not Muhammad had instituted against Close. Muhammad sought $10,000 in compensatory and punitive damages for the physical, mental, and emotional injuries sustained during the six days of pre-hearing detention mandated by the charge of threatening behavior.
Initially, the District Court granted summary judgment to Close. The Sixth Circuit affirmed, relying on Huey v. Stine, 230 F.3d 226 (6th Cir. 2000) for its conclusion that Muhammads section 1983 claim was barred by the rule announced in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994).
As discussed in John Midgleys June 2003 column, however, the United States Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuits decision and remanded for further proceedings. Muhammad v. Close, 124 S.Ct. 1303 (2004). The Court held that Huey was wrongly decided and that Muhammad could utilize § 1983 to challenge the disciplinary action because no good-time credits or eliminated. See: [PLN, June 2004].
On remand, the Sixth Circuit addressed the merits of the district courts summary judgment findings. It noted that in prior rulings& the District Court held that Muhammad had properly pleaded all the elements of a First Amendment retaliation claim, and that Close conceded that the first element was satisfied,...Close argued, however, that he was entitled to summary judgment because there was insufficient evidence to satisfy the second and third elements.
Noting about the district courts decision was based solely upon its determination that Muhammad had failed to produce sufficient evidence to satisfy the third element, causation& the court found that in reaching its conclusion, the district court overlooked a key piece of evidence relating to causation: a type-written affidavit from prisoner Bruce Coxton. This affidavit was filed with the District Court as an exhibit attached to Muhammads objections to the magistrates report and recommendation [.]
The court agreed with Muhammad that the Coxton affidavit appears to be precisely the type of evidence of causation that the District Court thought was lacking. The court suggested that the affidavit was a significant piece of evidence that... must be examined in connection with the causation analysis.
The court refused to address Closes challenges to the Coxton affidavit because it had been completely ignored by the district court. Close is free [however] to advance [his] arguments and the district court on remand.
The court also found it unnecessary to address Muhammads argument that the district court erred in rejecting his argument that temporal proximity between the protected conduct in a retaliatory action existed in this case, sufficient to prove causation[.] Yet, the court suggested that given its reliance on the Coxton affidavit,... temporal proximity alone may be significant enough to constitute and direct evidence of a causal connection so as to create an inference of retaliatory motive. DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 422 (6th Cir. 2004). See: Muhammad v. Close, 379 F.3d 413 (6th Cir. 2004).
Michigan prisoner Shakur Muhammad brought suit against guard Mark Close, alleging Close violated his First Amendment writes by charging him with threatening behavior, which necessitates pre-hearing lockup, in retaliation for prior lawsuits and grievance proceedings not Muhammad had instituted against Close. Muhammad sought $10,000 in compensatory and punitive damages for the physical, mental, and emotional injuries sustained during the six days of pre-hearing detention mandated by the charge of threatening behavior.
Initially, the District Court granted summary judgment to Close. The Sixth Circuit affirmed, relying on Huey v. Stine, 230 F.3d 226 (6th Cir. 2000) for its conclusion that Muhammads section 1983 claim was barred by the rule announced in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994).
As discussed in John Midgleys June 2003 column, however, the United States Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuits decision and remanded for further proceedings. Muhammad v. Close, 124 S.Ct. 1303 (2004). The Court held that Huey was wrongly decided and that Muhammad could utilize § 1983 to challenge the disciplinary action because no good-time credits or eliminated. See: [PLN, June 2004].
On remand, the Sixth Circuit addressed the merits of the district courts summary judgment findings. It noted that in prior rulings& the District Court held that Muhammad had properly pleaded all the elements of a First Amendment retaliation claim, and that Close conceded that the first element was satisfied,...Close argued, however, that he was entitled to summary judgment because there was insufficient evidence to satisfy the second and third elements.
Noting about the district courts decision was based solely upon its determination that Muhammad had failed to produce sufficient evidence to satisfy the third element, causation& the court found that in reaching its conclusion, the district court overlooked a key piece of evidence relating to causation: a type-written affidavit from prisoner Bruce Coxton. This affidavit was filed with the District Court as an exhibit attached to Muhammads objections to the magistrates report and recommendation [.]
