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Arizona Internet Ban Permanently Enjoined
by John E. Dannenberg
On May 19, 2003, the U.S. District Court (D. Ariz.) granted summary judgment, permanently enjoining enforcement of Arizona House Bill 2376 (HB 2376), a 2002 state statute that had made it a misdemeanor for Arizona Department of Corrections (ADOC) prisoners to communicate with Internet service providers (ISP) - either directly or through third parties. Plaintiff Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, who maintained websites for condemned prisoners to aid them in developing sympathetic pen pals, had challenged the constitutionality of HB 2376 as violating the Coalition's free speech rights. [Prisoners' rights to receive downloaded Internet mail were upheld recently in Clement v. California Department of Corrections, 220 F.Supp.2d 1098 (ND Calif. 2002); PLN, Feb. 2003, p.19.] ADOC had severely disciplined prisoners whose website information was not taken down.
The Coalition, represented by David Fathi of the ACLU's National Prison Project, had gained a preliminary injunction on December 16, 2002 by making a showing of irreparable injury [interruption of First Amendment freedoms] and a substantial showing of likelihood of success on the merits. [See PLN, April 2003, p.14.] Their claim was that Internet websites are "an integral part of their advocacy and public education work." "The idea that the Arizona Legislature can tell people in New York or Canada or Sweden what they can or cannot put on their Web site is absurd," Fathi said.
ADOC had responded to HB 2376 by implementing Director's Instruction #156 which gave prisoners three weeks to take down any information about them that was reported to be posted on a website - or face disciplinary and criminal sanctions. The court noted that sanctions taken against five prisoners included extra duty, disciplinary detention, denial of release credits, and loss of visits, phone calls and commissary. The court ruled that in a case where both free citizens' and prisoners' constitutional rights are implicated, the proper legal standard for review of the challenged regulation is the familiar four-part "legitimate penological objective" test of Turner v. Safley.
The court rejected ADOC's assertions of a penological need to prohibit communications between prisoners and ISPs to prevent attempts to defraud the public or have inappropriate contact with minors, victims or other prisoners - because other existing statutes and regulations already criminalize such misbehavior. Since all potential ISP contact would be by mail or phone, and those channels are already 100% monitored, no added risk is incurred.
ADOC's contention that Web visibility of prisoners would cause "society to perceive confinement as less punitive" was rejected as a "reflexive, rote assertion" (citing Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 874 (9th Cir. 2001); PLN, July 2003, p.14). Nor would Web visibility "limit rehabilitative opportunities" or "impair ... the goal of deterrence" via incarceration. The court found these claims to be speculative and devoid of sufficient evidence.
Because ADOC thus failed the first factor of Turner (rational relationship), a finding of unconstitutionality was required (citing Prison Legal News v. Cook, 238 F.3 d 1145, 1151 (9th Cir. 2001); PLN, April 2001, p.18), and no other Turner factors were even considered.
Accordingly, the court denied ADOC's motion for summary judgment and granted the Coalition's motion for summary judgment, permanently enjoining ADOC and their associates from enforcing HB 2376. No appeal was taken and the defendants will pay all attorney fees. See: Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, v. Ryan, 269 F.Supp.2d 1199 (DAZ 2003).
On May 19, 2003, the U.S. District Court (D. Ariz.) granted summary judgment, permanently enjoining enforcement of Arizona House Bill 2376 (HB 2376), a 2002 state statute that had made it a misdemeanor for Arizona Department of Corrections (ADOC) prisoners to communicate with Internet service providers (ISP) - either directly or through third parties. Plaintiff Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, who maintained websites for condemned prisoners to aid them in developing sympathetic pen pals, had challenged the constitutionality of HB 2376 as violating the Coalition's free speech rights. [Prisoners' rights to receive downloaded Internet mail were upheld recently in Clement v. California Department of Corrections, 220 F.Supp.2d 1098 (ND Calif. 2002); PLN, Feb. 2003, p.19.] ADOC had severely disciplined prisoners whose website information was not taken down.
