Bjs, Justice Expenditure and Employment, 2003
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Revised 5/10/06, tld Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin April 2006, NCJ 212260 Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 Kristen A. Hughes BJS Statistician In 2003 the United States spent a record $185 billion for police protection, corrections, and judicial and legal activities. Expenditures for operating the Nation=s justice system increased from almost $36 billion in 1982 to over $185 billion in 2003, an increase of 418%. Highlights Expenditure for justice functions varies by level of government In fiscal year 2003 States spent the most — $39.2 billion — for corrections. Local governments spent the most for police functions — $57.5 billion. Federal Corrections State Local Local governments funded half of all justice system expenses. Another 33% of direct justice funding came from the States. Total justice expenditures comprised approximately 7.2% of all State and local public expenditures in 2003. Compared to justice expenditures, State and local governments continued to spend almost 4 times as much on education, twice as much on public welfare, and roughly an equal amount on hospitals and healthcare (figure 3). In March 2003 the Nation’s justice system employed nearly 2.4 million persons, with a total March payroll of approximately $9 billion. More than half of all justice employees worked at the local level (58%), a third were State employees (31%), and the remaining 11% worked at the Federal level. Data presented in this report are derived from the Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts, compiled from the U.S. Census Bureau=s Annual Government Finance Survey and Annual Survey of Public Employment. Judicial and legal Police protection $0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 Total expenditure, in billions $60 Justice employees by level of government The total number of justice employees grew 86% between 1982 and 2003 with the Federal Government having the largest percentage increase —168%. Percent growth, 1982-2003 Employees 2,500,000 86% 2,000,000 Total justice 1,500,000 65% Local 1,000,000 State 115% 500,000 Federal 0 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 168% 2001 2003 Revised 5/10/06, tld The extracts present public expenditure and employment data pertaining to justice activities in the United States, including police protection, judicial and legal services, and correctional activities. (For definition of terms, see page 9). Trends in spending by level of government Between 1982 and 2003, per capita expenditure, including Federal, State, and local governments across justice functions, increased from $158 to $638, over 300% (see Appendix table, page 9). During the same time period: • Correction expenditures increased 423%, from $40 to $209 per U.S. resident (figure 1). enforcement related grant programs in the 1980's and 1990's.1 The total justice expenditure reflected the Federal Government=s expanded role as it had a larger average annual increase in justice spending from 1982 to 2003 (10%) than State and local governments (8% and 7% respectively). Between 1982 and 2003, the Federal Government increased expenditures on police protection by 708%, judicial and legal services by 573%, and corrections by 925%. State and local governments had smaller percent increases in all functions (table 2). Federal intergovernmental spending on justice activities rose from $189 million in 1982 to more than $5.1 billion in 2003. This increase was due primarily to the creation of several large law 1 For detailed information on Federal Government grants and payments to State and local governments see U.S. Census Bureau publication Federal Aid to States for Fiscal Year 2003 at <http://www.census.gov/prod/abs/fas.html>. Total per capita expenditure for each justice functions increased between 1982 and 2003, with corrections having the largest per capita increase — 423% Percent growth, 1982-2003 Expenditure per capita $300 • Judicial and legal expenditures increased 321%, from $34 to $143. 241% $250 • Police protection expenditures increased 241%, from $84 to $286. 423% $200 Police $150 Since 1982 total direct expenditures increased more than five-fold from nearly $36 billion to over $185 billion, a 418% increase (figure 2). The average annual increase between 1982 and 2003 was nearly 8% (table 1). 