The court agreed with Muhammad that the Coxton affidavit appears to be precisely the type of evidence of causation that the District Court thought was lacking. The court suggested that the affidavit was a significant piece of evidence that... must be examined in connection with the causation analysis.
The court refused to address Closes challenges to the Coxton affidavit because it had been completely ignored by the district court. Close is free [however] to advance [his] arguments and the district court on remand.
The court also found it unnecessary to address Muhammads argument that the district court erred in rejecting his argument that temporal proximity between the protected conduct in a retaliatory action existed in this case, sufficient to prove causation[.] Yet, the court suggested that given its reliance on the Coxton affidavit,... temporal proximity alone may be significant enough to constitute and direct evidence of a causal connection so as to create an inference of retaliatory motive. DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 422 (6th Cir. 2004). See: Muhammad v. Close, 379 F.3d 413 (6th Cir. 2004).
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Related legal case
Muhammad v. Close
| Year | 2004 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 379 F.3d 413 (6th Cir. 2004) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
| Attorney Fees | 0 |
| Damages | 0 |
| Injunction Status | N/A |
Muhammad v. Close, 379 F.3d 413, 2004 Fed.App. 0265P ( 08/11/2004)
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 02-1043
[3] 379 F.3d 413, 2004
[4] August 11, 2004
[5] SHAKUR MUHAMMAD, A/K/A JOHN E. MEASE, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
MARK CLOSE, DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.
[6] On Remand from the United States Supreme Court.
[7] Before: Martin and Moore, Circuit Judges; Wiseman, District Judge.*fn1
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Boyce F. Martin, Jr., Circuit Judge
[9] RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
[10] OPINION
[11] This case returns to us on remand from the United States Supreme Court, which reversed our decision affirming an award of summary judgment in favor of Mark Close, a corrections officer, on a claim brought by Shakur Muhammad, an inmate, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Muhammad v. Close, 124 S. Ct. 1303 (2004). As explained below, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND for further proceedings.
[12] I.
[13] Muhammad's section 1983 claim alleges that while he was incarcerated at the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility, corrections officer Close violated his First Amendment rights by charging him with threatening behavior, which necessitates pre-hearing lockup, in retaliation for prior lawsuits and grievance proceedings that Muhammad had instituted against Close. The sole relief that Muhammad seeks is $10,000 in compensatory and punitive damages "for the physical, mental, and emotional injuries sustained" during the six days of pre-hearing detention mandated by the charge of threatening behavior.
[14] In our initial decision, we relied upon Huey v. Stine, 230F.3d 226 (6th Cir. 2000), in concluding that Muhammad's section 1983 claim was barred by the rule announced in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). The Heck rule provides that "where success in a prisoner's §1983 damages action would implicitly question the validity of conviction or duration of sentence, the litigant must first achieve favorable termination of his available state, or federal habeas, opportunities to challenge the underlying conviction or sentence." Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1304 (discussing Heck). Subsequently, in Edwards v. Balisock, 520 U.S. 641 (1997), the Supreme Court applied the Heck rule "in the circumstances of a §1983 action claiming damages and equitable relief for a procedural defect in a prison's administrative process, where the administrative action taken against the plaintiff could affect credits toward release based on good-time served." Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1304 (discussing Edwards). In Huey, a panel of this Court stated that "the Heck/Edwards doctrine [applies] generally to prevent a prisoner found guilty in a prison disciplinary hearing from using §1983 to collaterally attack the hearing's validity." 230 F.3d at 228-29 (adopting the reasoning of several unpublished opinions from our circuit). In this case, our conclusion that Heck barred Muhammad's section 1983 claim flowed directly from Huey, which we were bound to follow.