The Coalition, represented by David Fathi of the ACLU's National Prison Project, had gained a preliminary injunction on December 16, 2002 by making a showing of irreparable injury [interruption of First Amendment freedoms] and a substantial showing of likelihood of success on the merits. [See PLN, April 2003, p.14.] Their claim was that Internet websites are "an integral part of their advocacy and public education work." "The idea that the Arizona Legislature can tell people in New York or Canada or Sweden what they can or cannot put on their Web site is absurd," Fathi said.
ADOC had responded to HB 2376 by implementing Director's Instruction #156 which gave prisoners three weeks to take down any information about them that was reported to be posted on a website - or face disciplinary and criminal sanctions. The court noted that sanctions taken against five prisoners included extra duty, disciplinary detention, denial of release credits, and loss of visits, phone calls and commissary. The court ruled that in a case where both free citizens' and prisoners' constitutional rights are implicated, the proper legal standard for review of the challenged regulation is the familiar four-part "legitimate penological objective" test of Turner v. Safley.
The court rejected ADOC's assertions of a penological need to prohibit communications between prisoners and ISPs to prevent attempts to defraud the public or have inappropriate contact with minors, victims or other prisoners - because other existing statutes and regulations already criminalize such misbehavior. Since all potential ISP contact would be by mail or phone, and those channels are already 100% monitored, no added risk is incurred.
ADOC's contention that Web visibility of prisoners would cause "society to perceive confinement as less punitive" was rejected as a "reflexive, rote assertion" (citing Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 874 (9th Cir. 2001); PLN, July 2003, p.14). Nor would Web visibility "limit rehabilitative opportunities" or "impair ... the goal of deterrence" via incarceration. The court found these claims to be speculative and devoid of sufficient evidence.
Because ADOC thus failed the first factor of Turner (rational relationship), a finding of unconstitutionality was required (citing Prison Legal News v. Cook, 238 F.3 d 1145, 1151 (9th Cir. 2001); PLN, April 2001, p.18), and no other Turner factors were even considered.
Accordingly, the court denied ADOC's motion for summary judgment and granted the Coalition's motion for summary judgment, permanently enjoining ADOC and their associates from enforcing HB 2376. No appeal was taken and the defendants will pay all attorney fees. See: Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, v. Ryan, 269 F.Supp.2d 1199 (DAZ 2003).
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Related legal case
Canadian Coal. Against the Death Penalty v. Ryan
| Year | 2003 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 269 F.Supp.2d 1199 (D AZ 2003) |
| Level | District Court |
| Conclusion | Bench Verdict |
| Attorney Fees | 0 |
| Damages | 0 |
| Injunction Status | Granted |
Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, et al., Plaintiffs, vs. Charles L. Ryan, Defendant.
No. CIV 02-1344-PHX-EHC
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
269 F. Supp. 2d 1199; 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11273
May 16, 2003, Decided
May 19, 2003, Filed
DISPOSITION: [**1] Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment granted. Enforcement of statute enjoined. Defendant's motion for summary judgment denied.
COUNSEL: For Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, Stop Prisoner Rape, PLAINTIFFS: David Cyrus Fathi, Esq, National Prison Project of America Civil Liberties Union Foundation, Washington, DC USA.
For Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, Stop Prisoner Rape, PLAINTIFFS: Ann Beeson, American Civil Liberties Union Technology & Liberty Program, New York, NY USA.
For Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, Stop Prisoner Rape, PLAINTIFFS: Alice Loeb Bendheim, Esq, Alice L Bendheim PC, Pamela Kirkpatrick Sutherland, Arizona Civil Liberties Union, Phoenix, AZ USA.
For Charles L Ryan, DEFENDANT: James Russel [**2] Morrow, Esq, Michael L Brodsky, Daniel P Schaack, Esq, Office of the Attorney General, Phoenix, AZ USA.
JUDGES: Earl H. Carroll, United States District Judge.