321% Corrections $100 Judicial and legal $50 $0 1982 1987 1992 1997 2003 Note: See Appendix table on page 9 for more information. Figure 1 Table 1. Total, direct, and intergovernmental justice expenditure and percent change, by level of government fiscal years 1982-2003 Year Expenditure (in millions) 1982 1987 1992 1997 2000 2001 2002 2003 Percent change 1982-2003 Average annual percent change, 1982-2003 Total* (Federal, State, and local direct) $35,842 58,871 93,777 129,793 155,722 167,113 179,580 185,490 Federal Total $4,458 7,496 17,423 27,065 27,820 30,443 34,346 35,323 Direct $4,269 7,231 13,529 20,524 23,086 25,285 28,548 30,197 State Intergovernmental $189 265 3,894 6,541 4,734 5,158 5,798 5,126 Total Direct $11,602 20,157 33,755 46,444 58,165 63,372 65,508 66,114 $10,651 18,465 30,271 42,353 53,991 58,820 60,912 61,743 Local Intergovernmental $951 1,692 3,484 4,091 4,175 4,552 4,596 4,371 Total $20,968 33,265 50,115 67,083 78,995 83,377 90,485 93,877 Direct $20,922 33,175 49,977 66,916 78,644 83,007 90,120 93,550 Intergovernmental $46 90 138 167 351 370 366 327 417.5% 692.4% 607.4% 2,612.2% 469.9% 479.7% 359.6% 347.7% 347.1% 610.9% 7.7% 9.9% 9.3% 16.2% 8.2% 8.3% 7.2% 7.1% 7.0% 9.3% Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. *Duplicative transactions between levels of government (intergovernmental transfers) are excluded from the total for all governments, the State total, and the local total. These intergovernmental expenditures consist of payments from one government to another and are presented as a direct expenditure of a recipient government. See page 9 for further details. 2 Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 Revised 5/10/06, tld Trends by function Accounting for inflation The average annual increase was highest for corrections, ranging from a 9% increase by the local governments to an 11% increase by the Federal Government. The Consumer Price Index (CPI), reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a commonly used measure of inflation.* According to the CPI, the average price level for all urban consumers increased 184% between the base years 1982-84 and 2003; the annual average increase was 2.3%. Among State and local governments police protection experienced the lowest average annual increase; the average annual increase was about 6.5%. The Federal Government expenditure for police protection has increased 10% annually. To maintain consistency in reporting, the expenditure data discussed in this Bulletin are not adjusted for inflation. However, expenditure on all justice functions and among all levels of government increased at a rate greater than inflation. For example, if increases in total justice expenditure were limited to the rate of inflation (184%) after 1982, expenditures in 2003 would have been approximately $65.7 billion ($35.7B x 184%), as opposed to the actual $185.5 billion. The total direct justice expenditure for all levels of government grew from $36 billion in 1982 to $185 billion in 2003, a 418% increase Percent growth, 1982-2003 418% Expenditure in billions $200 Justice expenditure relative to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) $150 A common way to express the size and growth of government functions is the ratio of expenditure to the GDP or "percent GDP."** In 2003, the ratio of justice expenditure to GDP was $185 billion/$10,182 billion (1.8%). In 1982 the percent GDP was 1.1%. Total justice $100 347% Local 480% $50 State 607% Federal $0 1982 1986 1990 *For more information about the Bureau of Labor Statistics website: <http://www.bls.gov>. **For more information about the GDP, see the Bureau of Economic Analysis website: <http://www.bea.gov>. 1994 1998 2003 Note: Does not include indirect expenditures. Figure 2 Table 2. Total direct and intergovernmental expenditure of Federal, State, and local governments for each justice function, and percent change, fiscal years 1982-2003 Total Expenditure (in millions) 1982 1987 1992 1997 2000 2001 2002 2003 Percent change 1982-2003 Average annual percent change, 1982-2003 Federal Judicial Police and protection legal $4,458 7,496 17,423 27,065 27,820 30,443 34,346 35,323 $2,527 4,231 7,400 12,518 13,999 15,014 17,626 20,422 Corrections $1,390 2,271 7,377 10,651 9,353 10,230 11,013 9,356 $541 994 2,646 3,896 4,467 5,199 5,707 5,545 Total State Judicial Police and protection legal $11,602 20,157 33,755 46,444 58,165 63,372 65,508 66,114 $2,833 4,067 5,593 7,501 9,787 10,497 11,081 11,144 Local Corrections $2,748 4,339 7,723 9,803 13,249 14,444 15,365 15,782 Total Police Judicial Correcprotection and legal tions $6,020 $20,968 11,691 33,265 20,439 50,115 29,141 67,083 35,129 78,995 38,432 83,377 39,062 90,485 39,187 93,877 $14,172 21,089 29,659 40,976 48,219 50,718 55,086 57,503 $3,784 6,230 10,052 13,101 14,842 15,938 17,042 17,718 $3,011 5,947 10,404 13,007 15,934 16,721 18,358 18,656 692.4% 708.2% 573.1% 925.0% 469.9% 293.4% 474.3% 550.9% 347.7% 305.8% 368.2% 519.6% 9.9% 10.0% 9.1% 11.2% 8.2% 6.4% 8.3% 8.9% 7.1% 6.6% 7.3% 8.6% Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Sources for Federal Expenditure Data: 1982-96 Annual Finance Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. For 1997-99, detailed functional tables, Budget Authority by Function, Category and Program. For 2000-03, historical tables, "Outlays by function and subfunction," Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President. Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 3 Revised 5/10/06, tld Distribution of direct expenditure by level of government and activity Within each category of justice activity, the distribution of expenditure by level of government reflects the different responsibilities of each level (table 3): • Overall, police spending represented 45% of the Nation's total justice expenditure, and corrections accounted for the second largest portion, 33%. • Police protection is primarily a local responsibility; accordingly, local governments spent 69% of the total police protection expenditure in the country in 2003. • Corrections is primarily a State responsibility; as such State governments accounted for 61% of the Nation's corrections expenditure. • Judicial and legal services in the United States were funded primarily by local (42%) and State (36%) governments. Table 3. Expenditure by level of government and justice activity, fiscal year 2003 Amounts (millions of dollars) spent fiscal year 2003 All Federal State Local governments government government government Activity Total justice system Direct Expenditure Intergovernmental -$185,490 -- $35,323 30,197 5,126 $66,114 61,743 4,371 $93,877 93,550 327 Police protection Direct Expenditure Intergovernmental -$83,089 -- $20,422 15,728 4,694 $11,144 9,860 1,284 $57,503 57,501 2 Judicial and legal Direct Expenditure Intergovernmental -$41,545 -- $9,356 9,085 271 $15,782 14,945 837 $17,718 17,516 203 Corrections Direct Expenditure Intergovernmental -$60,855 -- $5,545 5,384 161 $39,188 36,938 2,250 $18,656 18,533 123 Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Local government data are estimates subject to sampling variability. The total figure for each justice activity, and for the total justice system, exclude duplicative intergovernmental amounts. Artificial inflation would result if an intergovernmental expenditure of a government were tabulated and then counted again when the recipient government(s) spent the amount. The intergovernmental expenditure lines are not totaled for the same reason. --Not applicable Justice share of State and local expenditures In 2003, 7.2% of total State and local expenditures was for justice activities – 3% for police protection, 2.6% for corrections, and 1.5% for judicial and legal services (figure 3). By comparison, 29% of State and local government spending went to education, 14% to public welfare, 7% to health care and hospitals, and 4% to interest on debt. From 1977 to 2003 total State and local expenditure for all functions increased 567%: • police protection — 545% • corrections — 1,173% • judicial and legal — 1,974% Other government functions also increased during the same period: • education — 505% • hospitals and health care — 572% • interest on debt — 577% • public welfare — 766% was for police protection, much of which was distributed through law enforcement related grants. The Federal Government spent the most on intergovernmental grants-in-aid, shared revenues, and amounts paid to other governments for services performed. Almost 92% of the Federal intergovernmental expenditure Percent of State and local direct expenditures for selected functions, 1977-2003 40% Education 30% 20% Public welfare 10% Health and hospitals Criminal and civil justice system Interest on debt 0% 1977 1982 1987 1992 Natural resources, parks, and recreation 1997 2003 Note: The government functions included will not sum to 100% of government spending, because some functions were excluded for display purposes. Figures may not match those from the Expenditure and Employment Extracts because of definitional difference. Source: Historical Finances, U.S. Census Bureau Figure 3 4 Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 Revised 5/10/06, tld Expenditure of State governments Table 4. Per capita justice system expenditure of State governments, 2003 In 2003 total justice system expenditure of State governments increased from $34 billion in 1993 to over $66 billion in 2003 — a 93% increase. State Total per capita justice expenditure of all State governments was $227 (table 4). Alaska spent the most on justice functions at $621 per U.S. resident, followed by Delaware ($478) and Connecticut ($372). Mississippi and Nevada spent the least per capita for all justice functions at $150 and $147, respectively. Alaska Delaware Connecticut Massachusetts Wyoming Maryland Vermont New Mexico Virginia Rhode Island California Hawaii New Jersey New York Oregon Kentucky Pennsylvania Wisconsin Louisiana Colorado All States Population (2003) Total Per capita 648,510 817,827 3,485,881 6,417,565 501,915 5,512,477 619,092 1,879,252 7,383,387 1,075,729 $402,981,000 391,138,000 1,295,675,000 2,195,841,000 166,963,000 1,779,373,000 185,909,000 550,994,000 2,151,666,000 304,930,000 $621 478 372 342 333 323 300 293 291 283 35,456,602 1,248,200 8,640,028 19,228,031 3,562,681 4,116,780 12,364,930 5,471,792 4,490,380 4,548,071 9,999,263,000 340,525,000 2,331,274,000 5,119,031,000 905,606,000 995,024,000 2,952,157,000 1,288,541,000 1,034,713,000 1,040,540,000 282 273 270 266 254 242 239 235 230 229 290,292,159 66,114,297,000 228 Michigan Oklahoma Montana Kansas Iowa North Carolina Utah Ohio Florida Georgia 