Bjs Prisoners in 2011 Dec 2012
Download original document:
![Brief thumbnail](/media/cache/ee/30/ee30e7064f5e128bc95c68805d6d22e1.jpg)
Document text
![Brief thumbnail](/media/cache/ee/30/ee30e7064f5e128bc95c68805d6d22e1.jpg)
Document text
This text is machine-read, and may contain errors. Check the original document to verify accuracy.
U.S. Department of Justice • Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics December 2012, NCJ 239808 E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., and William J. Sabol, Ph.D., BJS Statisticians D uring 2011, the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities declined by 0.9%, from 1,613,803 to 1,598,780 (figure 1). This decline represented the second consecutive year the prison population in the United States decreased. At yearend 2011, 492 sentenced prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents were incarcerated, a decrease of 1.7% from the rate in 2010 (500 per 100,000). Both admissions into and releases from prison declined during 2011. Admissions of prisoners sentenced to more than one year in state or federal prison declined by 5.0% from 2010 to 2011, or nearly twice the rate of the decrease (down 2.9%) in releases of sentenced prisoners. The statistics in this report are drawn from the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program, which collects annual data from all 50 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons on prisoner counts, characteristics, admissions, releases, and prison capacity. The 2011 NPS collection is number 87 in a series that began in 1925. Figure 1 Prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction at yearend, 2000–2011 Number 2,000,000 Annual percent change Annual percent change 3.0 Number 2.5 Bul l etin Prisoners in 2011 2.0 1,500,000 1.5 1.0 1,000,000 0.5 0.0 500,000 -0.5 -1.0 0 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 On December 31 -1.5 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. HIGHLIGHTS Declining for the second consecutive year, state and federal prison populations totaled 1,598,780 at yearend 2011, a decrease of 0.9% (15,023 prisoners) from yearend 2010. State correctional authorities had jurisdiction over 21,663 fewer sentenced inmates in 2011 than in 2010. Seventy percent of this decrease was due to California’s Public Safety Realignment program. The number of state and federal prisoners sentenced to more than one year declined by 15,254 individuals, from 1,552,669 in 2010 to 1,537,415 in 2011. The number of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 2011 increased by 6,409 inmates (up 3.4%) from 2010. At yearend 2011, 492 out of every 100,000 U.S. residents were sentenced to more than one year in prison. During 2011, the number of releases from state and federal prisons (688,384) exceeded the number of admissions (668,800). In 2010, 53% of prisoners incarcerated under state jurisdiction (725,000) were serving time for violent offenses. Nearly half (48%) of inmates in federal prison were serving time for drug offenses in 2011, while slightly more than a third (35%) were incarcerated for public-order crimes. At yearend 2011, 39% of sentenced state and federal prisoners were age 40 or older. BJS HJS and Kentucky each observed increases of more than 1,000 prisoners. In Illinois and Minnesota, the increase in 2011 was minimal (i.e., less than 10 prisoners). The decline of prisoners in California contributed to the overall prison population decline For the second year in a row, the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities at yearend declined, as the U.S. prison population decreased by 0.9% in 2011 (table 1). The rate of decline during 2011 was larger than in 2010, when the prison population declined by 0.1%. From its peak in 2009 of 1,615,487 prisoners, the U.S. prison population declined by 16,707 prisoners to reach 1,598,780 at yearend 2011. In 2011, 26 states had decreases in their prison population totaling 28,582 prisoners. California’s decline of 15,493 prisoners accounted for more than half of the total decrease (see text box on page 4). New Jersey, New York, Michigan, Florida, and Texas had decreases of more than 1,000 prisoners, and Connecticut and North Carolina had declines of more than 900. The number of state prisoners decreased by 21,614 (down 1.5%), while the federal prison population increased by 6,591 (up 3.1%). This marked the second straight year in which the state prison population declined while the federal prison population increased. During 2011, the divergence in growth between state and federal prison populations was larger than in 2010, when the state prison population declined by 0.2% and the federal prison population increased by 0.8%. Twenty-four states had increases in their prison population during 2011 (table 2). Among the 24 states and federal prison system with increases in their prison populations, the total increase amounted to 13,559 prisoners. Tennessee California’s prison population declined by 9.4% in 2011, which was the largest percent change among the 51 jurisdictions. New Hampshire (5.3%), Connecticut (5.2%), and New Jersey (4.7%) experienced declines of about 5%. In several states, prison populations declined during 2011 after increasing during 2010. The prison population in Iowa declined by 3.6% in 2011 after increasing by 7.3% in 2010. In Arkansas, the prison population declined by 0.6% in 2011 after increasing by 6.5% in 2010. In comparison, the prison population in Kentucky increased 4.9% in 2011, which offset the 5.1% decline in 2010. Table 1 Prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000–2011 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 Total 1,394,231 1,404,032 1,440,144 1,468,601 1,497,100 1,525,910 1,568,674 1,596,835 1,608,282 1,615,487 1,613,803 1,598,780 Federal* 145,416 156,993 163,528 173,059 180,328 187,618 193,046 199,618 201,280 208,118 209,771 216,362 State 1,248,815 1,247,039 1,276,616 1,295,542 1,316,772 1,338,292 1,375,628 1,397,217 1,407,002 1,407,369 1,404,032 1,382,418 Male 1,303,421 1,311,053 1,342,513 1,367,755 1,392,278 1,418,392 1,456,366 1,482,524 1,493,670 1,502,002 1,500,936 1,487,393 Female 93,504 92,979 97,631 100,846 104,822 107,518 112,308 114,311 114,612 113,485 112,867 111,387 1.3% -0.9 3.3% 3.1 1.1% -1.5 1.3% -0.9 1.7% -1.3 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. *Includes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 2 Table 2 Lowest to highest change in prison populations, by jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2009, 2010, and 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total California Texas Florida Michigan New York New Jersey Connecticutb North Carolina Colorado Ohio South Carolina Georgia Washington Oregon Iowa Oklahoma Arizonac New Hampshire Arkansas Maryland Wisconsin North Dakota Montana Vermontb Rhode Islandb,d Maine Minnesota Illinois Alaskab Nebraska Wyoming Utah South Dakota Delawareb,c Hawaiib,d Nevada West Virginia Missouri New Mexico Louisiana Kansas Idaho Massachusetts Pennsylvania Mississippi Virginia Alabama Indiana Kentucky Tennessee Federala Population difference 2010–2011 2009–2010 -15,023 -1,684 -15,493 -6,213 -1,425 2,400 -1,251 391 -1,225 -1,313 -1,220 -2,031 -1,173 -375 -997 -395 -942 522 -837 20 -748 106 -664 -710 -488 -554 -388 2 -366 473 -339 642 -275 1,449 -189 -335 -147 30 -96 996 -87 390 -75 -436 -64 1 -38 111 -26 -141 -20 -317 -9 -52 4 -190 9 3,257 21 106 29 113 71 37 72 269 101 0 124 -160 125 21 125 171 145 314 210 60 235 400 265 -335 276 410 308 31 310 -3 314 -165 319 -415 492 -421 506 -110 878 -780 1,001 -1,094 1,028 486 6,591 1,653 Percent change 2010–2011 2009–2010 -0.9% -0.1% -9.4 -3.6 -0.8 1.4 -1.2 0.4 -2.8 -2.9 -2.2 -3.5 -4.7 -1.5 -5.2 -2.0 -2.3 1.3 -3.7 0.1 -1.4 0.2 -2.8 -2.9 -0.9 -1.0 -2.1 0.0 -2.5 3.3 -3.6 7.3 -1.0 5.8 -0.5 -0.8 -5.3 1.1 -0.6 6.5 -0.4 1.8 -0.3 -1.9 -4.3 0.1 -1.0 3.1 -1.3 -6.4 -0.6 -8.6 -0.4 -2.4 0.0 -1.9 0.0 7.2 0.4 2.0 0.6 2.5 3.4 1.8 1.1 4.1 2.9 0.0 1.9 -2.4 2.1 0.4 1.0 1.4 2.2 4.9 0.7 0.2 3.5 6.3 0.7 -0.8 3.0 4.7 4.1 0.4 2.7 0.0 0.6 -0.3 1.5 -1.9 1.3 -1.1 1.6 -0.3 3.1 -2.7 4.9 -5.1 3.7 1.8 3.1 0.8 2009 1,615,487 171,275 171,249 103,915 45,478 58,687 25,382 19,716 39,860 22,795 51,606 24,288 56,986 18,233 14,403 8,813 24,803 40,544 2,731 15,208 22,255 23,165 1,486 3,605 2,220 3,674 2,206 9,986 45,161 5,285 4,474 2,075 6,538 3,434 6,775 5,891 12,482 6,367 30,563 6,363 39,780 8,641 7,400 11,316 51,429 21,482 38,059 31,874 28,808 21,638 26,965 208,118 Population counts 2010 1,613,803 165,062 173,649 104,306 44,165 56,656 25,007 19,321 40,382 22,815 51,712 23,578 56,432 18,235 14,876 9,455 26,252 40,209 2,761 16,204 22,645 22,729 1,487 3,716 2,079 3,357 2,154 9,796 48,418 5,391 4,587 2,112 6,807 3,434 6,615 5,912 12,653 6,681 30,623 6,763 39,445 9,051 7,431 11,313 51,264 21,067 37,638 31,764 28,028 20,544 27,451 209,771 2011 1,598,780 149,569 172,224 103,055 42,940 55,436 23,834 18,324 39,440 21,978 50,964 22,914 55,944 17,847 14,510 9,116 25,977 40,020 2,614 16,108 22,558 22,654 1,423 3,678 2,053 3,337 2,145 9,800 48,427 5,412 4,616 2,183 6,879 3,535 6,739 6,037 12,778 6,826 30,833 6,998 39,710 9,327 7,739 11,623 51,578 21,386 38,130 32,270 28,906 21,545 28,479 216,362 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. bPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. cPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts. dCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. California Public Safety Realignment On May 23, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the ruling by a lower three-judge court that the State of California must reduce its prison population to 137.5% of design capacity (approximately 110,000 prisoners) within two years to alleviate overcrowding. In response, the California State Legislature and governor enacted two laws—AB 109 and AB 117—to reduce the number of inmates housed in state prisons starting October 1, 2011. The Public Safety Realignment (PSR) policy is designed to reduce the prison population through normal attrition of the existing population while placing new nonviolent, nonserious, nonsexual offenders under county jurisdiction for incarceration in local jail facilities. Inmates released from local jails will be placed under a county-directed post-release community supervision program (PRCS) instead of the state’s parole system. The state is giving additional funding to the 58 counties in California to deal with the increased correctional population and responsibility, but each county must develop a plan for custody and post-custody that best serves the needs of the county. Since California incarcerates more individuals than any other state except Texas (10.8% of the U.S. state prison population), changes California’s prison population will have national implications. In 2011, the sentenced U.S. state prison population decreased by 21,663 inmates. California contributed 15,188 inmates (70%) to the total decrease. On December 31, 2010, California reported a total jurisdictional population of 165,062. On the same day in 2011, the population was 149,569. Between 2010 and 2011, the number of sentenced female inmates in the California state prison population decreased at a faster rate (down 17.5%) than did males (down 8.7%). A total of 96,669 inmates were admitted to California state prisons during 2011. Admissions during the first three quarters of 2011 accounted for 89% (about 86,000) of all state prison admissions, compared to 11% (about 10,600)during the fourth quarter (figure 2). Fourth quarter releases also declined from 25% in 2010 to 21% in 2011, and the types of release changed significantly. During the first three quarters of 2011, 98% of releases were conditional mandatory releases to parole, compared to 1.5% for unconditional releases due to expiration of prison sentences (not shown). In quarter 4, only 46% of releases were conditional, while 52% were unconditional without Figure 2 Admissions and releases from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, by quarter, 2010–2011 Number 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 2010 Admissions 2010 Releases 2011 Admissions 2011 Releases 5,000 0 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program. Continued on next page P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 4 post-release stipulations. Overall, unconditional releases increased by 691% from 2010 to 2011, while conditional releases decreased 20% (table 3). All types of admissions to California state prisons decreased in 2011, with readmissions of parole violators down 22%. in property and drug offenders contributed to the change. BJS will continue to monitor the change in the California state prison population, including the demographic and criminal characteristics, as low-level offenders are diverted from state prison to incarceration in local facilities. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation publishes weekly updates on the progress of PSR on their website: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/Offender_ Information_Services_Branch/Population_Reports.html. The offense distribution of admissions to California state prisons changed after October 1, 2011 (table 4). The percentage of inmates admitted for violent offenses increased from 30% on September 30, 2011, to 41% on December 31, 2011. Decreases Table 3 Admissions, releases, and yearend sentenced population in California state prisons, December 31, 2000–2011 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 Totala 129,640 126,895 124,179 125,312 123,537 129,559 138,523 139,608 140,827 129,705 118,943 96,669 -0.8% -18.7 Admissions New court commitments 40,277 37,923 38,605 43,413 46,812 48,597 48,640 46,980 46,380 44,926 41,521 36,376 0.3% -12.4 Parole violatorsb 89,363 88,972 85,574 81,899 76,725 80,962 89,883 92,628 94,447 84,779 77,422 60,293 Totalc 129,621 129,982 119,683 118,646 117,762 121,730 130,060 135,920 136,925 128,869 121,918 109,467 Releases Conditionald 122,393 122,887 114,211 112,445 114,860 119,485 127,817 133,776 134,974 126,841 119,941 95,541 Unconditionale 3,145 3,522 3,444 3,110 2,705 2,030 1,994 1,925 1,759 1,796 1,728 13,676 -1.3% -22.1 -0.6% -10.2 -0.2% -20.3 -5.4% 691.4 Yearend sentenced population Total Male Female 160,412 149,815 10,597 157,295 147,758 9,537 159,984 150,374 9,610 162,678 152,385 10,293 164,933 154,051 10,882 168,982 157,704 11,278 173,942 162,361 11,581 172,856 161,551 11,305 172,583 161,220 11,363 170,131 159,396 10,735 164,213 154,450 9,763 149,025 140,972 8,053 0.2% -9.2 0.3% -8.7 -0.7% -17.5 Note: Counts are based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. aExcludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. bIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison for violations of conditions of release or for new crimes. cExcludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. dIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases. eIncludes expirations of sentence, communtations, and other unconditional releases. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. Table 4 Admissions of sentenced offenders to California state prisons, by quarter and offense type, 2010–2011 Date of admission Total admissions in 2010 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Total admissions in 2011 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Totala,b,c 117,674 29,041 30,521 30,004 28,108 95,814 29,016 29,431 27,065 10,302 Violent Number Percent 35,639 30.3% 8,558 29.5 9,144 30.0 9,156 30.5 8,781 31.2 30,538 31.9% 9,103 31.4 9,159 31.1 8,105 29.9 4,171 40.5 Property Number Percent 38,260 32.5% 9,483 32.7 9,954 32.6 9,736 32.4 9,087 32.3 30,295 31.6% 9,381 32.3 9,324 31.7 8,935 33.0 2,655 25.8 Drugs Number Percent 29,105 24.7% 7,452 25.7 7,654 25.1 7,350 24.5 6,649 23.7 22,058 23.0% 6,732 23.2 7,018 23.8 6,426 23.7 1,882 18.3 Public-order Number Percent 13,728 11.7% 3,333 11.5 3,499 11.5 3,533 11.8 3,363 12.0 12,026 12.6% 3,554 12.2 3,690 12.5 3,341 12.3 1,441 14.0 aCounts are based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. bAnalysis based on National Corrections Reporting Program administrative data. cIncludes other and unspecified offenses. These data may vary slightly from NPS data because of collection differences. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 5 Imprisonment rates declined to levels last seen in 2005 Prison systems are combined prison-jail systems in six states: Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. In these states, the prison population includes jail inmates, who are typically unsentenced and awaiting trial. In other states, prisons may hold a small number of unsentenced prisoners. To enable better comparisons between imprisonment rates and compositional changes across jurisdictions, BJS reports the number of sentenced prisoners (i.e., the number of prisoners with sentences of more than one year). At yearend 2011, there were 1,537,415 prisoners serving sentences of more than one year, about 15,000 fewer than at yearend 2010 (table 5). Since sentenced prisoners made up 96% of the prison population in 2011, it was expected that the changes in the sentenced prison population in 2011 mirrored those in the total prison population. The total number of sentenced prisoners declined by 1.0%, and the sentenced prison population in the federal system increased by 3.4%. The sentenced state prison population declined by 1.6%. Between 2010 and 2011, the imprisonment rate—the number of sentenced prisoners divided by the U.S. resident population times 100,000—declined from 500 to 492 per 100,000 U.S. residents (table 6). The imprisonment rate has declined consistently since 2007 when there were 506 persons imprisoned per 100,000 U.S. residents. The rate in 2011 was comparable to the rate observed in 2005 (492 per 100,000). Table 5 Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000–2011 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 Total 1,334,174 1,345,217 1,380,516 1,408,361 1,433,728 1,462,866 1,504,598 1,532,851 1,547,742 1,553,574 1,552,669 1,537,415 1.4% -1.0 Federal* 125,044 136,509 143,040 151,919 159,137 166,173 173,533 179,204 182,333 187,886 190,641 197,050 3.8% 3.4 State 1,209,130 1,208,708 1,237,476 1,256,442 1,274,591 1,296,693 1,331,065 1,353,647 1,365,409 1,365,688 1,362,028 1,340,365 Male 1,249,130 1,260,033 1,291,450 1,315,790 1,337,730 1,364,178 1,401,261 1,427,088 1,441,384 1,448,239 1,447,766 1,433,741 Female 85,044 85,184 89,066 92,571 95,998 98,688 103,337 105,763 106,358 105,335 104,903 103,674 1.1% -1.6 1.3% -1.0 1.9% -1.2 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. *Includes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. Table 6 Imprisonment rates of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction per 100,000 residents, December 31, 2000–2011 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 Total 470 470 477 483 487 492 501 506 506 504 500 492 Federal* 44 48 49 52 54 56 58 59 60 61 61 63 State 426 422 428 431 433 436 443 447 447 443 439 429 Male 897 895 909 917 923 932 948 955 956 952 948 932 Female 59 58 61 62 64 65 68 69 69 67 66 65 0.6% -1.7 3.0% 2.6 0.3% -2.3 0.5% -1.7 1.1% -1.8 Note: Rates have been updated from previous publications to account for new population estimates. Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. Imprisonment rate is the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Resident population estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1 of the following year. *Includes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. Males (932 per 100,000) were imprisoned at 14 times the rate of females (65 per 100,000) in 2011. Imprisonment rates for males (down 1.7%) and females (down 1.8%) showed similar rates of decline from 2010 to 2011. Dakota, California, and New Hampshire had the greatest decreases in female prisoners between 2010 and 2011, declining between 15% and 24%. The female prison population increased by at least 14% in Alaska, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Imprisonment rates among the states ranged from 147 to 865 per 100,000 residents (appendix table 3). Maine, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island each had imprisonment rates below 200 per 100,000 residents of the individual states. Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama had rates at or above 650 per 100,000 residents. Rhode Island, New York, Maryland, Massachusetts, Delaware, New Jersey, and Michigan imprisoned males at more than 20 times the rate of females. Black and Hispanic prisoners were generally younger and imprisoned at higher rates than white prisoners Females comprised 6.7% of the 2011 state and federal prisoner population (appendix table 5). In eight states, at least 10% of the sentenced state prison population was female, including South Dakota, Idaho, Kentucky, Montana, West Virginia, Wyoming, Alaska, and North Dakota. Rhode Island, North About 61% of the sentenced prison population in 2011 was age 39 or younger (table 7). The age distribution varied among racial groups. Among males—who accounted for 93% of the sentenced prison population—black non-Hispanic and Hispanic prisoners were generally younger than white non-Hispanic prisoners. More than half (52%) of white male prisoners were age 39 or younger, compared to 63% of black and 68% of Hispanic male prisoners. About 60% of both white and black female prisoners were age 39 or younger, compared to 67% of Hispanic female prisoners. Table 7 Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age, December 31, 2011 Age group Totald 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65 or older Totala,b 1,537,415 1.5% 12.4 16.4 16.6 13.8 12.6 11.1 7.7 4.1 2.1 1.7 All malea,b 1,433,741 1.5% 12.4 16.3 16.5 13.7 12.5 11.0 7.7 4.2 2.2 1.8 Whitec 465,100 0.9% 9.9 14.4 14.4 12.8 13.4 12.9 9.5 5.4 3.2 3.0 Male Blackc 555,300 1.9% 13.8 16.5 17.1 13.8 12.1 10.6 7.4 3.8 1.7 1.0 Hispanic 331,500 1.7% 13.8 18.8 18.7 15.1 11.7 8.9 5.6 3.0 1.5 1.1 All femalea,b 103,674 0.9% 11.2 17.4 17.5 14.8 14.1 11.8 7.0 3.2 1.4 0.9 Whitec 51,100 0.6% 10.4 17.2 17.4 14.9 14.1 12.1 7.2 3.3 1.6 1.0 Females Blackc 26,000 1.2% 11.5 16.5 16.9 14.2 14.6 12.7 7.7 3.1 1.2 0.8 Hispanic 18,400 1.1% 13.0 19.6 19.0 14.7 13.0 9.2 5.4 2.7 1.1 0.5 aDetail may not sum to total due to rounding. bIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or more races. cExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino orgin. dIncludes persons age 17 or younger. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2011; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010; and Survey of Inmates in State and Local Correctional Facilities, 2004. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 7 In 2011, imprisonment rates among age and racial groups tended to increase through age 34 before declining (table 8). The imprisonment rates indicate that about 0.5% of all white males, more than 3.0% of all black males, and 1.2% of all Hispanic males were imprisoned in 2011. Between 6.6% and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in 2011, which were the highest imprisonment rates among the measured sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age groups. Slightly fewer than 3% of Hispanic males were imprisoned in each of the age cohorts between ages 25 and 39. In 2011, blacks and Hispanics were imprisoned at higher rates than whites in all age groups for both male and female inmates. Among prisoners ages 18 to 19, black males were imprisoned at more than 9 times the rate of white males. In 2011, Hispanic and black male prisoners age 65 or older were imprisoned at rates between 3 and 5 times those of white males. Excluding the youngest and oldest age groups, black males were imprisoned at rates that ranged between 5 and 7 times the rates of white males. Among persons ages 20 to 24, black males were imprisoned at about 7 times that of white males. Among persons ages 60 to 64, the black male imprisonment rate was 5 times that of the white male imprisonment rate. In comparison, Hispanic males were imprisoned at 2 to 3 times the rate of white males in 2011. Black females were imprisoned at between 2 and 3 times the rate of white females, while Hispanic females were imprisoned at between 1 and 3 times the rate of white females. Table 8 Estimated imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age, December 31, 2011 Age group Totalc 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65 or older Totala 492 255 850 1,182 1,230 1,089 919 777 523 307 182 62 All malea 932 475 1,561 2,169 2,278 2,029 1,707 1,459 999 601 364 137 Whiteb 478 166 712 1,074 1,115 1,049 949 834 565 345 230 95 Male Blackb 3,023 1,544 4,702 6,883 7,517 6,603 5,450 4,604 3,257 1,999 1,125 409 Hispanic 1,238 574 1,898 2,666 2,762 2,460 2,084 1,830 1,402 990 685 286 All femalea 65 21 106 171 175 156 138 110 64 31 15 4 Whiteb 51 14 85 144 151 136 110 85 46 22 12 3 Female Blackb 129 41 183 300 313 286 274 226 143 66 30 7 Hispanic 71 25 114 177 169 142 138 107 74 44 23 7 Note: Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. Imprisonment rate is the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Resident population estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1 of the following year. aIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or more races. bExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino orgin. cIncludes persons age 17 or younger. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2011; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010; Survey of Inmates in State and Local Correctional Facilities, 2004; and unpublished U.S. Census Bureau January 1 population estimates. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 8 Violent offenders accounted for the majority of sentenced prisoners in state prison Of the nearly 1.4 million sentenced state prisoners, an estimated 725,000 (53%) were sentenced for violent offenses in 2010, the year for which the most recent data on offense are available (table 9). Eighteen percent (249,500) of state prisoners were serving sentences for property offenses, and 17% (237,000) were serving sentences for drug crimes. An estimated 188,200 sentenced prisoners (14%) were serving time for murder or manslaughter (negligent and nonnegligent), while 160,800 prisoners (12%) were held for sexual assault crimes, including rape. At yearend 2010, male and female state prison inmates differed in the types of offenses for which they were sentenced. At yearend 2010, 25% of female inmates in state prisons were incarcerated for drug crimes, compared to 17% of male inmates. Property crimes comprised 29% of the overall sentenced female population in state prison and 18% of the overall male population. An estimated 37% (34,100) of females in state prison were held for violent crimes, compared to 54% (689,000) of males. The percentage of females serving time for murder (10% of all sentenced females) was similar to that of males (12%). Robbery was the most common violent crime for males (14%), followed by murder (12%), and assault (11%). A larger percentage of whites (24%) were sentenced for property crimes than Hispanics (14%) or blacks (15%). The percentage of Hispanics (57%) and blacks (55%) in state prison held on violent offenses exceeded that for whites (49%). A higher percentage of whites (16%) were imprisoned for both rape and other sexual assaults than blacks (8%) and Hispanics (12%). Table 9 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2010 Offense Total Violent Murderb Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugc Public-orderd Other/unspecifiede All inmates 1,362,028 725,000 166,700 21,500 70,200 90,600 185,800 146,800 43,400 249,500 130,000 45,900 15,000 30,800 27,700 237,000 142,500 7,900 Male 1,268,974 689,000 157,000 18,800 67,900 89,100 178,000 137,700 40,500 223,100 123,900 38,500 13,600 21,800 25,300 215,600 134,100 7,100 Female 93,054 34,100 9,400 2,700 700 1,300 8,300 8,500 3,200 26,900 6,500 7,900 1,000 9,000 2,400 23,400 7,800 900 Whitea 468,528 231,800 47,200 8,600 32,500 44,100 40,400 44,300 14,900 110,800 54,400 20,500 6,000 15,900 14,000 69,500 53,100 3,300 Blacka 518,763 286,400 70,100 7,800 22,200 17,200 96,600 57,200 15,400 76,300 43,000 14,600 3,100 8,400 7,200 105,600 47,800 2,700 Hispanic 289,429 164,200 38,900 3,300 8,600 26,200 38,000 38,500 10,700 41,900 22,600 6,700 5,700 2,800 4,000 47,800 34,400 1,200 Note: Counts based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not add to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology for estimation method. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 9 Violent offenders increased in state prison over the past decade, while drug offenders decreased From 2000 to 2010, the number of sentenced prisoners in state prisons increased by about 13% (152,898) (table 10). Over the same period, the share of violent offenders among sentenced prisoners in state prisons increased, while the shares of drug offenders decreased. Violent offenders increased both in numbers and proportion of the total state prison population. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of violent offenders increased by 99,400 (16%) as their share of the state sentenced prison population grew from 52% to 53%. The number of drug offenders declined by 8% (down 21,100), and the number of property offenders remained relatively constant. The largest percent increase was among public order offenders (104% or 72,600 inmates). The majority of this increase was due to offenses categorized under habitual offender laws, in which the underlying offense or criminal history was not available. Table 10 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, December 31, 2000 and 2010 Offense Total Violent Murdera Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugb Public-orderc Other/unspecifiedd 2000 1,209,130 625,600 157,400 16,900 57,900 74,800 173,000 117,800 27,900 246,400 135,500 44,000 19,500 25,000 22,400 258,100 69,900 4,000 2010 1,362,028 725,000 166,700 21,500 70,200 90,600 185,800 146,800 43,400 249,500 130,000 45,900 15,000 30,800 27,700 237,000 142,500 7,900 Change 2000–2010 Percent Number change 152,898 12.6% 99,400 15.9 9,300 5.9 4,600 27.2 12,300 21.2 15,800 21.1 12,800 7.4 29,000 24.6 15,500 55.6 3,100 1.3 -5,500 -4.1 1,900 4.3 -4,500 -23.1 5,800 23.2 5,300 23.7 -21,100 -8.2 72,600 103.9 3,900 97.5 Note: Counts are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology for estimation method. aIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. bIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. cIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. dIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 Drug and public-order offenses increased in federal prison The offense distribution for federal prisoners in 2011 differed from that of state prisoners in 2010, the most recent year for which data are available. Almost half of sentenced federal prisoners (48%) were held for drug crimes, while only 8% were held for violent offenses (table 11). Fewer inmates served time in federal prison for violent and drug crimes in 2011 than in 2010, while 35% of sentenced prisoners were imprisoned for public-order offenses. An estimated 11% (22,100) of inmates in federal prison were sentenced for immigration offenses, which represented one of the fastest growing segments of the federal prison population. Between 2010 and 2011, the number of inmates sentenced to more than a year in federal prison for immigration crimes increased 9.4%. Table 11 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under federal jurisdiction, by offense, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011 Offense 2000 Total 125,044 Violent 13,000 1,300 Homicidea Robbery 9,200 Other violent 2,500 Property 9,600 Burglary 400 Fraud 7,100 Other property 2,100 Drugb 70,500 Public-order 30,700 Immigration 13,000 Weapons 10,300 Other 7,400 Other/unspecifiedc 1,200 2010 190,641 15,000 2,900 8,300 3,800 10,300 400 7,500 2,400 99,300 65,000 20,200 29,200 15,600 1,100 2011 197,050 14,900 2,800 8,100 4,000 10,700 400 7,700 2,500 94,600 69,000 22,100 29,800 17,100 : Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 3.8% 3.4% 1.3 -0.7 7.3 -3.4 -0.9 -2.4 3.8 5.3 0.6 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.7 1.2 4.2 3.1 -4.7 6.8 6.2 4.0 9.4 9.5 2.1 6.8 9.6 -0.8 : Note: Counts are based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for estimation method. aIncludes murder, negligent, and non-negligent manslaughter. bIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. cIncludes offenses not classified. : Not calculated. 2011 data included individuals commiting drug and public-order crimes that could not be separated from valid unspecified records. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2000–2011. 10 Admissions and releases continued to decline in 2011 Releases of sentenced federal or state prisoners exceeded admissions of sentenced prisoners during 2011, as both declined for the third year in a row. The 668,800 admissions into state or federal prison in 2011 was the lowest number of admissions since 2002 (table 12). During 2011, sentenced prisoner admissions into and releases from state prisons decreased, while both admissions and releases increased in the federal prison system. The number of admissions into state prison (608,166) fell to its lowest level since 2001. New court commitments comprised 66% of state prison admissions in 2011, increasing from 63% in 2010. Inmates entering state prison on parole violations declined 12% between 2010 and 2011. As was the case with the total state sentenced prison population, California was responsible for the majority of the reduction in parole violation admissions. California admitted 17,129 fewer inmates on parole violations in 2011 than in 2010, which accounted for 65% of the total state prison population decline in these admissions (appendix table 13). In the federal prison system, new court commitments made up 92% of sentenced prison admissions, and increased 13% from 2010. In comparison, parole violation admissions increased 4.6% between 2010 and 2011. Table 12 Sentenced prisoners admitted to state or federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 2000–2011 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 Total 654,534 638,978 660,576 686,471 697,066 730,141 747,031 742,875 738,649 728,686 703,798 668,800 All admissionsa Federal 43,732 45,140 48,144 52,288 52,982 56,057 57,495 53,618 53,662 56,153 54,121 60,634 State 610,802 593,838 612,432 634,183 644,084 674,084 689,536 689,257 684,987 672,533 649,677 608,166 0.7% -5.0 1.9% 12.0 0.6% -6.4 New court commitmentsb Total Federal State 389,734 39,303 350,431 405,422 40,193 365,229 433,959 42,303 391,656 445,556 45,713 399,843 457,096 45,796 411,300 470,149 48,723 421,426 492,315 50,204 442,111 479,710 48,691 431,019 477,100 49,270 427,830 474,997 51,524 423,473 458,360 49,515 408,845 455,068 55,817 399,251 1.5% -0.7 2.1% 12.7 1.4% -2.3 Parole violatorsb,c Total Federal 207,755 4,186 220,064 4,720 213,455 5,600 205,062 6,357 226,211 7,178 239,560 7,331 246,571 7,286 252,775 4,924 253,053 4,390 242,347 4,628 231,917 4,606 205,787 4,816 State 203,569 215,344 207,855 198,705 219,033 232,229 239,285 247,851 248,663 237,719 227,311 200,971 1.0% -11.3 1.0% -11.6 0.9% 4.6 aCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bone, and other admissions. See Methodology. bType of admission is estimated for Alaska based on previous years’ data. cIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violations of conditions of release or for new crimes. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 11 There were 20,293 fewer releases from state and federal prison in 2011 than in 2010. The majority (94%) of the reduction in releases was the result of fewer conditional releases (table 13). In state prison systems, 75% of the 633,145 inmates released during 2011 had conditional releases, representing a 3.8% decrease from 493,287 conditional releases in 2010. The overall number of releases from federal prison increased in 2011. However, conditional releases—including supervised mandatory releases, discretionary parole, and shock probation releases—declined 33% between 2010 and 2011 in the federal prison system. This decline was due to the declining number of federal prison inmates sentenced before the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Unconditional releases accounted for 98% of federal prison releases in 2011, an increase of 6.0% from 2010. Table 13 Sentenced prisoners released from state or federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 2000–2011 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Percent change, 2000–2010 Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 Total 635,094 628,626 633,947 656,574 672,202 701,632 709,874 721,161 734,144 729,749 708,677 688,384 All releasesa Federal 35,259 38,370 42,339 44,135 46,624 48,323 47,920 48,764 52,348 50,720 52,487 55,239 State 599,835 590,256 591,608 612,439 625,578 653,309 661,954 672,397 681,796 679,029 656,190 633,145 1.0% -2.9 3.6% 5.2 0.8% -3.5 Conditional releasesb,c Total Federal State 426,617 1,991 424,626 438,449 2,234 436,215 443,996 3,154 440,842 444,771 2,603 442,168 483,215 2,488 480,727 497,475 2,105 495,370 499,950 1,746 498,204 505,726 1,545 504,181 505,350 1,225 504,125 505,504 1,479 504,025 494,249 962 493,287 475,188 649 474,539 1.3% -3.9 -6.6% -32.5 1.4% -3.8 Unconditional releasesb,d Total Federal State 148,336 29,180 119,156 162,007 31,715 130,292 161,293 33,904 127,389 163,607 36,221 127,386 166,862 43,715 123,147 179,651 45,708 133,943 193,720 45,749 147,971 199,393 46,804 152,589 216,036 50,708 165,328 211,324 49,208 162,116 202,499 51,110 151,389 203,000 54,163 148,837 2.8% 0.2 5.1% 6.0 2.2% -1.7 aCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Totals for all releases include deaths, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. See Methodology. bType of release is estimated for Alaska based on previous years’ data. cIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases. dIncludes expirations of sentence, communtations, and other unconditional releases. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 12 Other selected findings Eight jurisdictions had 2011 custody populations that exceeded by more than 137% their lowest reported prison capacity: Alabama, California, Illinois, Delaware, Hawaii, Massachusetts, North Dakota, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (appendix table 14). Mississippi and New Mexico had custody populations occupying the least capacity. In 2011, Mississippi’s population was at only 45% of its operational capacity, while New Mexico was at 62% of its capacity. The percentage of all prisoners housed in private prison facilities increased slightly in 2011 from 7.9% to 8.2% (appendix table 15). The number of prisoners in private facilities under the jurisdiction of state Departments of Corrections decreased by 1.8% between 2010 and 2011. The Federal Bureau of Prisons increased the number of inmates held in private prisons by 14% from 2010 to 2011. On December 31, 2011, 6.7% of the state and 18% of the federal prison populations were incarcerated in private facilities. Texas (18,603 inmates) and Florida (11,827 inmates) had the highest number of inmates in private prisons. North Carolina, Wisconsin, California, and Alabama each decreased the size of their private prison population by at least 45% from 2010 to 2011. Arizona, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and South Dakota incarcerated at least 17% more inmates in private facilities in 2011 than in 2010. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 In 2011, Louisiana incarcerated more than half (20,866) of its prison population in local jails, which represented 25% of all state and federal prisoners held in jails. More than 50% of all prisoners housed in local jails in 2011 were serving time in Louisiana, Texas, or Tennessee. Kentucky (33%), Tennessee (30%), Mississippi (28%), West Virginia (25%), and Utah (22%) also had large proportions of their prison populations incarcerated in local jails. The total number of prison inmates housed in local jails decreased for both state and federal prison systems in 2011. Thirty-eight states reported holding a total of 1,790 inmates age 17 or younger on December 31, 2011. Of these, 96% were male (appendix table 16). Florida, New York, and Louisiana held the most inmates age 17 or younger in 2011. These states imprisoned almost a third of the total number of inmates age 17 or younger. A total of 102,809 inmates identified as non-U.S. citizens were incarcerated at yearend 2011, an increase of 7.1% from 95,977 in 2010. In 2011, federal prisons had custody of 30% of all non-U.S. citizen inmates (30,544 prisoners), while California, Florida, and Texas incarcerated 35% (35,529 inmates) of non-U.S. citizens. Non-U.S. citizens represented 17% of the total custody population of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 2011. 13 NPS jurisdiction notes Alabama—Alabama prisons have not currently been rated as to the official capacity. The operational capacity represents physical capacity for inmates, but is not based upon staffing, programs, and services. Alaska—Prisons and jails form one integrated system, and NPS data include both jail and prison populations housed in state and out of state. Jurisdictional totals include individuals in electronic and special monitoring programs who are under the jurisdiction of the state of Alaska. Arizona—Jurisdiction counts are based on custody counts and inmates in contracted beds. California—Population counts for inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence(s) include felons who are temporarily absent, such as in court, jail, hospital, etc. Except for a small number, temporarily absent inmates are absent for less than 30 days. Population counts for unsentenced inmates include civil addicts who are temporarily absent for treatment but are typically returned to prison within 30 days. California is unable to differentiate between inmates held in federal facilities and in other states` facilities. Custody counts include California out-of-state correctional facilities, community correctional facilities, private and private work furlough inmates, and inmates housed in out-of-state contract facilities. Changes in design capacity are based upon information from a report from facilities planning and management on an annual basis. Colorado—Counts include a small undetermined number of inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Data on admissions and releases by AWOL and escape are estimated. Population counts include 268 inmates in the Youthful Offender System, which is a program established primarily for violent juvenile offenders. Connecticut—Prisons and jails form one integrated system, and NPS data include both jail and prison populations. New court commitment admissions include inmates admitted in 2011 on accused status, but who received a sentence later in 2011. Legislation in July 1995 abolished the capacity law. The capacity of a facility is a fluid number based upon the needs of the department. The needs are dictated by security issues, populations, court decrees, legal mandates, staffing and physical plant areas of facilities that are serving other purposes or have been decommissioned. The actual capacity of a facility is subject to change. Delaware—Prisons and jails form one integrated system, and NPS data include both jail and prison populations. Total jurisdiction counts include only those inmates housed in Delaware facilities. Capacity counts include the halfway houses under the Department of Corrections. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 Federal Bureau of Prisons—Jurisdiction counts are as of December 25, 2011, and include inmates housed in secure private facilities through private contracts and subcontracts, as well as inmates housed in jail/shortterm detention and others held in state-operated secure facilities. They also include 8,770 inmates held in nonsecure privately operated residential reentry centers, as well as 2,427 offenders on home confinement. Due to information system configuration, Asian and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders are combined, and inmates of Hispanic origin are included in the racial categories. Expirations of sentence include good conduct releases that usually have a separate and distinct term of supervision, as well as vacated sentences and court ordered terminations. The Federal Bureau of Prisons does not house inmates age 17 or younger in federal facilities; 149 such inmates were housed in contract facilities. Georgia—Subtotals of race, sex, and sentence length for jurisdiction and custody counts were adjusted by the Georgia Department of Corrections using interpolation to match the overall totals. Hawaii—Prisons and jails form one integrated system, and NPS data include both jail and prison populations. In custody and jurisdiction counts, sentenced felon probationers, and probation violators are included with the counts of a total maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Jurisdiction counts include dual jurisdiction (Hawaii/ federal) inmates currently housed in federal facilities and in contracted beds. Hawaii does not have a rated capacity for the integrated prisons and jail system. Information on foreign nationals held in correctional facilities were based on self-reports by inmates. Idaho—Idaho defines rated capacity as 100% and operational capacity as 95% of maxium capacity. Design capacity is based on original facility-designed occupancy. Illinois—All population counts are based on jurisdiction. Population counts for inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence include an undetermined number of inmates with a 1-year maximum sentence. Other release types include an undetermined number of transfers to other jurisdictions. Iowa—Iowa began including offenders on work release, operating while intoxicated continuum status, and Iowa inmates housed in prisons out of state in jurisdiction counts in 2009. Prior Iowa data were custody counts only. Jurisdiction counts include Iowa offenders housed in prisons in other jurisdictions who are under Iowa’s jurisdiction. In 2011, Iowa began reporting escapee returns from residential facilities. Kansas—The Asian category contains an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. 14 Kentucky—Capacity counts in Kentucky dropped significantly due to the closing of a minimum custody prison in 2011. The parole board in Kentucky is discretionary, and the parole rate can fluctuate on a year to year basis. The higher number of admissions of other conditional release violators without a new sentence is due to such a fluctuation. In 2011, the discretionary parole release program was expanded from 6 months to 9 months. Louisiana—Jurisdiction and capacity counts are as of December 28, 2011. Maryland—Counts of inmates with sentences greater than 1 year on December 31, 2011, are calculated using the percentage of these inmates from the automated data on the manual totals. Maryland’s system does not distinguish between AWOL and escapee releases, nor does it record the sex of inmates housed in out-of-state private prisons. The count of admissions by new court commitments may include a small but undetermined number of returns from appeal or bond. The count of unconditional releases includes court-ordered releases and a small but undetermined number of releases to appeal or bond. Other release types include interstate compact releases and releases of new admissions that were double-counted on the admission side during 2011. Maryland’s system does not capture Hispanic ethnicity. Massachusetts—By law, offenders in Massachusetts may be sentenced to terms of up to 2.5 years in locally operated jails and correctional institutions. This population is excluded from the state count, but is included in published population counts and rates for local jails and correctional institutions. Jurisdiction counts exclude approximately 3,271 inmates in the county system (local jails and houses of correction) serving a sentence of over 1 year. Jurisdiction and custody counts may include a small but undetermined number of inmates who were remanded to court; transferred to the custody of another state, federal, or locally operated system; and subsequently released. Michigan—Operational capacity includes institution and camp net operating capacities. Michigan’s new database system treats Hispanic as an ethnicity rather than a race. Since this is an optional field, the numbers for Hispanic race are significantly under reported. Minnesota—Minnesota only measures operational capacity. Jurisdiction counts include inmates temporarily housed in local jails, on work release, or on community work crew programs. Admissions and releases due to AWOL or escape and releases due to transfer are not included in Minnesota’s database file. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 Mississippi—Custody counts exclude county regional facilities, while jurisdiction counts include these facilities. Local jails and county regional facilities are included in the jurisdiction count of inmates housed at local facilities. Parole and conditional release violators are not distinguised in the Mississippi file by their sentence status. Missouri—The Missouri Department of Corrections does not have the design capacity of its older prisons, nor does it update design capacity for prison extension or improvements. Missouri does not use a rated capacity. Missouri defines operational capacity as the number of available beds, including those temporarily offline. Noncitizen data are based on self-reported place of birth. Nebraska—By statute, inmates are housed where they are sentenced by the judge and are never housed in local jails or by another state in order to ease prison crowding. Nebraska defines operational capacity as its stress capacity, which is 125% of design capacity for designated facilities. This capacity is ordered by the governor, but set by the Department of Corrections. The total for design and operational capacity for female institutions includes only the department’s single female multicustody facility. The department operates two co-ed facilities, which are represented in male design and operational capacity counts. Nevada—The Nevada Department of Corrections provided BJS with estimates for 2011 data. All data should be viewed as preliminary. New Hampshire—New offender database management system reports the number of inmates under New Hampshire’s jurisdiction but housed in other states’ facilities in a different manner from previous NPS submissions. New Jersey—Population counts for inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence include inmates with sentences of 1 year. The Department of Corrections has no jurisdiction over inmates with sentences of less than 1 year or over unsentenced inmates. Rated capacity figures are not maintained. Operational and design capacity numbers do not include halfway houses and county jails. The numbers are only for the main institutions in New Jersey. North Carolina—Rated capacity is not available. Captured escapees are not considered a prison admission type in North Carolina, and escape is not considered a type of prison release. Supervised mandatory releases are postrelease offenders. Post-release supervision is defined as a reintegrative program for serious offenders who have served extensive prison terms. This form of supervision was created by the Structured Sentencing Act of 1993. North Dakota—Capacities include a new facility that opened in 1998 and account for double bunking in the state penitentiary. 