OPINIONBY: Earl H. Carroll
OPINION:
[*1200] ORDER
Pending before the Court are (1) Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. 38], and (2) Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment. [Dkt. 37]. The parties have filed the appropriate Responses [Dkts. 40, 41] and Replies. [Dkts. 42, 43]. Plaintiffs seek (1) a declaration that the Arizona statutes codifying House Bill 2376 n1 ("HB 2376") are unconstitutional, and (2) a permanent injunction to enjoin Defendant n2 from enforcing HB 2376. Defendant seeks dismissal of Plaintiff's Complaint.
n1 A.R.S. ç ç 31-235(C), (D); 31-242; and 41-1604(A)(9).
n2 Terry Stewart's successor, Charles L. Ryan, has been substituted as Defendant in this action. Rule 25(d), Fed.R.Civ.P.
I. Factual Summary and Procedural History
Plaintiffs are prisoner and human rights advocacy groups that maintain Internet [*1201] websites "as an [**3] integral part of their advocacy and public education work." [Dkt. 33, p. 2, P 2]. Plaintiffs publish first-hand accounts from prisoners on their websites and often send information to prisoners in the mail.
In 2000, the Arizona Legislature passed HB 2376. Pursuant to Arizona statute, inmates housed by the Arizona Department of Corrections ("ADC") are prohibited from sending mail to or receiving mail from a communication service provider ("Provider"), or from having access to the Internet through a Provider. ADC is required to sanction inmates who (1) correspond or attempt to correspond with a Provider, or (2) request any person access a Provider's website.
Former Director Terry Stewart subsequently implemented Director's Instruction # 156 ("DI # 156") to set forth statutory prohibitions regarding inmate Internet access. Pursuant to DI # 156, n3 any inmate suspected of violating the Internet policy received a written notice from ADC alerting the inmate (1) unauthorized Internet use had been detected; (2) about the website(s) where information regarding the inmate had appeared; and (3) disciplinary sanctions would be administered and criminal sanctions might result if the inmate [**4] did not have all information regarding the inmate removed from the website(s) within three weeks.
n3 HB 2376 and DI # 156 will be collectively referred to as HB 2376.
ADC imposed disciplinary sanctions on at least five inmates because their names appeared on Internet websites. Each inmate stated either (1) he had requested his information be placed on the website before such requests constituted ADC policy violations; (2) he had no role in posting his information on the website; or (3) he had been unsuccessful in having his information removed from the website. Sanctions have included verbal counseling, reprimands, placement in Parole Class Three, n4 extra duty, disciplinary detention, and loss of privileges with respect to visits, phone calls, and commissary.
n4 Inmates in this parole class are not eligible to earn release credits.
Plaintiffs [**5] filed this action on July 18, 2002. [Dkt. 1]. On December 16, 2002, the Court issued a Preliminary Injunction enjoining Defendant from enforcing the statutes codifying HB 2376 pending a final determination of the constitutionality of the statutes. [Dkt. 25].
II. Standing
Although actual enforcement of HB 2376 is directed at prisoners, Plaintiffs have standing to challenge HB 2376's limiting effects on the circulation of their message. Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, 372 U.S. 58, 64, 83 S. Ct. 631, 636 n.6, 9 L. Ed. 2d 584 (1963); LSO, Ltd, v. Stroh, 205 F.3d 1146, 1153-54 (9th Cir. 2000) (following Sullivan).
III. Motions for Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is proper "only if no genuine issues of material fact remain for trial and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Block v. City of Los Angeles, 253 F.3d 410, 416 (9th Cir. 2001). The Court must view evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
A. Standard of Review
When constitutional rights of both inmates and outsiders are implicated, n5 the [*1202] standard of review becomes whether the regulation [**6] "is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives, or whether it represents an exaggerated response to those concerns." Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 87, 107 S. Ct. 2254, 2261, 96 L. Ed. 2d 64 (1987) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 411, 109 S. Ct. 1874, 1880 n.9, 104 L. Ed. 2d 459 (1989). This test has four elements:
(1) whether there is a valid, rational connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it; (2) whether there are alternative means of exercising the right that remain open to prison inmates; (3) what impact accommodation of the asserted constitutional right will have on guards and other inmates, and on the allocation of prison resources generally and (4) whether there exist ready alternatives ... that fully accommodate[ ] the prisoner's rights at de minimis cost to valid penological interests."