10,078,146 3,504,917 917,885 2,724,224 2,941,362 8,422,375 2,378,696 11,431,748 16,993,369 8,746,849 2,263,094,000 766,469,000 198,787,000 582,578,000 624,765,000 1,740,172,000 489,339,000 2,279,090,000 3,349,401,000 1,716,621,000 225 219 217 214 212 207 206 199 197 196 Maine Arizona Texas Idaho West Virginia Arkansas New Hampshire Washington Missouri Minnesota 1,308,245 5,577,784 22,099,136 1,368,111 1,810,347 2,726,166 1,287,594 6,131,131 5,718,717 5,061,662 254,318,000 1,073,579,000 4,232,878,000 261,872,000 339,981,000 505,996,000 235,600,000 1,121,650,000 1,033,070,000 904,850,000 194 192 192 191 188 186 183 183 181 179 South Carolina Nebraska South Dakota Illinois Alabama Tennessee Indiana North Dakota Mississippi Nevada 4,146,753 1,738,013 764,599 12,649,940 4,501,862 5,841,585 6,196,269 633,051 2,880,793 2,241,700 740,178,000 301,564,000 132,376,000 2,089,490,000 712,838,000 914,068,000 959,292,000 97,689,000 432,090,000 328,458,000 178 174 173 165 158 156 155 154 150 147 Note: Population figures are from the U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Population Estimates 2000-2005. Source: Criminal Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts Program (CJEE), table 9. <www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/eande.htm> Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 5 Revised 5/10/06, tld Distribution of employment by level of government and activity In March 2003 the Nation=s civil and criminal justice system employed over 2.3 million persons, with a total March payroll of $9 billion (table 5). Relative to the entire employed population in 2003, approximately 2% of the Nation=s labor force worked in the justice system. (For more detailed information on the national labor force, see <http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat1.pdf>.) Local governments accounted for more justice employment than the Federal and State governments combined. Of all the Nation=s justice employees, 58% were engaged in local justice activities. Throughout the justice system, an estimated 59% of total justice expenditures were for payroll.2 2This figure was calculated by multiplying the March 2003 payroll figure by 12 and dividing by total justice expenditure. Police protection was the activity with the highest percentage of expenditure going to payrolls (66%). In particular 70% of local government justice expenditure went to police protection. The activity with the lowest percentage of payroll expenditure for all levels of government was corrections at approximately 50%. Local governments employed over 850,000 persons for police protection in March 2003 and over half of all judicial and legal employees across all levels of government Federal The State and local governments employed almost 89% of all justice system workers, while the Federal Government employed the remaining 11%. The distribution of corrections employment reflects State government dominance in that sector — 62% of corrections employees worked for State governments, followed by 33% at the local level and 5% at the Federal level (figure 4). In 2003, the Federal Government spent less on payrolls relative to total expenditure ($15 billion out of 35 billion or 43%) than did State and local governments (48% and 65% respectively). As law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local governments, 77% of the Nation=s police employees worked at the local level. The Federal Government employed 14% of police protection personnel while State governments employed the remaining 10%. Corrections State Local Judicial and legal Police protection 0 300,000 600,000 Number of employees 900,000 Figure 4 Table 5. Employment and monthly payroll of the justice system, by activity and level of government, March 2003 Activity Total justice system Total employees 2003 March payroll* Police protection Total employees 2003 March payroll* Judicial and legal Total employees 2003 March payroll* Corrections Total employees 2003 March payroll* All governments Federal State Local Total Percent distribution Federal State Local 2,361,193 $9,041 253,367 $1,279 733,570 $2,639 1,374,256 $5,123 100% 100 10.7% 14.1 31.1% 29.2 58.2% 56.1 1,118,936 $4,545 156,607 $760 105,933 $438 856,396 $3,347 100% 100 14.0% 16.7 9.5% 9.6 76.5% 73.6 494,007 $1,969 61,984 $353 164,051 $682 267,972 $934 100% 100 12.5% 17.9 33.2% 34.6 54.2% 47.4 748,250 $2,526 34,776 $165 463,586 $1,519 249,888 $842 100% 100 4.6% 6.5 62.0% 60.1 33.4% 33.3 Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. These data are based on a summation of responses from individual State and local government agencies. Local government data are estimates subject to sampling variability, see Methodology for details. Refer to Bureau of Justice Statistics Report, Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2002 for detail of Federal employment <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/fleo02.htm>. *Payroll is in millions. 