[15] In reversing our decision, however, the Supreme Court ruled that the "precedent" upon which we had relied -- i.e., Huey -- was wrongly decided. Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1306. According to the Court, the "view expressed" in Huey "that Heck applies categorically to all suits challenging prison disciplinary proceedings" is "mistaken[.]" Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1306. The Court clarified that "the incarceration that matters under Heck is the incarceration ordered by the original judgment of conviction, not special disciplinary confinement for infraction of prison rules." Id. at 1304, n.1. It then reasoned that because determinations made in prison disciplinary proceedings "do not as such raise any implication about the validity of the underlying conviction, and although they may affect the duration of time to be served (by bearing on the award or revocation of good-time credits) that is not necessarily so." Id. at 1306. Because in this case "no good-time credits were eliminated by the prehearing action Muhammad called into question," the Court held that "[Muhammad's] §1983 suit challenging this action could not therefore be construed as seeking a judgment at odds with his conviction or with the State's calculation of time to be served in accordance with the underlying sentence." Id. Having overruled the portion of Huey upon which our previous decision relied, the Court reversed our decision finding that Muhammad's section 1983 claim was barred by Heck, and remanded this case for our "consideration of summary judgment on the ground adopted by the District Court." Id. at 1307.
[16] II.
[17] In considering the district court's award of summary judgment, we employ de novo review. Graham ex rel. Estate of Graham v. Cty. of Washtenaw, 358 F.3d 377, 382 (6th Cir. 2004). In prior rulings in this case, the district court held that Muhammad had properly pleaded all the elements of a First Amendment retaliation claim, which are:
[18] (1) the plaintiff engaged in protected conduct; (2) an adverse action was taken against the plaintiff that would deter a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in that conduct; and (3) there is a causal connection between elements one and two--that is, the adverse action was motivated at least in part by the plaintiff's protected conduct.
[19] Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 394 (6th Cir. 1999).
[20] Close conceded that the first element was satisfied, inasmuch as Muhammad has a right to access the courts. Close argued, however, that he was entitled to summary judgment because there was insufficient evidence to satisfy the second and third elements. Where a defendant shows a lack of evidence on any particular element of the claim at issue, the plaintiff has the burden of offering affirmative evidence from which a reasonable fact finder could find in his favor. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986). Such evidence is required to be viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986). Thus, any direct evidence offered by the plaintiff in response to a summary judgment motion must be accepted as true. Adams v. Metiva, 31 F.3d 375, 382 (6th Cir. 1994).
[21] The magistrate recommended that Close's motion for summary judgment be granted, and the district court agreed. The district court's decision was based solely upon its determination that Muhammad had failed to produce sufficient evidence to satisfy the third element, causation. The court held that the temporal proximity between the protected conduct and the alleged adverse action was weak and that there was no "direct evidence of animosity, such as statements made by the defendant, that the Court would be required to take as true." In the district court's view, Muhammad was simply "ask[ing] [the court] to trust his hunch that the defendant's adverse action against him was motivated by his past lawsuits," which is "insufficient to defeat a summary judgment motion . . . ."
[22] As Muhammad maintains, however, in reaching its conclusion, the district court overlooked a key piece of evidence relating to causation: a type-written affidavit from inmate Bruce Coxton. The Coxton affidavit states as follows:
[23] I, BRUCE COXTON, being first duly sworn deposes and says that the following statements are true and correct to the best of my knowledge, information, and beleif [sic]:
[24] 1.)In or around May 1997, I did hear two correction officers having a discussion about prisoner Mease-X [the plaintiff in this case] and they were clearly conspiring to cause him harm.
[25] 2.)I directly saw and heard officers M. Close and M. Glowicki standing approximately 3 feet from my cell door talking about how they were going to "get Mease-X ass."
[26] 3.)I directly observed Close and Glowicki talking about how they had to "stop him from filing that appeal and get his ass out of here." Glowicki responded to Close that "I should have killed the nigger when I had the chance."
[27] 4.)I directly watched and overheard Close telling Glowicki how to set Mease-X up by placing a knife in his cell and than [sic] rush him and act like he accidentally got killed while trying to resist him.