Woodford, 299 F.3d at 878 (citing Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-91, 107 S. Ct. at 2262-63) (internal quotation marks omitted).
n5 Although the parties have stipulated the Arizona Legislature "was motivated, in part, by the concern that crime victims and their relatives would be upset by viewing Internet web sites [sic] featuring the prisoners who had victimized them" [Dkt. 33, p. 4, P 8] (emphasis added), the record does not reflect HB 2376 "is centrally concerned with restricting the rights of outsiders rather than prisoners." California First Amendment Coalition v. Woodford, 299 F.3d 868, 878 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added).
[**7]
1. Rationally related to a legitimate penological objective
Defendant asserts the blanket restriction on communications between inmates and Providers is necessary to prevent attempts to defraud the public and to preclude inappropriate contact with minors, victims, or other inmates. [Dkt. 37, pp. 6-7]. However, existing regulations and statutes already preclude such conduct. Arizona statutes criminalize fraud, and ADC regulations prohibit inmates from sending mail with the intent to defraud or otherwise illegally solicit assistance. A.R.S. Title 13, Chapter 23; ADC Department Order ("DO") 909.01, ç 1.3.7. ADC policies also prohibit inmates from corresponding with (1) minors; (2) victims of their crimes; (3) other inmates; (4) any person who requests not to receive mail from the inmate; or (5) "anyone to whom lewd, threatening, or similar offensive material has been sent by the inmate[.]" DO 909.01, ç 1.3.
Defendant also has methods in place to enforce these existing regulations. First, inmates have no direct Internet access. [Dkt. 33, p. 4, P 7]. Second, prison staff members may open all incoming mail and inspect it for contraband. DO 909.02, ç 1.1. Moreover, all incoming [**8] mail that is not privileged may be read to determine if the contents might facilitate criminal activity. Id. Third, outgoing mail may also be read and examined for contraband. DO 909.03, ç ç 1.2, 1.6. If ADC finds extensive monitoring of inmate mail to be difficult or expensive, it is permitted to impose limits on the volume of mail inmates may receive. n6 Crofton v. Roe, 170 F.3d 957, 960 (9th Cir. 1999). Finally, current prison regulations permit staff members to monitor and record inmates' telephone calls. DO 915.02, ç 1.1; 915.05, ç 1.1; [see also Dkt. 33, p. 7, P 21].
n6 Although Defendant asserts the 1973 consent decree in Hook v. Arizona, 907 F. Supp. 1326, CIV 73-97-PHX-SMM, inhibits ADC's ability to limit the volume of mail inmates receive, Defendant failed to cite any language in the Hook decree to support this assertion. Moreover, the Court notes Defendant has a motion pending to vacate the Hook decree and dismiss that case. [Hook, Dkt. 747].
Defendant's remaining arguments [**9] with respect to penological objectives also lack [*1203] merit because "prison authorities cannot avoid court scrutiny under Turner by reflexive, rote assertions." Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 874 (9th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 812, 123 S. Ct. 72, 154 L. Ed. 2d 14. For example, Stardust Johnson's testimony alone is insufficient to support Defendant's assertions that "society as a whole may perceive confinement as less punitive, and victims of crime may perceive that the individuals who preyed upon them are not being adequately punished." [Dkt. 37, p. 9].
Likewise, Terry Stewart's affidavit [Dkt. 16, Exh. A] does little to support Defendant's assertion that "rehabilitative opportunities will be further limited." [Dkt. 37, p. 8]. Even when ADC was enforcing HB 2376, Stewart stated inmates were not permitted Internet access for rehabilitation purposes because ADC could not provide adequate supervision. [Dkt. 16, Exh. A, p. 2, P 7]. Stewart did not state he anticipated greater resources in the future that would enable ADC to provide such supervision. Rather than demonstrating HB 2376 is rationally related to the proffered goal of rehabilitation, [**10] Stewart's affidavit indicates ADC is unlikely to provide inmates with Internet access for rehabilitation purposes regardless of the outcome of this action.