6 Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 Revised 5/10/06, tld Employment by State In total, almost 13% of State and local employees worked in the justice system (table 6). Nevada had the highest percentage of justice employees relative to all public employees (16.9%), followed by Florida (16.6%). Table 6. State and local justice system employment and percent of all public employment, by State, March 2003 The States with the lowest percentage of justice employees were Vermont and North Dakota (both at less than 8%). Nevada Florida Arizona District of Columbia Delaware New Jersey New York Maryland Pennsylvania Louisiana Illinois Missouri Georgia California Massachusetts Connecticut 92,655 806,682 261,492 44,271 45,947 489,448 1,193,262 287,513 569,356 279,087 641,248 311,972 484,515 1,805,446 320,372 176,369 15,687 133,772 40,583 6,870 73,934 6,926 176,622 39,577 78,232 37,861 86,279 41,803 64,637 238,806 42,151 22,626 16.9% 16.6 15.5 15.5 15.1 15.1 14.8 13.8 13.7 13.6 13.5 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.2 12.8 All State and local 15,760,451 2,002,706 12.7% 619,869 71,764 1,253,022 512,026 288,044 311,601 122,040 242,222 411,100 181,607 55,944 256,018 332,380 469,942 153,382 321,153 122,209 201,632 78,548 51,102 178,042 43,651 52,886 68,192 227,902 93,383 269,674 186,130 283,691 113,703 43,445 179,633 75,041 41,178 38,660 78,124 8,879 155,979 62,597 35,225 37,024 14,348 28,496 47,922 21,049 6,469 29,205 38,048 53,684 17,345 35,619 13,146 21,597 8,194 5,191 18,221 4,467 5,337 6,893 22,879 9,341 26,036 17,592 26,155 10,372 3,865 14,868 6,205 3,110 2,858 12.6% 12.4 12.4 12.2 12.2 11.9 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.3 11.1 10.8 10.7 10.4 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.1 8.9 8.3 8.3 7.6 7.4 Expansion of the Nation’s justice system 1982-2003 The increase in justice expenditures over nearly 20 years reflects the expansion of the Nation=s justice system. For example, in 1982 the justice system employed approximately 1.27 million persons; in 2003 it reached over 2.3 million. Police protection One indicator of police workload, the FBI’s arrest estimates for State and local police agencies, grew from 12 million in 1982 to an estimated 13.6 million in 2003.* The number of employees in police protection increased from approximately 724,000 to over 1.1 million. Judicial and legal The judicial and legal workload, including civil and criminal cases, prosecutor functions, and public defender services, also expanded during this period. Cases of all kinds (criminal, civil, domestic, juvenile, and traffic) filed in the nearly 16,000 general and limited jurisdiction State courts went from about 86 million to 100 million in the 16-year period, 1987-2003.** The total of judicial and legal employees grew about 101% to over 494,000 persons in 2003. Corrections The total number of State and Federal inmates grew from 403,000 in 1982 to over 1.4 million in 2003. The number of local jail inmates more than tripled from approximately 207,000 in 1982 to over 691,000 in 2003. Adults on probation increased from over 1.4 million to about 4.1 million persons.*** Overall, corrections employment more than doubled from nearly 300,000 to over 748,000 during this same period. * Crime in the United States, 1982 (FBI, 1983) and 2003 (FBI, 2004), <http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_03/pdf/toc03.pdf>. **Examining the Work of State Courts, 2003: A National Perspective from the Court Statistics Project, National Center for State Courts, <http://www.ncsconline.org/D_Research/csp/2003_Files/ 2003_Main_Page.html>. ***Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 2003 (table 6.1.2004), <http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t612004.pdf>. State Ohio Hawaii Texas Michigan Wisconsin Tennessee New Mexico South Carolina Virginia Oregon Rhode Island Colorado Indiana North Carolina Arkansas Washington Utah Oklahoma Idaho Alaska Kansas Wyoming Montana New Hampshire Kentucky West Virginia Alabama Mississippi Minnesota Nebraska South Dakota Iowa Maine North Dakota Vermont Full-time equivalent employment All State and State and local Justice as a local public justice percent of total Note: These data are based on a summation of responses from individual State and local government agencies. Local government data are estimates subject to sampling variability. See Methodology for details. Source: Annual Survey of Government Employment, U.S. Census Bureau, March (2003). Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 7 California had the most State and local employees (1.8 million) as well as the largest number of employees in the justice system (247,110).3 Vermont was the State with the fewest justice employees in State and local government (slightly over 3,000) and for all functions (approximately 39,000). In March 2003 the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) State and local government justice system employees was just over 2 million (table 7). Almost 45% of all FTE justice system State and local employees worked in police protection; 35% were employed in corrections, while the remaining 20% were in judicial and legal jobs. The District of Columbia had the largest percentage of FTE State and local justice system employees working in police protection at 63%. Massachusetts and Rhode Island followed at 56% and 54%, respectively. At 37%, Delaware had the smallest percentage of employees working in police protection. In corrections, Texas had the largest percentage of FTE State and local justice system employees at 46%. Virginia and North Carolina followed at 44% and 43%, respectively. 