[28] 5.)I wrote a kite to the unit case manager Wendy Reetz and told her what I had seen and heard regarding the officers [sic] threat to kill Mease-X.
[29] 6.)Case manager Reetz came to my cell and told me that if I did not minded [sic] my own business, I would be getting the same treatment.
[30] 7.)Subsequently, when I tried to access the Court of Appeals with my criminal case, Reetz withheld my pleadings beyond the time for which relief could be sought and denied me access to postage stating . . . that I should have minded my own business.
[31] 8.)I was also retaliated against for reporting this matter to Reetz and this could have seriously harmed Mease-X, maybe even his death as Close and Glowicki threatened.
[32] 9.)I attest that the foregoing is true and correct to the best of my knowledge, and make these statements under penalty of perjury.
[33] The affidavit is signed and dated October 2, 2001. It was filed with the district court as an exhibit attached to Muhammad's objections to the magistrate's report and recommendation, which he prepared and submitted without the benefit of counsel.
[34] We agree with Muhammad that the Coxton affidavit appears to be precisely the type of evidence of causation that the district court thought was lacking. Even if not determinative of the issue, this affidavit is, at the very least, a significant piece of evidence that -- along with the other evidence in this case -- must be examined in connection with the causation analysis. Thus, we remand this case to the district court for further proceedings.
[35] Close attempts to downplay the significance of the Coxton affidavit by arguing that: (1) the affidavit is not notarized; and (2) although dated prior to the date of the magistrate's report, it was not presented to the magistrate because it was filed as an exhibit to Muhammad's objections to the magistrate's report. Because the Coxton affidavit was completely ignored in the district court proceedings, this is the first time that Close has presented these arguments to any court. We decline to address these issues in the first instance. Close is free to advance these, and other, arguments in the district court on remand.
[36] Additionally, Muhammad argues that the district court erred in rejecting his argument that temporal proximity between the protected conduct and the retaliatory action existed in this case, sufficient to prove causation, because he was away from the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility for much of the time between the filing of the second lawsuit and the incident in question. While we need not resolve this issue on appeal, given our reliance on the Coxton affidavit, we note that temporal proximity alone may be "significant enough to constitute indirect evidence of a causal connection so as to create an inference of retaliatory motive." DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 422 (6th Cir. 2004).
[37] Therefore, the district court should, on remand, determine whether the Coxton affidavit alone, Muhammad's proof of temporal proximity alone, or both pieces of evidence together are sufficient to defeat Close's motion for summary judgment.
[38] For these reasons, the district court's judgment is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Opinion Footnotes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[39] *fn1 The Honorable Thomas A. Wiseman, Jr., United States District Judge for the Middle District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
[1] UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
[2] No. 02-1043
[3] 379 F.3d 413, 2004
[4] August 11, 2004
[5] SHAKUR MUHAMMAD, A/K/A JOHN E. MEASE, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
MARK CLOSE, DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.
[6] On Remand from the United States Supreme Court.
[7] Before: Martin and Moore, Circuit Judges; Wiseman, District Judge.*fn1
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Boyce F. Martin, Jr., Circuit Judge
[9] RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
[10] OPINION
[11] This case returns to us on remand from the United States Supreme Court, which reversed our decision affirming an award of summary judgment in favor of Mark Close, a corrections officer, on a claim brought by Shakur Muhammad, an inmate, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Muhammad v. Close, 124 S. Ct. 1303 (2004). As explained below, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND for further proceedings.
[12] I.
[13] Muhammad's section 1983 claim alleges that while he was incarcerated at the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility, corrections officer Close violated his First Amendment rights by charging him with threatening behavior, which necessitates pre-hearing lockup, in retaliation for prior lawsuits and grievance proceedings that Muhammad had instituted against Close. The sole relief that Muhammad seeks is $10,000 in compensatory and punitive damages "for the physical, mental, and emotional injuries sustained" during the six days of pre-hearing detention mandated by the charge of threatening behavior.