Finally, Defendant offers no evidence to support the similarly speculative outcome that the goal of deterrence will be impaired because "both the inmate and the general public may perceive incarceration as 'less arduous.'" [Dkt. 37, p. 8]. Although prison authorities are permitted to establish regulations in anticipation of potential problems, "they must at a minimum supply some evidence that such potential problems are real, not imagined." Woodford, 299 F.3d at 882 (citations omitted).
2. Remaining Turner factors
The Ninth Circuit has held the "rational relationship factor of the Turner standard is a sine qua non[,]" and failure to satisfy this prong requires a finding of unconstitutionality. Prison Legal News v. Cook, 238 F.3d 1145, 1151 (9th Cir. 2001). Because the Court finds the statutes codifying HB 2376 are not rationally related to legitimate penological objectives and are therefore unconstitutional, it need not consider the remaining Turner factors.
Accordingly, [**11]
IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. 38] is GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant, Defendant's employees, agents, servants, attorneys, and all other persons acting in concert or participation with Defendant are permanently enjoined from, directly or indirectly, enforcing Arizona House Bill 2376, codified at A.R.S. ç ç 31-235(C), (D); 31-242; and 41-1604(A)(9).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. 37] is DENIED.
DATED this 16 day of May, 2003.
Earl H. Carroll
United States District Judge
No. CIV 02-1344-PHX-EHC
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
269 F. Supp. 2d 1199; 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11273
May 16, 2003, Decided
May 19, 2003, Filed
DISPOSITION: [**1] Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment granted. Enforcement of statute enjoined. Defendant's motion for summary judgment denied.
COUNSEL: For Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, Stop Prisoner Rape, PLAINTIFFS: David Cyrus Fathi, Esq, National Prison Project of America Civil Liberties Union Foundation, Washington, DC USA.
For Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, Stop Prisoner Rape, PLAINTIFFS: Ann Beeson, American Civil Liberties Union Technology & Liberty Program, New York, NY USA.
For Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, Stop Prisoner Rape, PLAINTIFFS: Alice Loeb Bendheim, Esq, Alice L Bendheim PC, Pamela Kirkpatrick Sutherland, Arizona Civil Liberties Union, Phoenix, AZ USA.
For Charles L Ryan, DEFENDANT: James Russel [**2] Morrow, Esq, Michael L Brodsky, Daniel P Schaack, Esq, Office of the Attorney General, Phoenix, AZ USA.
JUDGES: Earl H. Carroll, United States District Judge.
OPINIONBY: Earl H. Carroll
OPINION:
[*1200] ORDER
Pending before the Court are (1) Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. 38], and (2) Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment. [Dkt. 37]. The parties have filed the appropriate Responses [Dkts. 40, 41] and Replies. [Dkts. 42, 43]. Plaintiffs seek (1) a declaration that the Arizona statutes codifying House Bill 2376 n1 ("HB 2376") are unconstitutional, and (2) a permanent injunction to enjoin Defendant n2 from enforcing HB 2376. Defendant seeks dismissal of Plaintiff's Complaint.
n1 A.R.S. ç ç 31-235(C), (D); 31-242; and 41-1604(A)(9).
n2 Terry Stewart's successor, Charles L. Ryan, has been substituted as Defendant in this action. Rule 25(d), Fed.R.Civ.P.
I. Factual Summary and Procedural History
Plaintiffs are prisoner and human rights advocacy groups that maintain Internet [*1201] websites "as an [**3] integral part of their advocacy and public education work." [Dkt. 33, p. 2, P 2]. Plaintiffs publish first-hand accounts from prisoners on their websites and often send information to prisoners in the mail.
In 2000, the Arizona Legislature passed HB 2376. Pursuant to Arizona statute, inmates housed by the Arizona Department of Corrections ("ADC") are prohibited from sending mail to or receiving mail from a communication service provider ("Provider"), or from having access to the Internet through a Provider. ADC is required to sanction inmates who (1) correspond or attempt to correspond with a Provider, or (2) request any person access a Provider's website.