3Source for these data is the Criminal Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts Program (CJEE), table 5. <www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ eande.htm>. Table 7. Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent employment, by State and local government and activities, March 2003. State Total California New York Texas Florida Illinois Pennsylvania Ohio New Jersey Georgia Michigan North Carolina Virginia Massachusetts Missouri Arizona Maryland Indiana Louisiana Tennessee Washington Wisconsin Colorado South Carolina Minnesota Alabama Kentucky Connecticut Oklahoma Oregon Kansas Mississippi Arkansas Nevada Iowa New Mexico Utah Nebraska West Virginia Hawaii Idaho Delaware New Hampshire District of Columbia Rhode Island Maine Montana Alaska Wyoming South Dakota North Dakota Vermont Total justice system 2,002,706 238,806 176,622 155,979 133,772 86,279 78,232 78,124 73,934 64,637 62,597 53,684 47,922 42,151 41,803 40,583 39,577 38,048 37,861 37,024 35,619 35,225 29,205 28,496 26,155 26,036 22,879 22,626 21,597 21,049 18,221 17,592 17,345 15,687 14,868 14,348 13,146 10,372 9,341 8,879 8,194 6,926 6,893 6,870 6,469 6,205 5,337 5,191 4,467 3,865 3,110 2,858 Full-time equivalent employees* Percent distribution Police Judicial and protection legal Corrections 44.7% 20.4% 35.0% 42.6 49.0 38.8 44.7 53.2 40.6 42.3 48.0 39.4 41.6 44.2 41.0 55.6 45.2 43.1 43.2 45.2 43.5 48.7 40.2 46.3 45.5 48.9 43.8 51.0 42.6 45.8 49.0 39.3 47.3 51.0 45.9 44.4 48.7 39.2 42.6 46.1 40.3 41.0 45.0 36.9 53.2 63.0 53.6 50.0 43.4 39.4 48.3 45.5 45.6 43.2 22.8 17.3 15.7 24.0 19.8 22.5 25.6 29.2 18.4 19.5 12.4 15.4 21.9 19.5 22.5 18.6 19.2 20.0 16.4 21.6 17.0 20.1 13.9 24.0 19.5 27.2 20.9 19.2 21.3 19.6 15.0 18.8 20.7 21.3 21.0 20.6 17.5 24.3 31.9 19.9 22.8 18.1 21.7 19.4 16.4 24.5 25.3 19.3 20.9 24.8 22.3 34.6 33.7 45.5 31.3 27.0 36.8 32.1 22.8 42.2 38.9 43.4 43.6 22.6 35.3 34.4 38.2 35.6 36.4 34.9 38.2 36.7 34.4 37.3 32.2 29.5 30.2 33.2 31.7 39.4 33.0 34.0 35.3 34.9 30.0 39.7 36.8 36.4 35.4 27.1 35.1 40.3 28.7 15.3 27.1 33.6 32.1 35.3 32.4 33.6 29.6 34.4 Notes: Local government data are estimates subject to variability. *Justice system employment of independent school districts and special school districts (primarily for special police) are not available. 8 Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 Revised 5/10/06, tld Appendix table. Direct and per capita justice expenditure across government and by function, selected years, 1982-2003 Year Population 2003 2002 1997 1992 1987 1982 290,850,000 287,985,000 267,784,000 245,807,000 243,400,000 226,548,000 Justice expenditure across government and function Total (in millions) Per capita $185,490 179,580 129,793 93,777 58,871 35,842 $638 624 485 382 242 158 Police protection Judicial and legal expenditure expenditure Corrections expenditure Total Total Total (in millions) Per capita (in millions) Per capita (in millions) Per capita $83,089 79,540 57,754 41,327 28,778 19,022 $286 276 216 168 118 84 $41,545 40,431 28,529 20,989 12,555 7,771 $143 140 107 85 52 34 $60,855 59,609 43,511 31,461 17,549 9,049 $209 207 162 128 72 40 Note: Using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to adjust the 2003 per capita figure of $638 for inflation would yield approximately $335 in 1982 dollars. For more information on the CPI see the Bureau of Labor Statistics website <www.bls.gov>. Population figures are from the U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Population Estimates 2000-2005. Definition of terms Expenditure includes only external cash payments made from any source of funds, including any payments financed from borrowing, fund balances, intergovernmental revenue, and other current revenue. It excludes any intragovernmental transfers and noncash transactions, such as the provision of meals or housing of employees. It also excludes retirement of debt, investment in securities, extensions of loans, or agency transactions. Total expenditures for all government functions do include interest payments on debt, but the justice expenditure data do not. Expenditures two major categories — • Direct expenditure is all expenditure except that classified as intergovernmental. It includes "direct current expenditure" (salaries, wages, fees, and commissions and purchases of supplies, materials, and contractual services) and "capital outlays" (construction and purchase of equipment, land, and existing structures). Capital outlays are included for the year