[14] In our initial decision, we relied upon Huey v. Stine, 230F.3d 226 (6th Cir. 2000), in concluding that Muhammad's section 1983 claim was barred by the rule announced in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). The Heck rule provides that "where success in a prisoner's §1983 damages action would implicitly question the validity of conviction or duration of sentence, the litigant must first achieve favorable termination of his available state, or federal habeas, opportunities to challenge the underlying conviction or sentence." Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1304 (discussing Heck). Subsequently, in Edwards v. Balisock, 520 U.S. 641 (1997), the Supreme Court applied the Heck rule "in the circumstances of a §1983 action claiming damages and equitable relief for a procedural defect in a prison's administrative process, where the administrative action taken against the plaintiff could affect credits toward release based on good-time served." Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1304 (discussing Edwards). In Huey, a panel of this Court stated that "the Heck/Edwards doctrine [applies] generally to prevent a prisoner found guilty in a prison disciplinary hearing from using §1983 to collaterally attack the hearing's validity." 230 F.3d at 228-29 (adopting the reasoning of several unpublished opinions from our circuit). In this case, our conclusion that Heck barred Muhammad's section 1983 claim flowed directly from Huey, which we were bound to follow.
[15] In reversing our decision, however, the Supreme Court ruled that the "precedent" upon which we had relied -- i.e., Huey -- was wrongly decided. Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1306. According to the Court, the "view expressed" in Huey "that Heck applies categorically to all suits challenging prison disciplinary proceedings" is "mistaken[.]" Muhammad, 124 S. Ct. at 1306. The Court clarified that "the incarceration that matters under Heck is the incarceration ordered by the original judgment of conviction, not special disciplinary confinement for infraction of prison rules." Id. at 1304, n.1. It then reasoned that because determinations made in prison disciplinary proceedings "do not as such raise any implication about the validity of the underlying conviction, and although they may affect the duration of time to be served (by bearing on the award or revocation of good-time credits) that is not necessarily so." Id. at 1306. Because in this case "no good-time credits were eliminated by the prehearing action Muhammad called into question," the Court held that "[Muhammad's] §1983 suit challenging this action could not therefore be construed as seeking a judgment at odds with his conviction or with the State's calculation of time to be served in accordance with the underlying sentence." Id. Having overruled the portion of Huey upon which our previous decision relied, the Court reversed our decision finding that Muhammad's section 1983 claim was barred by Heck, and remanded this case for our "consideration of summary judgment on the ground adopted by the District Court." Id. at 1307.
[16] II.
[17] In considering the district court's award of summary judgment, we employ de novo review. Graham ex rel. Estate of Graham v. Cty. of Washtenaw, 358 F.3d 377, 382 (6th Cir. 2004). In prior rulings in this case, the district court held that Muhammad had properly pleaded all the elements of a First Amendment retaliation claim, which are:
[18] (1) the plaintiff engaged in protected conduct; (2) an adverse action was taken against the plaintiff that would deter a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in that conduct; and (3) there is a causal connection between elements one and two--that is, the adverse action was motivated at least in part by the plaintiff's protected conduct.
[19] Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 394 (6th Cir. 1999).
[20] Close conceded that the first element was satisfied, inasmuch as Muhammad has a right to access the courts. Close argued, however, that he was entitled to summary judgment because there was insufficient evidence to satisfy the second and third elements. Where a defendant shows a lack of evidence on any particular element of the claim at issue, the plaintiff has the burden of offering affirmative evidence from which a reasonable fact finder could find in his favor. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986). Such evidence is required to be viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986). Thus, any direct evidence offered by the plaintiff in response to a summary judgment motion must be accepted as true. Adams v. Metiva, 31 F.3d 375, 382 (6th Cir. 1994).
[21] The magistrate recommended that Close's motion for summary judgment be granted, and the district court agreed. The district court's decision was based solely upon its determination that Muhammad had failed to produce sufficient evidence to satisfy the third element, causation. The court held that the temporal proximity between the protected conduct and the alleged adverse action was weak and that there was no "direct evidence of animosity, such as statements made by the defendant, that the Court would be required to take as true." In the district court's view, Muhammad was simply "ask[ing] [the court] to trust his hunch that the defendant's adverse action against him was motivated by his past lawsuits," which is "insufficient to defeat a summary judgment motion . . . ."