Former Director Terry Stewart subsequently implemented Director's Instruction # 156 ("DI # 156") to set forth statutory prohibitions regarding inmate Internet access. Pursuant to DI # 156, n3 any inmate suspected of violating the Internet policy received a written notice from ADC alerting the inmate (1) unauthorized Internet use had been detected; (2) about the website(s) where information regarding the inmate had appeared; and (3) disciplinary sanctions would be administered and criminal sanctions might result if the inmate [**4] did not have all information regarding the inmate removed from the website(s) within three weeks.
n3 HB 2376 and DI # 156 will be collectively referred to as HB 2376.
ADC imposed disciplinary sanctions on at least five inmates because their names appeared on Internet websites. Each inmate stated either (1) he had requested his information be placed on the website before such requests constituted ADC policy violations; (2) he had no role in posting his information on the website; or (3) he had been unsuccessful in having his information removed from the website. Sanctions have included verbal counseling, reprimands, placement in Parole Class Three, n4 extra duty, disciplinary detention, and loss of privileges with respect to visits, phone calls, and commissary.
n4 Inmates in this parole class are not eligible to earn release credits.
Plaintiffs [**5] filed this action on July 18, 2002. [Dkt. 1]. On December 16, 2002, the Court issued a Preliminary Injunction enjoining Defendant from enforcing the statutes codifying HB 2376 pending a final determination of the constitutionality of the statutes. [Dkt. 25].
II. Standing
Although actual enforcement of HB 2376 is directed at prisoners, Plaintiffs have standing to challenge HB 2376's limiting effects on the circulation of their message. Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, 372 U.S. 58, 64, 83 S. Ct. 631, 636 n.6, 9 L. Ed. 2d 584 (1963); LSO, Ltd, v. Stroh, 205 F.3d 1146, 1153-54 (9th Cir. 2000) (following Sullivan).
III. Motions for Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is proper "only if no genuine issues of material fact remain for trial and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Block v. City of Los Angeles, 253 F.3d 410, 416 (9th Cir. 2001). The Court must view evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
A. Standard of Review
When constitutional rights of both inmates and outsiders are implicated, n5 the [*1202] standard of review becomes whether the regulation [**6] "is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives, or whether it represents an exaggerated response to those concerns." Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 87, 107 S. Ct. 2254, 2261, 96 L. Ed. 2d 64 (1987) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 411, 109 S. Ct. 1874, 1880 n.9, 104 L. Ed. 2d 459 (1989). This test has four elements:
(1) whether there is a valid, rational connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it; (2) whether there are alternative means of exercising the right that remain open to prison inmates; (3) what impact accommodation of the asserted constitutional right will have on guards and other inmates, and on the allocation of prison resources generally and (4) whether there exist ready alternatives ... that fully accommodate[ ] the prisoner's rights at de minimis cost to valid penological interests."
Woodford, 299 F.3d at 878 (citing Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-91, 107 S. Ct. at 2262-63) (internal quotation marks omitted).
n5 Although the parties have stipulated the Arizona Legislature "was motivated, in part, by the concern that crime victims and their relatives would be upset by viewing Internet web sites [sic] featuring the prisoners who had victimized them" [Dkt. 33, p. 4, P 8] (emphasis added), the record does not reflect HB 2376 "is centrally concerned with restricting the rights of outsiders rather than prisoners." California First Amendment Coalition v. Woodford, 299 F.3d 868, 878 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added).
[**7]
1. Rationally related to a legitimate penological objective
Defendant asserts the blanket restriction on communications between inmates and Providers is necessary to prevent attempts to defraud the public and to preclude inappropriate contact with minors, victims, or other inmates. [Dkt. 37, pp. 6-7]. However, existing regulations and statutes already preclude such conduct. Arizona statutes criminalize fraud, and ADC regulations prohibit inmates from sending mail with the intent to defraud or otherwise illegally solicit assistance. A.R.S. Title 13, Chapter 23; ADC Department Order ("DO") 909.01, ç 1.3.7. ADC policies also prohibit inmates from corresponding with (1) minors; (2) victims of their crimes; (3) other inmates; (4) any person who requests not to receive mail from the inmate; or (5) "anyone to whom lewd, threatening, or similar offensive material has been sent by the inmate[.]" DO 909.01, ç 1.3.