15 Ohio—Population counts for inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence include an undetermined number of inmates with a sentence of 1 year or less. Counts of inmates under Ohio’s jurisdiction but housed in federal or other states’ facilities are estimates. Counts of admission and release types reflect revised reporting methods. Returns and conditional releases involving transitional control inmates are reported only after movement from confinement to a terminal release status occurs. Oklahoma—Inmates from other states serving time in Oklahoma prisons under the interstate compact are excluded from jurisdiction questions. Most of the inmates with sentences of less than 1 year are part of the Oklahoma Delayed Sentencing Program for Young Adults. Counts of prison release by escape reflect inmates escaping state-run prisons only. Capacity counts have changed in Oklahoma, as only Department of Corrections (DOC) facilities have an approved capacity determined by the Board of Corrections. Decreased capacity from last year’s report is due to the exclusion of county jails, private prisons, and halfway houses from 2011 data submission since they are not assigned capacities by the Oklahoma DOC. Noncitizen status determined by country of birth. Oregon—Most offenders with less than 1 year maximum sentence remain under the control of local counties, rather than the Oregon Department of Corrections, and are not reported in this report. Oregon does not recognize rated capacity. Pennsylvania—In 2011, a number of Pennsylvania inmates housed out of state were brought back to serve time in Pennsylvania. As of September 1, 2011, the Department of Corrections changed operational bed capacity to bed capacity, which is defined as the number of inmates a facility can accommodate by filling all beds based on a number of factors: cell size; security level; and the number of inmates the facility can accommodate based on its staffing, support services, facility infrastructure, and full inmate employment or programming involvement. Bed capacity may include existing space conversions for permanent, new construction, and modular units if the above requirements are met. This is a change in how the department assesses capacity with respect to quality of life and safety for both staff and inmates as opposed to an operational change. Rhode Island—Prisons and jails form one integrated system, and NPS data include both jail and prison populations. Rhode Island has opened two new women’s facilities over the past 2 years and closed one male medium security facility over the past 2 years, significantly changing the reported capacities. Counts for inmates under the jurisdiction of Rhode Island but housed in federal or other states’ facilities include inmates who have dual jurisdiction, or those serving Rhode Island sentences out of state while serving that state’s sentence as well. This is a change from P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 previous reporting practices. The Rhode Island data system records Hispanic as a race rather than an ethnicity and does not capture Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islanders or multiple races. Prison admissions classified as escape returns include admissions under home confinement, serving out of state, and minimum security facilities. South Carolina—The December 31, 2011, custody count of unsentenced individuals includes Interstate Compact Commission (ICC) inmates. As of July 1, 2003, the South Carolina Department of Corrections (SCDC) began releasing inmates due for release and housed in SCDC institutions on the first day of each month. Since January 1, 2012, was a holiday, inmates eligible for release on January 1 were released on December 31, 2011. Therefore, the inmate count was at its lowest point for the month on December 31, 2011. Conditional release counts include inmates released under community supervision after serving 85% of sentence under truth in sentencing. South Carolina utilizes the operational capacity concept in its management reports and other requested surveys. South Dakota—Custody and jurisdiction counts of inmates serving a maximum sentence of 1 year or less include those under the sentence of probation who, as a condition of probation, must serve up to 180 days in state prison. The custody count of unsentenced inmates includes all holds for the U.S. Marshal Service (sentenced and unsentenced). Commutations are not tracked separately in the South Dakota reporting system. They are included in expiration of sentence, supervised mandatory release, or other conditional releases. The operational capacity reported is planned capacity. South Dakota does not have rated or design capacities. Texas—Offenders in custody are all offenders currently serving time in a facility owned and operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ).Offenders under jurisdiction includes offenders in custody as well as offenders held in privately operated prisons, intermediate sanction facilities, substance abuse felony punishment facilities, pre-parole transfer facilities, and halfway houses; offenders temporarily released to a county less than 30 days; and offenders awaiting paperwork for transfer to statefunded custody. Capacities exclude county jail beds, because they do not have a minimum or maximum number of beds available for paper ready and bench warrant inmates. Admissions and releases include offenders received into an intermediate sanction facility, which is a sanction in lieu of revocation. These were counted in the parole violator category. Vermont—Prisons and jails form one integrated system, and NPS data include both jail and prison populations. Ethnicity and multiracial composition are not collected/ recorded in Vermont. 16 Virginia—The reported jurisdiction counts are actual counts for December 31, 2011. On September 1, 1998, the law changed, making state responsible inmates have a sentence of one year or more or a sentence of 12 months and one day. Inmates with a sentence of 12 months or less are not the responsibility of the state. The state is responsible for a 1-year sentence, while local authorities are responsible for a 12-month sentence. Virginia Department of Corrections maintains a count of beds—called authorized capacity—that is provided as the measure of rated capacity in this survey. The number of beds assigned by rating officials (DOC) to institutions takes into account the number of inmates that can be accommodated based on staff, programs, services, and design. Washington—Offenders sentenced to 1 year or less and unsentenced offenders generally reside in county jails, but revisions to law allows certain inmates with sentences of less than 1 year to be housed in prison. These inmates are included in the total jurisdiction counts. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 Wisconsin—Custody and jurisdiction counts include 722 temporary probation and parole placements. Wisconsin does not code escapes as releases and returns from the escape as admissions. The reported design capacity include a Department of Corrections juvenile facility, a non-Department of Corrections facility, and 97 beds in 20 Wisconsin county jails contracted to temporarily house Corrections inmates. Excluded from the total are design capacities for local jails, federal, other state and private facilities. From the end of 2010 to the end of 2011, the custody population increased, while the jurisdiction remained largely unchanged. This was possibly due to a decision to end a practice of early release to community supervision for some inmates begun in 2010, as well as a further reduction of inmates being held in out-ofstate facilities. During 2011, a minimum male facility was converted to medium to handle increased custody population. 17 Definition of terms Average annual change—average (mean) annual change across a specific period. Capacity, design—the number of inmates that planners or architects intended for a facility. Capacity, highest—the maximum number of beds reported across the three capacity measures: design capacity, operational capacity, and rated capacity. Capacity, lowest—the minimum number of beds across three capacity measures: design capacity, operational capacity, and rated capacity. Capacity, operational—the number of inmates that can be accommodated based on a facility’s staff, existing programs, and services. Capacity, rated—the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to institutions within a jurisdiction. Conditional releases—includes discretionary parole, mandatory parole, post-custody probation, and other unspecified conditional releases. Conditional release violators—readmission to prison of persons released to discretionary parole, mandatory parole, post-custody probation, and other unspecified conditional releases. Custody—prisoners held in the physical custody of state or federal prisons or local jails, regardless of sentence length or authority having jurisdiction. Imprisonment rate—the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Inmate—person incarcerated in a local jail, state or federal prison, or private facility under contract to federal, state, or local authorities. Jail—confinement facility usually administered by a local law enforcement agency that is intended for adults, but sometimes holding juveniles, for confinement before and P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 after adjudication. Such facilities include jails and city or county correctional centers; special jail facilities, such as medical treatment or release centers; halfway houses; work farms; and temporary holding or lockup facilities that are part of the jail’s combined function. Inmates sentenced to jail facilities usually have a sentence of 1 year or less. Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, Delaware, Alaska, and Hawaii operate integrated systems, which combine prisons and jails. Jurisdiction—the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. New court commitments—admissions into prison of offenders convicted and sentenced by a court, usually to a term of more than 1 year, including probation violators and persons with a split sentence to incarceration followed by court-ordered probation or parole. Parole violators—all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violating conditions of release or for new crimes. Prison—a long-term confinement facility run by a state or the federal government that typically holds felons and offenders with sentences of more than 1 year. However, sentence length may vary by state. Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, Delaware, Alaska, and Hawaii operate integrated systems, which combine prisons and jails. Prisoner—a individual confined in a correctional facility under the legal authority (jurisdiction) of state and federal correctional officials. Sentenced prisoner—a prisoner sentenced to more than 1 year. Supervised mandatory releases—conditional release with post-custody supervision generally occurring in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing statutes. Unconditional release—expirations of sentences, commutations, and other unspecified unconditional releases. 18 Methodology Begun in 1926 under a mandate from Congress, the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program collects annual statistics on prisoners at yearend. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) sponsors the survey, and the U.S. Census Bureau serves as the data collection agent. BJS depends entirely on the voluntary participation of state departments of corrections and the Federal Bureau of Prisons for NPS data. The NPS distinguishes between prisoners in custody and prisoners under jurisdiction. To have custody of a prisoner, a state or federal prison must hold that inmate in one of its facilities. Jurisdiction over a prisoner means state or federal officials have legal authority over that prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is incarcerated or supervised. Some states are unable to provide counts that distinguish between custody and jurisdiction. (See NPS jurisdiction notes to determine which states did not distinguish between custody and jurisdiction counts.) The NPS jurisdiction counts include persons held in prisons, penitentiaries, correctional facilities, halfway houses, boot camps, farms, training or treatment centers, and hospitals. Counts also include prisoners who are— temporarily absent (less than 30 days), out to court, or on work release housed in privately operated facilities, local jails, or other state or federal facilities, or those serving concurrent sentences for more than one correctional authority. The NPS custody counts include all inmates held within a state’s facilities, including inmates housed for other states. The custody counts exclude inmates held in local jails and in other jurisdictions. With a few exceptions, the final custody counts reported by BJS include inmates held in privately operated facilities. In the fielding of a current year’s NPS survey, respondents are permitted to update the prior counts of prisoners held in custody and under jurisdiction. Statistics on the jurisdiction and sentenced prison populations for the prior year are updated in this report. All tables showing data based on jurisdiction counts—including tables of imprisonment rates— are based on the updated and most recently available data provided by respondents. The NPS has historically included counts of inmates in the combined jail-prison systems of Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The District of Columbia (D.C.) has not operated a prison system since yearend 2001. Felons sentenced under the D.C. criminal code are housed in federal facilities. Jail inmates in D.C. are included in the Annual Survey of Jails. Some previously published prisoner counts and the percentage change in population include D.C. jail inmates for 2001, the last year of collection. Admissions include new court commitments, parole violator returns, and other conditional release violator returns; transfers P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 from other jurisdictions; returns of prisoners absent without leave (AWOL), with or without a new sentence; escape returns, with or without a new sentence; returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. For reporting purposes, BJS admission counts exclude transfers from other jurisdictions, AWOL returns, and escape returns. Releases include unconditional releases (e.g., expirations of sentence or commutations), conditional releases (e.g., probations, supervised mandatory releases, or discretionary paroles), deaths, AWOLs, escapes from confinement, transfers to other jurisdictions, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. For reporting purposes, BJS release counts exclude AWOLs, escapes, and transfers to other jurisdictions. BJS allows respondents to update data they previously submitted. This report includes the most recently reported data for 2010 and 2011. Additional information about the NPS, including the data collection instrument, is available