when the direct expenditure is made, regardless of how the funds are raised (for example, by bond issue) or when they are paid back. • Intergovernmental expenditure is the sum of payments from one government to another, including grantsin-aid, shared revenues, payments in lieu of taxes, and amounts for services performed by one government for another on a reimbursable or cost-sharing basis (for example, payments by one government to another for boarding prisoners). It excludes amounts paid to other governments for purchase of commodities, property, or utility services. Components of total expenditure The expenditure data discussed in this Bulletin include direct expenditure and intergovernmental expenditure. Intergovernmental expenditure is the sum of payments from one government to another, including grants-in-aid, shared revenues, and amounts for services performed by one government for another on a reimbursable or cost-sharing basis. The three levels of government in the United States (Federal, State, and local) have varying responsibilities for justice activities, and funds are often passed between governments to reflect these responsibilities. For example, Federal intergovernmental expenditures include grants to States, and State direct expenditures will include those grants. Employees are all persons on government payrolls during the pay period including March 15, 2003. They include all paid officials and persons on paid leave, but exclude unpaid officials, persons on unpaid leave, pensioners, and contractors. Full-time employees are all persons employed on a full-time basis, including all full-time temporary or seasonal workers who were employed during this pay period. Full-time equivalent employment (FTE) is a statistical measure that estimates the number of full-time employees that could have been employed if the reported number of hours worked by part-time employees had been worked by full-time employees. This statistic is calculated separately for each function of a government by dividing the "part-time hours paid" by the standard number of hours for full-time employees in the particular government and then adding the resulting quotient to the number of full-time employees. Payroll is the gross 1-month payroll before deductions and includes salaries, wages, fees, and commissions paid to employees as defined above for March 2003. To avoid double counting the sum of Federal, State, and local intergovernmental expenditures, the direct expenditure is used to calculate total expenditure for all governments. For 2003, the total direct expenditure for all governments was over $185 billion. Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 9 Police protection is the function of enforcing the law, preserving order, and apprehending those who violate the law, whether these activities are performed by a city police department, sheriff's department, State police, or Federal law enforcement agency such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation or the Drug Enforcement Administration. Private security police are outside the scope of the survey. Judicial and legal services include all civil and criminal courts and activities associated with courts such as law libraries, grand juries, petit juries, medical and social service activities, court reporters, judicial councils, bailiffs, and probate functions. It also includes the civil and criminal justice activities of the attorneys general, district attorneys, State's attorneys, and their variously named equivalents and corporation counsels, solicitors, and legal departments with various names. It excludes legal units of noncriminal justice agencies, whose functions may be performed by a legal services department in other jurisdictions (such as a county counsel). Corrections involves the community supervision, confinement, and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law and the confinement of persons suspected of a crime awaiting trial or adjudication. It includes the costs of operation and employment for jails, prisons, probation, parole, pardon, and correctional administration. Data for institutions with authority to hold prisoners beyond arraignment (usually 48 hours or more) are included in this sector. Data for lockups or "tanks" holding prisoners less than 48 hours are included in "police protection." 10 Methodology The justice data in this report include the expenditures and employment of the Federal Government, the State governments, and a sample of county, municipal, and township governments. Unless otherwise noted, data for total governmental functions and non-justice governmental functions also include the expenditures of special districts and school districts, which generally do not have justice functions. This report is based on a compilation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s annual surveys of governmental finances and employment. The survey sample was selected from the 1997 Census of Local Governments and consists of large units of government (including all 50 States) sampled with certainty and smaller units selected with a probability proportional to the unit’s expenditure. The total number of local governments in the finance sample was 7,002, and the number of local governments in the employment sample was 10,574. Certain limitations reflect the fact that the surveys from which this Bulletin was extracted are not designed to obtain data on specific justice functions. The sampling variability, or standard error, for each of the justice activities is likely to be larger than for the major categories that the surveys were designed to estimate. Similarly, the standard error is likely to be greater for local governments than for State-local aggregates which are sampled in part with certainty. Specific standard errors can be found on the Census Bureau’s website (<http:// www. census.gov>). Differences in functional responsibilities from State to State and government to government can affect the comparability of expenditure and employment data. Readers should be generally cautious in comparing governmental expenditures because of this variation in the division of responsibilities. Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 The data in this report differ in some cases from those previously published in the Census Bureau=s finance and employment survey reports because of definitional differences and the more intensive review procedures and data refinements used for this compilation. Data on State and local justice system per capita expenditure by State and activity were not collected in 2003. These data are available for 2002. The data here differ from other BJS series which collect agency-based employment and expenditure data because of collection methods, units of analysis, and data collection purposes. These include — Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, Prosecutors in State Courts and various court statistics series, The Census of Local Jails, 1999, The Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000, and the report State Prison Expenditures, 2001. Financial data for the Federal Government were extracted from The Budget of the United States Government, FY 2003, Appendix. The historical finance data may differ slightly from the justice expenditure data found in the Expenditure and Employment Extracts because of definitional differences. Federal Government civilian employment data were obtained from the U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Statistics for State and local governments were obtained by a mail survey including all State departments, agencies, and institutions, and a local central reporting office supplemented by special mailings. Trend comparisons between the data in this report and reports covering data for 1971-79, 1985, 1988, 1990, and 1997 from the Justice Assistance Data Survey (JADS) are complicated by differences in methodology. These differences are described in the BJS reports for these years, and on the BJS website. In making trend comparisons, users should limit their analysis to one of the two sources: • long-term trends for 1971-79, 1985, 1988,1990, and 1997 from the JADS • recent year-to-year trends from the 1980-2001 Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts data. A more detailed description of the survey methodology (including sample design and sampling errors) can be found in the Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts at <http://www. ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs>. This report is available in portable document format and in ASCII. Its related statistical data and tables are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: <http:// www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/> The data from the Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts are available from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, maintained by the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan, 1-800-999-0960. The archive may also be accessed through the BJS Internet site. Office of Justice Programs Partnerships for Safer Communities http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jeffrey L. Sedgwick is director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs. Kristen Hughes wrote this report under the supervision of Steven K. Smith. Mark Motivans and Steven D. Owens provided statistical review. Tina Dorsey and Marianne W. Zawitz produced and edited the report. Jayne Robinson prepared the report for final printing. The data extraction, editing, and tabulation for the 2002 and 2003 Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts were performed at the U.S. Census Bureau by Steven D. Owens. April 2006, NCJ 212260 Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 11 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics *NCJ~212260* Washington, DC 20531 Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 12 Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2003 PRESORTED STANDARD POSTAGE & FEES PAID DOJ/BJS Permit No. G-91