Defendant also has methods in place to enforce these existing regulations. First, inmates have no direct Internet access. [Dkt. 33, p. 4, P 7]. Second, prison staff members may open all incoming mail and inspect it for contraband. DO 909.02, ç 1.1. Moreover, all incoming [**8] mail that is not privileged may be read to determine if the contents might facilitate criminal activity. Id. Third, outgoing mail may also be read and examined for contraband. DO 909.03, ç ç 1.2, 1.6. If ADC finds extensive monitoring of inmate mail to be difficult or expensive, it is permitted to impose limits on the volume of mail inmates may receive. n6 Crofton v. Roe, 170 F.3d 957, 960 (9th Cir. 1999). Finally, current prison regulations permit staff members to monitor and record inmates' telephone calls. DO 915.02, ç 1.1; 915.05, ç 1.1; [see also Dkt. 33, p. 7, P 21].
n6 Although Defendant asserts the 1973 consent decree in Hook v. Arizona, 907 F. Supp. 1326, CIV 73-97-PHX-SMM, inhibits ADC's ability to limit the volume of mail inmates receive, Defendant failed to cite any language in the Hook decree to support this assertion. Moreover, the Court notes Defendant has a motion pending to vacate the Hook decree and dismiss that case. [Hook, Dkt. 747].
Defendant's remaining arguments [**9] with respect to penological objectives also lack [*1203] merit because "prison authorities cannot avoid court scrutiny under Turner by reflexive, rote assertions." Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 874 (9th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 812, 123 S. Ct. 72, 154 L. Ed. 2d 14. For example, Stardust Johnson's testimony alone is insufficient to support Defendant's assertions that "society as a whole may perceive confinement as less punitive, and victims of crime may perceive that the individuals who preyed upon them are not being adequately punished." [Dkt. 37, p. 9].
Likewise, Terry Stewart's affidavit [Dkt. 16, Exh. A] does little to support Defendant's assertion that "rehabilitative opportunities will be further limited." [Dkt. 37, p. 8]. Even when ADC was enforcing HB 2376, Stewart stated inmates were not permitted Internet access for rehabilitation purposes because ADC could not provide adequate supervision. [Dkt. 16, Exh. A, p. 2, P 7]. Stewart did not state he anticipated greater resources in the future that would enable ADC to provide such supervision. Rather than demonstrating HB 2376 is rationally related to the proffered goal of rehabilitation, [**10] Stewart's affidavit indicates ADC is unlikely to provide inmates with Internet access for rehabilitation purposes regardless of the outcome of this action.
Finally, Defendant offers no evidence to support the similarly speculative outcome that the goal of deterrence will be impaired because "both the inmate and the general public may perceive incarceration as 'less arduous.'" [Dkt. 37, p. 8]. Although prison authorities are permitted to establish regulations in anticipation of potential problems, "they must at a minimum supply some evidence that such potential problems are real, not imagined." Woodford, 299 F.3d at 882 (citations omitted).
2. Remaining Turner factors
The Ninth Circuit has held the "rational relationship factor of the Turner standard is a sine qua non[,]" and failure to satisfy this prong requires a finding of unconstitutionality. Prison Legal News v. Cook, 238 F.3d 1145, 1151 (9th Cir. 2001). Because the Court finds the statutes codifying HB 2376 are not rationally related to legitimate penological objectives and are therefore unconstitutional, it need not consider the remaining Turner factors.
Accordingly, [**11]
IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. 38] is GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant, Defendant's employees, agents, servants, attorneys, and all other persons acting in concert or participation with Defendant are permanently enjoined from, directly or indirectly, enforcing Arizona House Bill 2376, codified at A.R.S. ç ç 31-235(C), (D); 31-242; and 41-1604(A)(9).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. 37] is DENIED.
DATED this 16 day of May, 2003.
Earl H. Carroll
United States District Judge