[22] As Muhammad maintains, however, in reaching its conclusion, the district court overlooked a key piece of evidence relating to causation: a type-written affidavit from inmate Bruce Coxton. The Coxton affidavit states as follows:
[23] I, BRUCE COXTON, being first duly sworn deposes and says that the following statements are true and correct to the best of my knowledge, information, and beleif [sic]:
[24] 1.)In or around May 1997, I did hear two correction officers having a discussion about prisoner Mease-X [the plaintiff in this case] and they were clearly conspiring to cause him harm.
[25] 2.)I directly saw and heard officers M. Close and M. Glowicki standing approximately 3 feet from my cell door talking about how they were going to "get Mease-X ass."
[26] 3.)I directly observed Close and Glowicki talking about how they had to "stop him from filing that appeal and get his ass out of here." Glowicki responded to Close that "I should have killed the nigger when I had the chance."
[27] 4.)I directly watched and overheard Close telling Glowicki how to set Mease-X up by placing a knife in his cell and than [sic] rush him and act like he accidentally got killed while trying to resist him.
[28] 5.)I wrote a kite to the unit case manager Wendy Reetz and told her what I had seen and heard regarding the officers [sic] threat to kill Mease-X.
[29] 6.)Case manager Reetz came to my cell and told me that if I did not minded [sic] my own business, I would be getting the same treatment.
[30] 7.)Subsequently, when I tried to access the Court of Appeals with my criminal case, Reetz withheld my pleadings beyond the time for which relief could be sought and denied me access to postage stating . . . that I should have minded my own business.
[31] 8.)I was also retaliated against for reporting this matter to Reetz and this could have seriously harmed Mease-X, maybe even his death as Close and Glowicki threatened.
[32] 9.)I attest that the foregoing is true and correct to the best of my knowledge, and make these statements under penalty of perjury.
[33] The affidavit is signed and dated October 2, 2001. It was filed with the district court as an exhibit attached to Muhammad's objections to the magistrate's report and recommendation, which he prepared and submitted without the benefit of counsel.
[34] We agree with Muhammad that the Coxton affidavit appears to be precisely the type of evidence of causation that the district court thought was lacking. Even if not determinative of the issue, this affidavit is, at the very least, a significant piece of evidence that -- along with the other evidence in this case -- must be examined in connection with the causation analysis. Thus, we remand this case to the district court for further proceedings.
[35] Close attempts to downplay the significance of the Coxton affidavit by arguing that: (1) the affidavit is not notarized; and (2) although dated prior to the date of the magistrate's report, it was not presented to the magistrate because it was filed as an exhibit to Muhammad's objections to the magistrate's report. Because the Coxton affidavit was completely ignored in the district court proceedings, this is the first time that Close has presented these arguments to any court. We decline to address these issues in the first instance. Close is free to advance these, and other, arguments in the district court on remand.
[36] Additionally, Muhammad argues that the district court erred in rejecting his argument that temporal proximity between the protected conduct and the retaliatory action existed in this case, sufficient to prove causation, because he was away from the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility for much of the time between the filing of the second lawsuit and the incident in question. While we need not resolve this issue on appeal, given our reliance on the Coxton affidavit, we note that temporal proximity alone may be "significant enough to constitute indirect evidence of a causal connection so as to create an inference of retaliatory motive." DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 422 (6th Cir. 2004).
[37] Therefore, the district court should, on remand, determine whether the Coxton affidavit alone, Muhammad's proof of temporal proximity alone, or both pieces of evidence together are sufficient to defeat Close's motion for summary judgment.
[38] For these reasons, the district court's judgment is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Opinion Footnotes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[39] *fn1 The Honorable Thomas A. Wiseman, Jr., United States District Judge for the Middle District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.