on the BJS website. Estimating imprisonment rates by age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin Estimates of the total number of sentenced prisoners on December 31, 2011, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin were generated by creating separate totals for federal and state prisons. Each sex-race count was then multiplied by the ratio of the age category count within the sex-race combination in the Federal Justice Statistics Program (FJSP) to the FJSP total count within the sex-race combination (e.g., FJSP 18 to 19 year-old white males divided by FJSP white males). The resulting product yielded the FJSP-adjusted NPS counts for each sex-race combination by age group (e.g., 18 to 19 year-old white male prisoners in the federal prison system). State prison age distributions for NPS use a similar race-sex ratio adjustment, based on individual-level data from the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP). National-level estimates of the number of state prisoners by race were based on adjusting NPS counts to comport with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of race and ethnicity. OMB defines persons of Hispanic or Latino origin as a separate category. Race categories are defined exclusive of Hispanic origin. Not all NPS providers’ information systems categorize race and ethnicity in this way. BJS’ adjusts the NPS data on race and Hispanic origin by the ratio of the relative distribution of prisoners by race and Hispanic origin in self-report inmate surveys that use OMB categories for race to the relative distribution of prisoners by race and Hispanic origin in the NPS data. This ratio is calculated for the year(s) in which BJS has an inmate survey and NPS data. For this report, the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities was used to calculate this ratio. The ratio obtained by comparing the within-year relative distributions by race and Hispanic origin was then multiplied by the NPS distribution in a year to generate the estimate of persons by race and Hispanic origin. 19 Age-specific imprisonment rates for each age-sex-race group were calculated by dividing the estimated number of sentenced prisoners within each age group by the estimated number of U.S. residents in each age group on January 1, 2012. The result was multiplied by 100,000 and rounded to the nearest whole number. Totals by sex include all prisoners and U.S. residents, regardless of race or Hispanic origin. Detailed race and Hispanic origin imprisonment rates exclude person. Estimating offense distribution in the state prison population BJS employs a ratio adjustment method to weight the individual-level race or sex-specific offense data from NCRP to the control totals obtained in the NPS data collection, thereby yielding a national offense distribution for state prisoners. Updated NPS control totals of sentenced state prisoners and racial distributions necessitated the reanalysis of state prison offense data from 2008 and 2009. The updated results for 2008 and 2009 appear in appendix tables 7 through 10. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 Prison capacities State and federal correctional authorities provide three measures of their facilities’ capacity: design capacity, operational capacity, and rated capacity. Estimates of the prison populations as a percentage of capacity are based on a state or federal custody population. In general, state capacity and custody counts exclude inmates held in private facilities, although six states include prisoners held in private facilities as part of the capacity of their prison systems: Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Wisconsin. For these states, prison population as a percent of capacity includes private facilities. 20 Appendix Table 1 Prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities and jurisdiction population change, December 31, 2009, 2010, and 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federala State Alabama Alaskab Arizonac Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutb Delawareb,c Florida Georgia Hawaiib,d Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandb,d South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontb Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2009 1,615,487 208,118 1,407,369 31,874 5,285 40,544 15,208 171,275 22,795 19,716 6,775 103,915 56,986 5,891 7,400 45,161 28,808 8,813 8,641 21,638 39,780 2,206 22,255 11,316 45,478 9,986 21,482 30,563 3,605 4,474 12,482 2,731 25,382 6,363 58,687 39,860 1,486 51,606 24,803 14,403 51,429 3,674 24,288 3,434 26,965 171,249 6,538 2,220 38,059 18,233 6,367 23,165 2,075 2010 1,613,803 209,771 1,404,032 31,764 5,391 40,209 16,204 165,062 22,815 19,321 6,615 104,306 56,432 5,912 7,431 48,418 28,028 9,455 9,051 20,544 39,445 2,154 22,645 11,313 44,165 9,796 21,067 30,623 3,716 4,587 12,653 2,761 25,007 6,763 56,656 40,382 1,487 51,712 26,252 14,876 51,264 3,357 23,578 3,434 27,451 173,649 6,807 2,079 37,638 18,235 6,681 22,729 2,112 2011 1,598,780 216,362 1,382,418 32,270 5,412 40,020 16,108 149,569 21,978 18,324 6,739 103,055 55,944 6,037 7,739 48,427 28,906 9,116 9,327 21,545 39,710 2,145 22,558 11,623 42,940 9,800 21,386 30,833 3,678 4,616 12,778 2,614 23,834 6,998 55,436 39,440 1,423 50,964 25,977 14,510 51,578 3,337 22,914 3,535 28,479 172,224 6,879 2,053 38,130 17,847 6,826 22,654 2,183 Population difference 2009–2010 2010–2011 -1,684 -15,023 1,653 6,591 -3,337 -21,614 -110 506 106 21 -335 -189 996 -96 -6,213 -15,493 20 -837 -395 -997 -160 124 391 -1,251 -554 -488 21 125 31 308 3,257 9 -780 878 642 -339 410 276 -1,094 1,001 -335 265 -52 -9 390 -87 -3 310 -1,313 -1,225 -190 4 -415 319 60 210 111 -38 113 29 171 125 30 -147 -375 -1,173 400 235 -2,031 -1,220 522 -942 1 -64 106 -748 1,449 -275 473 -366 -165 314 -317 -20 -710 -664 0 101 486 1,028 2,400 -1,425 269 72 -141 -26 -421 492 2 -388 314 145 -436 -75 37 71 Percent change 2009–2010 2010–2011 -0.1% -0.9% 0.8% 3.1% -0.2 -1.5 -0.3% 1.6% 2.0 0.4 -0.8 -0.5 6.5 -0.6 -3.6 -9.4 0.1 -3.7 -2.0 -5.2 -2.4 1.9 0.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.9 0.4 2.1 0.4 4.1 7.2 0.0 -2.7 3.1 7.3 -3.6 4.7 3.0 -5.1 4.9 -0.8 0.7 -2.4 -0.4 1.8 -0.4 -0.0 2.7 -2.9 -2.8 -1.9 0.0 -1.9 1.5 0.2 0.7 3.1 -1.0 2.5 0.6 1.4 1.0 1.1 -5.3 -1.5 -4.7 6.3 3.5 -3.5 -2.2 1.3 -2.3 0.1 -4.3 0.2 -1.4 5.8 -1.0 3.3 -2.5 -0.3 0.6 -8.6 -0.6 -2.9 -2.8 0.0 2.9 1.8 3.7 1.4 -0.8 4.1 1.1 -6.4 -1.3 -1.1 1.3 0.0 -2.1 4.9 2.2 -1.9 -0.3 1.8 3.4 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. bPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. cPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts. dCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2009–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 21 Appendix Table 2 Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000, 2009, 2010, and 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federala State Alabama Alaskab Arizonac Arkansas California Coloradod Connecticutb Delawareb,c Florida Georgia Hawaiib,e Idaho Illinoisf Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jerseyf New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohiod Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandb,e South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontb Virginia Washingtond West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2000 1,334,174 125,044 1,209,130 26,034 2,128 25,412 11,851 160,412 16,833 13,155 3,937 71,318 44,141 3,553 5,535 45,281 19,811 7,955 8,344 14,919 35,207 1,635 22,490 9,479 47,718 6,238 19,239 27,519 3,105 3,816 10,063 2,257 29,784 4,666 70,199 27,043 994 45,833 23,181 10,553 36,844 1,966 21,017 2,613 22,166 158,008 5,541 1,313 29,643 14,666 3,795 20,336 1,680 2009 1,553,574 187,886 1,365,688 30,723 2,508 38,529 15,144 170,131 22,795 13,466 3,971 103,915 55,516 4,119 7,400 45,161 28,788 8,813 8,641 20,672 39,780 1,980 21,868 10,070 45,478 9,986 20,768 30,554 3,605 4,392 12,482 2,731 25,382 6,320 58,455 34,863 1,486 51,606 24,396 14,365 51,316 2,220 23,486 3,430 26,965 162,186 6,524 1,724 38,059 18,199 6,313 22,332 2,075 2010 1,552,669 190,641 1,362,028 30,739 2,775 38,423 16,147 164,213 22,815 13,308 3,961 104,306 54,685 3,939 7,431 48,418 28,012 9,388 9,051 19,937 39,444 1,942 22,275 10,027 44,113 9,796 20,366 30,614 3,716 4,498 12,556 2,761 25,007 6,614 56,461 35,436 1,487 51,712 24,514 14,831 51,075 2,086 22,822 3,431 27,451 164,652 6,795 1,649 37,410 18,212 6,642 21,973 2,112 2011 1,537,415 197,050 1,340,365 31,271 2,901 38,370 16,037 149,025 21,978 12,549 4,003 103,055 53,955 3,910 7,739 48,427 28,890 9,057 9,327 20,952 39,709 1,952 22,252 10,316 42,904 9,800 20,585 30,829 3,678 4,511 12,639 2,614 23,834 6,855 55,262 35,102 1,423 50,964 24,024 14,459 51,390 2,065 22,233 3,530 28,479 163,552 6,877 1,598 38,130 17,808 6,803 20,559 2,183 Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010 2010–2011 1.4% -1.0% 3.8% 3.4% 1.1 -1.6 1.5% 1.7% 2.4 4.5 3.8 -0.1 2.8 -0.7 0.2 -9.2 2.8 -3.7 0.1 -5.7 0.1 1.1 3.5 -1.2 1.9 -1.3 0.9 -0.7 2.7 4.1 0.6 0.0 3.1 3.1 1.5 -3.5 0.7 3.0 2.6 5.1 1.0 0.7 1.6 0.5 -0.1 -0.1 0.5 2.9 -0.7 -2.7 4.1 0.0 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.7 1.6 -1.0 1.5 0.3 2.0 0.7 1.8 -5.3 -1.6 -4.7 3.2 3.6 -2.0 -2.1 2.5 -0.9 3.7 -4.3 1.1 -1.4 0.5 -2.0 3.1 -2.5 3.0 0.6 0.5 -1.0 0.7 -2.6 2.5 2.9 1.9 3.7 0.4 -0.7 1.9 1.2 2.1 -3.1 2.1 1.9 2.0 -2.2 5.1 2.4 0.7 -6.4 3.4 2.1 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. aIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. bPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. cPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts. dIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less. eCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities. fIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 22 Appendix Table 3 Imprisonment rate of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, by sex and jurisdiction, December 31, 2010 and 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federalc State Alabama Alaskad Arizonae Arkansas California Coloradof Connecticutd Delawared,e Florida Georgia Hawaiid,g Idaho Illinoish Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusettsi Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jerseyh New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohiof Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandd,g South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontd Virginiah Washingtonf West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 500 61 441 641 386 596 551 438 449 372 438 550 560 288 471 377 431 307 316 457 865 146 383 202 447 184 685 510 374 245 463 210 284 319 291 369 219 448 649 385 401 198 490 418 430 646 243 263 464 268 358 385 373 2010 Male 948 117 835 1,219 672 1,093 1,041 828 814 725 860 1,046 1,070 514 837 721 797 570 592 835 1,659 277 760 400 872 346 1,311 957 659 450 846 394 556 587 577 711 381 846 1,180 718 780 389 947 735 815 1,206 440 503 873 496 648 733 651 Female 66 8 59 96 77 104 78 52 81 36 41 76 72 60 103 45 76 49 43 92 103 21 30 17 37 24 94 80 86 43 72 30 25 57 22 43 53 68 129 58 41 20 57 100 64 95 44 31 69 42 76 42 83 Total 492 63 430 650 400 589 544 394 427 350 440 538 547 283 486 376 442 295 324 478 865 147 380 206 434 183 690 512 367 244 463 198 270 328 283 362 206 441 631 372 402 196 473 426 443 632 242 255 469 259 366 359 383 2011 Male 932 120 815 1,235 687 1,084 1,032 748 773 679 864 1,023 1,040 509 860 720 821 547 605 862 1,662 278 752 406 845 344 1,319 958 651 452 847 375 528 602 560 699 365 833 1,150 693 781 390 916 744 832 1,178 439 484 884 479 661 685 669 Female 65 8 58 99 89 100 73 42 79 37 40 73 74 56 111 44 75 47 47 107 102 21 32 17 38 24 96 84 81 38 71 25 24 59 23 42 43 66 121 57 42 15 54 106 73 94 43 32 68 40 79 37 86 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. aCounts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. bImprisonment rate is the number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Resident population estimates are from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1 of the following year. cJurisdiction counts include inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. dPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. ePrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts. fIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less. gCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities. hIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year. iThe 2010-2011 imprisonment rates include prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of correction in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. See NPS jurisdiction notes. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2010–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 23 Appendix Table 4 Sentenced male prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federalb State Alabama Alaskac Arizonad Arkansas California Coloradoe Connecticutc Delawarec,d Florida Georgia Hawaiic,f Idaho Illinoisg Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusettsh Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jerseyg New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohioe Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc,f South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontc Virginiag Washingtone West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Number of male inmates 2000 2010 2011 1,249,130 1,447,766 1,433,741 116,647 178,792 184,901 1,132,483 1,268,974 1,248,840 24,244 28,358 28,823 2,031 2,509 2,590 23,623 35,050 35,098 11,084 14,988 14,938 149,815 154,450 140,972 15,500 20,763 19,957 12,365 12,638 11,865 3,692 3,769 3,815 67,213 96,956 95,913 41,390 51,073 50,211 3,175 3,528 3,527 5,042 6,621 6,854 42,432 45,496 45,562 18,364 25,507 26,391 7,363 8,627 8,336 7,840 8,428 8,647 13,858 17,901 18,575 32,988 37,036 37,325 1,573 1,801 1,810 21,429 21,365 21,301 9,250 9,525 9,822 45,587 42,244 40,995 5,870 9,158 9,156 17,709 18,935 19,115 25,531 28,156 28,254 2,799 3,291 3,274 3,560 4,101 4,159 9,217 11,592 11,672 2,137 2,560 2,444 28,134 23,871 22,762 4,322 6,021 6,230 66,919 54,269 52,973 25,654 33,302 33,030 940 1,308 1,276 43,025 47,720 47,061 20,787 22,061 21,693 9,959 13,703 13,343 35,266 48,401 48,657 1,902 1,979 1,984 19,716 21,467 20,940 2,413 3,020 3,092 20,797 25,345 26,070 146,374 152,403 151,343 5,180 6,189 6,264 1,269 1,551 1,496 27,658 34,570 35,321 13,658 16,800 16,420 3,508 5,931 6,056 18,977 20,756 19,484 1,524 1,881 1,944 Percent of 2011 sentenced prison population 93.3% 93.8% 93.2 92.2% 89.3 91.5 93.1 94.6 90.8 94.5 95.3 93.1 93.1 90.2 88.6 94.1 91.3 92.0 92.7 88.7 94.0 92.7 95.7 95.2 95.6 93.4 92.9 91.6 89.0 92.2 92.3 93.5 95.5 90.9 95.9 94.1 89.7 92.3 90.3 92.3 94.7 96.1 94.2 87.6 91.5 92.5 91.1 93.6 92.6 92.2 89.0 94.8 89.1 Percent change 2010–2011 Average annual, 2000–2010a 1.3% -1.0% 3.9% 3.4% 1.0 -1.6 1.4% 1.6% 1.9 3.2 3.6 0.1 2.7 -0.3 0.3 -8.7 2.7 -3.9 0.2 -6.1 0.2 1.2 3.3 -1.1 1.9 -1.7 1.0 -0.0 2.5 3.5 0.6 0.1 3.0 3.5 1.4 -3.4 0.7 2.6 2.3 3.8 1.1 0.8 1.2 0.5 -0.0 -0.3 0.3 3.1 -0.7 -3.0 4.0 -0.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.3 1.5 -0.5 1.3 1.4 2.1 0.7 1.6 -4.5 -1.5 -4.6 3.0 3.5 -1.9 -2.4 2.4 -0.8 3.0 -2.4 0.9 -1.4 0.5 -1.7 2.9 -2.6 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.8 -2.5 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.9 0.4 -0.7 1.6 1.2 1.8 -3.5 2.0 2.2 1.9 -2.3 4.8 2.1 0.8 -6.1 1.9 3.3 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. aThe average annual growth rate from 2000 to 2010. bIncludes inmates held in non-secure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison population. dPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts. eIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less. fCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities. gIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year. hThe 2010-2011 counts include prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of correction in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. See NPS Jurisdiction Notes. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 24 Appendix Table 5 Sentenced female prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federalb State Alabama Alaskac Arizonad Arkansas California Coloradoe Connecticutc Delawarec,d Florida Georgia Hawaiic,f Idaho Illinoisg Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusettsh Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jerseyg New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohioe Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc,f South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontc Virginiag Washingtone West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Number of female inmates Percent of 2011 sentenced 2000 2010 2011 prison population 85,044 104,903 103,674 6.7% 8,397 11,849 12,149 6.2% 76,647 93,054 91,525 6.8 1,790 2,381 2,448 7.8% 97 266 311 10.7 1,789 3,373 3,272 8.5 767 1,159 1,099 6.9 10,597 9,763 8,053 5.4 1,333 2,052 2,021 9.2 790 670 684 5.5 245 192 188 4.7 4,105 7,350 7,142 6.9 2,751 3,612 3,744 6.9 378 411 383 9.8 493 810 885 11.4 2,849 2,922 2,865 5.9 1,447 2,505 2,499 8.7 592 761 721 8.0 504 623 680 7.3 1,061 2,036 2,377 11.3 2,219 2,408 2,384 6.0 62 141 142 7.3 1,061 910 951 4.3 229 502 494 4.8 2,131 1,869 1,909 4.4 368 638 644 6.6 1,530 1,431 1,470 7.1 1,988 2,458 2,575 8.4 306 425 404 11.0 256 397 352 7.8 846 964 967 7.7 120 201 170 6.5 1,650 1,136 1,072 4.5 344 593 625 9.1 3,280 2,192 2,289 4.1 1,389 2,134 2,072 5.9 54 179 147 10.3 2,808 3,992 3,903 7.7 2,394 2,453 2,331 9.7 594 1,128 1,116 7.7 1,578 2,674 2,733 5.3 64 107 81 3.9 1,301 1,355 1,293 5.8 200 411 438 12.4 1,369 2,106 2,409 8.5 11,634 12,249 12,209 7.5 361 606 613 8.9 44 98 102 6.4 1,985 2,840 2,809 7.4 1,008 1,412 1,388 7.8 287 711 747 11.0 1,359 1,217 1,075 5.2 156 231 239 10.9 Percent change Average annual, 2000–2010a 1.9% 3.1% 1.8 2.6% 9.2 5.8 3.8 -0.7 3.9 -1.5 -2.2 5.3 2.5 0.8 4.5 0.2 5.0 2.3 1.9 5.9 0.7 7.5 -1.4 7.1 -1.2 5.0 -0.6 1.9 3.0 4.0 1.2 4.7 -3.4 5.0 -3.7 3.9 10.9 3.2 0.2 5.8 4.8 4.7 0.4 6.5 3.9 0.5 4.7 7.3 3.3 3.1 8.2 -1.0 3.6 2010–2011 -1.2% 2.5% -1.6 2.8% 16.9 -3.0 -5.2 -17.5 -1.5 2.1 -2.1 -2.8 3.7 -6.8 9.3 -2.0 -0.2 -5.3 9.1 16.7 -1.0 0.7 4.5 -1.6 2.1 0.9 2.7 4.8 -4.9 -11.3 0.3 -15.4 -5.6 5.4 4.4 -2.9 -17.9 -2.2 -5.0 -1.1 2.2 -24.3 -4.6 6.6 14.4 -0.3 1.2 4.1 -1.1 -1.7 5.1 -11.7 3.5 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional officials. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. aThe average annual growth rate from 2000 to 2010. bIncludes inmates held in nonsecure privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison population. dPrison jurisdiction population based on custody counts. eIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year or less. fCounts include dual jurisdiction cases where the inmate is currently housed in another jurisdiction’s facilities. gIncludes some prisoners sentenced to 1 year. hThe 2010-2011 counts include prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of correction in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. See NPS Jurisdiction Notes. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 25 Appendix Table 6 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction, by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age, December 31, 2011 Age group Totald 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65 or older Totala,b 1,537,415 22,500 190,000 252,100 254,800 212,200 193,200 170,200 118,000 63,200 32,500 26,100 All malea,b 1,433,741 21,600 178,400 234,100 236,700 197,000 178,600 158,100 110,600 59,900 31,100 25,200 Whitec 465,100 4,200 45,900 66,800 67,200 59,500 62,400 60,000 44,200 25,300 15,000 14,100 Male Blackc 555,300 10,600 76,500 91,900 94,900 76,400 67,200 59,000 41,200 21,300 9,200 5,800 Hispanic 331,500 5,600 45,800 62,400 61,900 50,200 38,700 29,500 18,400 9,800 4,900 3,700 All femalesa,b 103,674 900 11,600 18,000 18,100 15,300 14,600 12,200 7,300 3,300 1,400 900 Whitec 51,100 300 5,300 8,800 8,900 7,600 7,200 6,200 3,700 1,700 800 500 Female Blackc 26,000 300 3,000 4,300 4,400 3,700 3,800 3,300 2,000 800 300 200 Hispanic 18,400 200 2,400 3,600 3,500 2,700 2,400 1,700 1,000 500 200 100 aDetail may not sum to total due to rounding. bIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or more races. cExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino orgin. dIncludes persons age 17 or younger. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011; Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2011; National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010; and Survey of Inmates in State and Local Correctional Facilities, 2004. Appendix Table 7 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2008 Offense Total Violent Murderb Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugc Public-orderd Other/unspecifiede All inmates 1,365,409 710,400 166,900 21,100 72,200 90,700 185,600 137,600 36,300 252,200 129,500 44,200 18,200 31,600 28,600 258,000 135,500 9,300 Male 1,270,629 675,900 157,200 18,500 71,200 89,100 177,300 129,300 33,300 225,700 123,000 37,100 16,900 22,700 26,000 232,600 128,100 8,400 Female 94,780 33,500 9,600 2,700 700 1,200 8,100 8,200 3,000 27,000 6,300 7,400 1,400 9,400 2,600 25,900 7,300 1,000 Whitea 469,076 232,700 46,900 8,800 34,400 45,800 41,300 42,600 12,900 111,900 54,700 19,200 7,100 16,300 14,600 69,400 51,300 3,800 Blacka 528,008 280,200 71,500 7,500 22,100 18,500 95,400 52,600 12,700 77,800 43,100 14,400 3,900 9,000 7,400 121,600 45,100 3,300 Hispanic 280,716 152,700 37,000 2,900 9,000 22,700 36,500 35,900 8,700 43,600 22,100 7,000 7,300 3,000 4,100 50,200 32,900 1,400 Note: Counts are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology for estimation method. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2008. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 26 Appendix Table 8 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2009 Offense Total Violent Murderb Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugc Public-orderd Other/unspecifiede All inmates 1,365,688 718,700 167,000 21,400 71,300 90,800 186,000 142,400 39,900 251,200 129,900 45,200 16,600 31,300 28,200 247,900 139,200 8,600 Male 1,272,133 683,700 157,400 18,700 69,700 89,300 178,000 133,700 37,000 224,800 123,700 37,900 15,300 22,300 25,700 224,500 131,300 7,800 Female 93,555 33,700 9,500 2,700 700 1,300 8,200 8,300 3,100 26,900 6,400 7,600 1,200 9,200 2,500 24,600 7,500 900 Whitea 467,290 231,500 46,900 8,600 33,300 44,800 40,700 43,300 13,900 111,000 54,300 19,800 6,500 16,000 14,300 69,200 52,000 3,500 Blacka 525,677 284,600 71,100 7,700 22,200 17,900 96,400 55,100 14,100 77,400 43,300 14,500 3,500 8,700 7,300 114,000 46,600 3,000 Hispanic 287,568 159,800 38,300 3,100 8,900 24,600 37,600 37,500 9,800 43,100 22,600 7,000 6,600 2,900 4,100 49,400 34,000 1,300 Note: Counts are based on state prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding and missing offense data. See Methodology for estimation method. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2009. Appendix Table 9 Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2008 Offense Total Violent Murderb Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugc Public-orderd Other/unspecifiede All inmates 100% 52.0% 12.2 1.5 5.3 6.6 13.6 10.1 2.7 18.5% 9.5 3.2 1.3 2.3 2.1 18.9% 9.9% 0.7% Male 100% 53.2% 12.4 1.5 5.6 7.0 14.0 10.2 2.6 17.8% 9.7 2.9 1.3 1.8 2.0 18.3% 10.1% 0.7% Female 100% 35.3% 10.1 2.8 0.7 1.3 8.5 8.7 3.2 28.5% 6.6 7.8 1.5 9.9 2.7 27.3% 7.7% 1.1% Whitea 100% 49.6% 10.0 1.9 7.3 9.8 8.8 9.1 2.8 23.9% 11.7 4.1 1.5 3.5 3.1 14.8% 10.9% 0.8% Blacka 100% 53.1% 13.5 1.4 4.2 3.5 18.1 10.0 2.4 14.7% 8.2 2.7 0.7 1.7 1.4 23.0% 8.5% 0.6% Hispanic 100% 54.4% 13.2 1.0 3.2 8.1 13.0 12.8 3.1 15.5% 7.9 2.5 2.6 1.1 1.5 17.9% 11.7% 0.5% Note: Counts are used to generate percentages based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may sum add to total due to rounding. See Methodology for estimation method. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2008. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 27 Appendix Table 10 Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2009 Offense Total Violent Murderb Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugc Public-orderd Other/unspecifiede All inmates 100% 52.6% 12.2 1.6 5.2 6.6 13.6 10.4 2.9 18.4% 9.5 3.3 1.2 2.3 2.1 18.2% 10.2% 0.6% Male 100% 53.7% 12.4 1.5 5.5 7.0 14.0 10.5 2.9 17.7% 9.7 3.0 1.2 1.8 2.0 17.6% 10.3% 0.6% Female 100% 36.0% 10.2 2.9 0.7 1.4 8.8 8.9 3.3 28.8% 6.8 8.1 1.3 9.8 2.7 26.3% 8.0% 1.0% Whitea 100% 49.5% 10.0 1.8 7.1 9.6 8.7 9.3 3.0 23.8% 11.6 4.2 1.4 3.4 3.1 14.8% 11.1% 0.7% Blacka 100% 54.1% 13.5 1.5 4.2 3.4 18.3 10.5 2.7 14.7% 8.2 2.8 0.7 1.7 1.4 21.7% 8.9% 0.6% Hispanic 100% 55.6% 13.3 1.1 3.1 8.6 13.1 13.0 3.4 15.0% 7.9 2.4 2.3 1.0 1.4 17.2% 11.8% 0.5% Note: Counts are used to generate percentages based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for estimation method. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2009. Appendix Table 11 Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under state jurisdiction, by offense, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 2010 Offense Total Violent Murderb Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent Property Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property Drugc Public-orderd Other/unspecifiede All inmates 100% 53.2% 12.2 1.6 5.2 6.7 13.6 10.8 3.2 18.3% 9.5 3.4 1.1 2.3 2.0 17.4% 10.5% 0.6% Male 100% 54.3% 12.4 1.5 5.4 7.0 14.0 10.9 3.2 17.6% 9.8 3.0 1.1 1.7 2.0 17.0% 10.6% 0.6% Female 100% 36.6% 10.1 2.9 0.8 1.4 8.9 9.1 3.4 28.9% 7.0 8.5 1.1 9.7 2.6 25.1% 8.4% 1.0% Whitea 100% 49.5% 10.1 1.8 6.9 9.4 8.6 9.5 3.2 23.6% 11.6 4.4 1.3 3.4 3.0 14.8% 11.3% 0.7% Blacka 100% 55.2% 13.5 1.5 4.3 3.3 18.6 11.0 3.0 14.7% 8.3 2.8 0.6 1.6 1.4 20.4% 9.2% 0.5% Hispanic 100% 56.7% 13.4 1.1 3.0 9.1 13.1 13.3 3.7 14.5% 7.8 2.3 2.0 1.0 1.4 16.5% 11.9% 0.4% Note: Counts are used to generate percentages based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for estimation method. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin and persons of two or more races. bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. cIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency offenses, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and other unspecified offense categories. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and National Corrections Reporting Program, 2010. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 28 Appendix Table 12 Estimated percent of sentenced prisoners under federal jurisdiction, by offense, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011 Offense Total Violent Homicidea Robbery Other violent Property Burglary Fraud Other property Drugb Public-order Immigration Weapons Other Other/unspecifiedc 2000 100% 10.4% 1.0 7.4 2.0 7.7% 0.4 5.7 1.6 56.4% 24.5% 10.4 8.2 5.9 1.0% 2010 100% 7.9% 1.5 4.4 2.0 5.4% 0.2 3.9 1.3 52.1% 34.1% 10.6 15.3 8.2 0.6% 2011 100% 7.6% 1.4 4.1 2.0 5.4% 0.2 3.9 1.3 48.0% 35.0% 11.2 15.1 8.7 : Note: Counts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. See Methodology for estimation method. aIncludes murder, negligent, and nonnegligent manslaughter. bIncludes trafficking, possession, and other drug offenses. cIncludes offenses not classified. : Not calculated. 2011 data included individuals commiting drug and public-order crimes that could not be separated from valid records. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 29 Appendix Table 13 Sentenced prisoners admitted and released from state or federal jurisdiction, by type, December 31, 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Alabama Alaskac,g Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutg Delawareg Florida Georgia Hawaiig Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandg South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontg Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 668,800 60,634 608,166 11,387 1,038 13,030 7,059 96,669 9,455 5,881 3,031 33,399 14,877 1,366 3,531 31,167 18,389 4,709 4,954 15,479 16,161 921 9,811 2,856 13,165 7,214 8,410 17,979 2,063 2,410 5,545 1,616 10,110 3,491 23,257 11,523 950 22,150 7,456 5,313 18,175 850 7,323 2,820 14,283 73,444 3,258 2,044 11,140 16,335 3,404 6,411 857 Admissionsa New court commitmentsc Parole violatorsc,d 455,068 205,787 55,817 4,816 399,251 200,971 9,302 1,242 / / 10,409 2,518 5,516 1,543 36,376 60,293 5,133 4,319 4,818 908 2,714 302 32,358 101 13,254 1,623 692 674 3,531 / 20,068 10,908 9,915 8,231 3,747 849 3,831 1,123 11,079 4,400 11,378 4,492 588 333 6,214 3,597 2,504 352 7,232 3,418 4,462 2,752 6,641 1,744 9,416 8,558 1,603 460 2,092 315 4,502 968 789 808 7,515 2,595 2,297 1,194 14,167 9,020 11,011 512 643 306 19,720 2,408 5,099 2,357 3,692 1,405 10,934 6,895 695 155 5,642 1,635 1,247 779 8,906 5,364 49,636 23,422 2,035 1,223 640 1,404 11,011 129 7,368 8,960 1,700 1,207 3,848 2,562 739 118 Total 688,384 55,239 633,145 11,052 911 13,149 7,252 109,467 9,367 6,379 3,600 34,673 15,309 1,404 4,079 31,155 18,422 5,105 4,671 14,571 16,580 1,049 9,829 2,484 14,374 7,734 8,197 17,823 2,101 2,391 5,910 1,881 11,485 3,529 24,460 11,878 1,013 22,899 7,694 4,567 17,698 960 7,912 2,732 14,961 74,544 3,206 2,062 12,345 16,412 3,257 7,825 787 Releasesb Conditional releasesc,e Unconditional releasesc,f 475,188 203,000 649 54,163 474,539 148,837 6,835 4,005 / / 10,193 2,196 6,874 325 95,541 13,676 7,708 1,223 2,611 3,737 3,462 44 11,914 22,440 11,117 4,040 619 306 3,580 488 25,229 5,797 16,533 1,814 3,168 1,723 3,483 1,161 9,878 4,608 14,977 1,426 345 696 8,288 1,484 438 2,018 11,831 1,126 6,686 1,030 6,540 1,282 16,122 1,607 1,802 287 1,533 836 3,730 2,142 1,763 100 5,440 5,875 2,451 1,061 21,560 2,661 3,354 8,463 814 191 10,590 12,183 3,451 4,140 4,327 10 13,425 4,099 333 623 4,466 3,353 2,381 337 10,213 4,698 60,255 12,158 1,816 1,371 1,719 343 10,854 1,365 14,195 2,176 1,680 1,058 7,366 415 542 242 Note: As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. /Not reported. aCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Counts exclude transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Totals include other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bone, and other admissions. See Methodology. bCounts based on prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. Counts exclude transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave (AWOL). Totals include deaths, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. See Methodology. cAlaska did not report type of admission or release. Counts of admission and release types for national and state totals include estimations for Alaska based on previous years’ data. dIncludes all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violations of conditions of release or for new crimes. eIncludes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases. fIncludes expirations of sentence, communtations, and other unconditional releases. gPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. hNot applicable. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 30 Appendix Table 14 Reported state and federal prison capacities and custody populations, December 31, 2011 Jurisdiction Federal Alabamab Alaska Arizona Arkansas Californiab Colorado Connecticut Delawareb Floridac Georgiac Hawaii Idahob,c Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisianac Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michiganb Minnesota Mississippic Missourib Montana Nebraskab Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakotab Ohio Oklahomab Oregon Pennsylvaniab Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakotab Tennessee Texasb Utah Vermont Virginiab Washington West Virginia Wisconsinb,c Wyoming Rated 127,647 … 3,058 37,239 14,041 … … / 5,782 … 60,608 … 7,028 33,703 … … 9,180 13,462 18,843 2,339 … … 44,400 … … … … … / … … 6,192 53,387 … 1,044 / 18,607 … 48,376 3,869 … … 20,623 166,631 … 1,662 32,154 16,282 4,363 … 2,577 Type of capacity measure Operational … 26,339 3,206 42,433 14,041 139,397 14,835 / 5,210 112,768 55,122 3,327 6,677 33,703 30,524 … 9,033 13,462 18,840 2,133 23,981 … 43,680 9,099 24,075 31,331 1,679 3,969 / 2,423 21,640 7,108 54,289 39,066 991 / 18,607 … 48,376 3,654 24,361 3,508 20,177 160,134 6,961 1,662 … 16,979 5,185 … 2,577 Design … 13,403 … 37,239 13,477 84,130 13,784 / 4,161 … … 2,291 7,028 29,794 … 7,794 9,164 13,807 … 2,339 … 8,029 … … … … … 3,175 / 2,190 15,828 7,108 52,738 33,483 1,044 / 18,607 14,362 48,376 3,859 … … … 166,631 7,201 1,322 … 16,979 4,363 17,210 2,221 Custody population 176,228 26,268 3,708 33,492 14,090 147,578 17,559 17,022 6,546 100,861 52,844 3,687 7,470 48,427 24,450 9,115 9,256 11,951 18,844 1,978 22,923 11,467 42,904 9,309 15,390 30,969 1,707 4,657 12,159 2,423 20,755 3,834 55,196 39,662 1,385 47,957 17,724 13,728 48,515 3,032 22,343 3,551 14,684 141,353 5,294 1,531 28,962 17,109 5,149 22,381 1,917 Custody population as a percent of— Highest capacitya Lowest capacitya 138% 138% 100% 196% 116 121 79 90 100 105 106 175 118 127 / / 113 157 89 89 87 96 111 161 106 112 144 163 80 80 117 117 101 102 87 89 100 100 85 93 96 96 143 143 97 98 102 102 64 64 99 99 102 102 117 147 / / 100 111 96 131 54 62 102 105 102 118 133 140 / / 95 95 96 96 100 100 78 83 92 92 101 101 71 73 85 88 74 76 92 116 90 90 101 105 99 118 130 130 74 86 …Not available. Specific type of capacity is not measured by state. /Not reported. State does not report capacity data. aPopulation counts are based on the number of inmates held in custody in facilities operated by the jurisdiction. Excludes inmates held in local jails, other states, or private facilities unless otherwise stated. bState defines capacity in a way that differs from BJS’s definition. See individual NPS jurisdiction notes for details. cPrivate facilities included in capacity and custody counts. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 31 Appendix Table 15 State and federal prisoners held in local jails and private prisons, by jurisdiction, December 31, 2000, 2010, and 2011 Inmates held in local jails Jurisdiction U.S. total Federalb State Alabama Alaskac Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticutc Delawarec Florida Georgia Hawaiic Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermontc Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2000 69,326 2,438 66,888 3,401 / 237 728 2,758 79 / 0 0 3,888 / 450 0 1,187 0 0 3,850 15,599 24 118 457 286 149 3,700 0 548 0 147 14 3,225 0 45 0 38 0 970 7 58 / 421 16 5,204 14,689 1,050 0 2,962 0 796 400 17 2010 83,443 2,661 80,782 1,366 0 0 1,984 2,200 63 0 0 1,293 3,634 0 263 0 1,552 0 0 6,716 20,436 147 180 162 52 536 4,613 0 550 0 88 36 529 0 27 266 68 0 1,905 9 607 0 384 71 7,432 12,990 1,304 0 6,546 614 1,609 543 7 2011 82,058 1,439 80,619 2,148 0 0 883 57 116 0 0 1,267 3,100 0 588 0 1,504 0 1 7,190 20,866 110 151 163 36 562 5,996 0 523 56 100 20 200 0 14 0 55 0 2,088 0 609 0 366 73 8,660 11,906 1,529 0 7,474 386 1,677 136 9 Inmates held in private prisons Percent of total jurisdictional population, 2011 5.1% 0.7% 5.8 6.7% 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 5.5 0.0 7.6 0.0 5.2 0.0 0.0 33.4 52.5 5.1 0.7 1.4 0.1 5.7 28.0 0.0 14.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 8.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.6 2.1 30.4 6.9 22.2 0.0 19.6 2.2 24.6 0.6 0.4 2000 90,815 15,524 75,291 0 1,383 1,430 1,540 4,547 2,099 / 0 3,912 3,746 1,187 1,163 / 991 0 / 1,268 3,065 11 127 / 449 0 3,230 0 986 0 508 0 2,498 2,132 0 330 96 1,918 6,931 0 0 / 13 45 3,510 17,432 208 0 1,571 0 0 4,349 275 2010 127,945 33,830 94,115 1,024 1,598 5,356 0 2,170 4,498 883 0 11,796 5,233 1,931 2,236 0 2,817 0 0 2,127 2,921 0 70 0 0 0 5,241 0 1,502 0 0 0 2,841 2,905 0 208 0 3,038 6,019 0 1,015 0 17 5 5,120 19,155 0 562 1,560 0 0 50 217 2011 130,941 38,546 92,395 545 1,679 6,457 0 697 4,303 855 0 11,827 5,615 1,767 2,332 0 2,952 0 74 2,050 2,951 0 78 0 0 0 4,669 0 1,418 0 0 0 2,887 2,853 0 30 0 3,004 6,026 0 1,195 0 20 11 5,147 18,603 0 522 1,569 0 0 14 245 Percent of total jurisdictional population, 2011 8.2% 17.8% 6.7 1.7% 31.0 16.1 0.0 0.5 19.6 4.7 0.0 11.5 10.0 29.3 30.1 0.0 10.2 0.0 0.8 9.5 7.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.8 0.0 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.1 40.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.9 23.2 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 18.1 10.8 0.0 25.4 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 11.2 Note: As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia are the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. /Not reported. aIncludes prisoners held in the jurisdiction’s own private facilities, as well as private facilities in another state. bIncludes federal prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated facilities (8,770), as well as prisoners on home confinement (2,427). cPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2000–2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 32 Appendix Table 16 Reported number of inmates under age 18 and reported number of non-U.S. citizens held in custody in federal or state prisons, by sex and jurisdiction, December 31, 2011 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federal* State Alabama Alaskaa,b Arizona Arkansas Californiac Coloradod Connecticuta Delawarea Floridae Georgia Hawaiia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marylandd Massachusettsb Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missourid Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New Yorkd North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahomad Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Islanda South Carolina South Dakota Tennesseed Texas Utah Vermonta Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total 1,790 0 1,790 21 0 94 6 0 19 143 11 209 90 0 0 72 35 13 5 0 178 0 39 3 106 5 23 19 0 19 61 0 7 2 182 115 0 59 17 1 43 0 44 0 11 104 1 1 2 1 0 28 1 Inmates under age 18 Male 1,722 0 1,722 21 0 83 6 0 17 138 11 200 87 0 0 71 33 12 4 0 172 0 36 2 106 5 23 19 0 19 60 0 6 1 179 110 0 59 15 1 41 0 44 0 11 97 1 1 2 1 0 27 1 Female 68 0 68 0 0 11 0 0 2 5 0 9 3 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 6 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 5 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Total 102,809 30,544 72,265 184 35 5,336 1,225 16,089 1,783 699 311 10,143 2,957 262 0 2,164 577 304 343 661 123 0 794 1,095 573 562 20 651 9 262 0 72 1,520 202 4,629 1,715 7 576 0 1,665 1,121 47 506 54 271 9,297 429 21 519 2,392 17 0 43 Noncitizen inmates Male 98,471 28,482 69,989 182 32 5,195 1,125 15,719 1,723 675 296 9,783 2,816 243 0 2,103 567 298 338 584 121 0 769 1,042 561 551 19 605 9 256 0 68 1,483 197 4,476 1,669 7 548 0 1,615 1,091 47 486 53 257 9,068 424 18 499 2,314 16 0 41 Female 4,338 2,062 2,276 2 3 141 100 370 60 24 15 360 141 19 0 61 10 6 5 77 2 0 25 53 12 11 1 46 0 6 0 4 37 5 153 46 0 28 0 50 30 0 20 1 14 229 5 3 20 78 1 0 2 Note: The definition of non-U.S. citizen varies across jurisdictions. Please use caution when interpreting these statistics. *The Federal Bureau of Prisons does not house inmates age 17 or younger in federal facilities; 149 such inmates were housed in contract facilities. aPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. bNumber of U.S. citizens based only on inmates who reported their citizenship. cNon-U.S. citizens are defined as inmates held by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE). dNon-U.S. citizens are defined as foreign-born. eIncludes both confirmed and suspected alien inmates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program, 2011. P r i s o n e r s i n 2 011 | D E C e m b e r 2012 33 The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. James P. Lynch is director. This report was written by E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., and William J. Sabol, Ph.D. Alexia Cooper, Margaret Noonan, and Sheri Simmons verified the report. Jill Thomas edited the report, and Barbara Quinn produced the report under the supervision of Doris J. James. December 2012, NCJ 239808 NCJ239808 Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov