Bojs Federal Pretrial Release and Detention 1996
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs %XUHDX RI -XVWLFH 6WDWLVWLFV 6SHFLDO 5HSRUW )HEUXDU\ ìäääñ 1&- ìçåçêè Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 %\ -RKQ 6FDOLD %-6 6WDWLVWLFLDQ 'XULQJ ìääçñ èçñäåë GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVHï $W WKHLU LQLWLDO FRXUW DSSHDUDQFHñ D )HGHUDO MXGJH RU PDJLVWUDWH GHFLGHG ZKHWKHU WKH\ ZHUH WR EH UHOHDVHG RU GHWDLQHG SHQGLQJ DGMXGLFDWLRQ RI WKH FKDUJHVï ,Q PDNLQJ WKH GHFLVLRQ WR UHOHDVH RU GHWDLQ WKH GHIHQGDQWñ WKH )HGHUDO FRXUWV IROORZ WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH %DLO 5HIRUP $FW RI ìäåéï 7KLV DFW DWWHPSWV WR VWULNH D EDODQFH EHWZHHQ WKH SUHVXPSWLRQ RI LQQRFHQFH DQG WKH SRVVLEOH WKUHDWV RI FULPHñ LQWLPLGDWLRQ RI ZLWQHVVHVñ DQG IOLJKW D GHIHQGDQW PLJKW SRVHï 2YHU KDOI RI WKH GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG õêíñééëô ZHUH UHOHDVHG IROORZLQJ WKH LQLWLDO FRXUW DSSHDUDQFHñ SURYLGHG DQ\ FRXUWðLPSRVHG FRQGLWLRQV ZHUH VDWLVð ILHGï $OPRVW WZRðWKLUGV ZHUH UHOHDVHG RQ WKHLU RZQ UHFRJQL]DQFH RU DQ XQVHFXUHG ERQGï $Q DGGLWLRQDO ëìø ZHUH HOLJLEOH IRU UHOHDVH RQ EDLOï 7KH UHPDLQGHU ZHUH UHOHDVHG XQGHU UHVWULFð WLYH FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV WKLUGðSDUW\ VXSHUYLVLRQ RU KRPH GHWHQWLRQï 1HDUO\ KDOI RI GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG õëçñëëëô ZHUH QRW HOLJLEOH IRU UHOHDVH IROORZLQJ WKH LQLWLDO DSSHDUDQFHï $W WKH UHTXHVW RI WKH 8ï6ï DWWRUQH\ñ D VXEVHð TXHQW KHDULQJ ZDV KHOG WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU DQ\ UHOHDVH FRQGLWLRQV ZRXOG UHGXFH WKH WKUHDW RI FULPLQDO DFWLYLW\ E\ +LJKOLJKWV 3HUFHQW RI )HGHUDO GHIHQGDQWV RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG E\ FRXUW SHQGLQJ WULDOñ E\ PRVW VHULRXV RIIHQVHñ ìääç 0RVW VHULRXV RI I HQVH 7RWDO 9LROHQW 3URSHUW\ 'UXJ 5HJXODWRU\ ,PPLJUDWLRQ :HDSRQV íø ëíø éíø 3HUFHQW RI GHI HQGDQWV Z 34% of the 56,982 defendants charged with a Federal offense were ordered detained by the court pending adjudication of the charges. Z Of those defendants released pending trial, 59.7% were released on their own recognizance (21.7%) or on an unsecured bond (38%). Z About a quarter of those released were required to post bail to gain release; however, 61.2% were unable to post bail on the day they were eligible for release. Z Defendants charged with drug (35.5%) or immigration (55.6%) offenses were required to post bail more often than those charged with other offenses. Among those eligible for release, 55% of drug offenders and 92.3% of immigration offenders çíø did not post bail on the day they were eligible for release. Z Defendants charged with violent (49.7%), immigration (47.9%), or drug trafficking (45.7%) offenses were detained by the court for the entire pretrial period at a greater rate than other offenders. Z Defendants with a criminal history were ordered detained at a greater rate than first-time arrestees: 38.4% of defendants with at least one prior arrest were ordered detained compared to 26.7% of first-time arrestees. Z Defendants without established ties to the community were generally more likely to be ordered detained than other defendants: 52.7% of noncitizens, 51.8% of transients, and 63.6% of the homeless were ordered detained. WKH GHIHQGDQWï $ERXW WKUHHðTXDUWHUV õìäñëèéô ZHUH RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG E\ WKH FRXUW IROORZLQJ WKLV KHDULQJï 2I WKRVH GHIHQGDQWV RUGHUHG GHWDLQHGñ éëïêø ZHUH GHWDLQHG EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG D IOLJKW ULVNâ ìíïçø ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG D GDQJHU WR D ZLWQHVVñ MXURUñ RU WKH FRPPXQLW\â DQG éæø ZHUH GHWDLQHG IRU ERWK UHDVRQVï 'HIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG Z LWK )HGHUDO RIIHQVHñ E\ PRVW VHULRXV RIIHQVH FKDUJHGñ ìääç 0RVW VHULRXV RI I HQVH FKDUJHG 9LROHQW 3URSHUW\ 'UXJV 5HJXODWRU\ ,PPLJUDWLRQ :HDSRQV 2WKHU Recommendations to the court While the decision to release or detain a defendant is the UHVSRQVLELOLW\ of the court, pursuant to the Bail Reform Act of 1984, both the U.S. attorneys and the pretrial services officers may make recommendations to the court regarding whether the defendant should be released or detained pending trial. íø ìíø Ordered detained Court decision Release on & Financial Nonfinancial conditions conditions 56,664 34.0% 17.1% 49.0% Pretrial service officer No recommendation Release Financial conditions Nonfinancial conditions Detention 6,564 26,070 8,506 17,564 24,028 30.6% 6.1 11.4 3.6 65.1 9.5% 20.6 51.1 5.7 15.3 59.9% 73.3 37.5 90.7 19.5 U.S. attorney No recommendation Release Financial conditions Nonfinancial conditions Detention 5,512 24,336 8,825 15,511 26,811 10.3% 1.0 1.4 0.7 68.8 26.7% 22.4 58.6 1.8 10.3 63.0% 76.7 40.1 97.5 20.9 Total* éíø )LJXUH ì Table 1. Recommendations by U.S. attorneys and pretrial services officers to release or detain a defendant pending trial, by court decision, 1996 Number êíø Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. officers. In those cases where the courts did not concur with the U.S. During 1996 U.S. attorneys and attorneys’ recommendations, the pretrial services officers recomcourts generally imposed less restricmended detention for nearly half of tive conditions than those recomthose charged (table 1). For about mended. During 1996 the courts 15% of those charged, they recomreleased about 31% of those defenmended that the defendant be released dants for whom the U.S. attorney on bail. The U.S. attorneys and the recommended detention. They pretrial services officers concurred in released without a bail requirement their recommendations to the court 40% of those defendants for whom the about three-quarters of the time (not U.S. attorney recommended bail. shown in a table). Similarly, the courts released more The courts concurred about threethan a third of those defendants for quarters of the time with the recomwhom the pretrial services officer mendations made by the U.S. recommended detention. About 6% of attorneys and the pretrial services those for whom the pretrial services Recommendation ëíø 3HUFHQW RI GHI HQGDQWV FKDUJHG *Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. 2 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 officer recommended release were detained by the court. )HGHUDO SUHWULDO UHOHDVH DQG GHWHQWLRQ SUDFWLFHV During 1996, 56,982 defendants were arraigned before a Federal judicial officer (district court judge or magistrate). The charges filed against 318 of these defendants were dismissed.1 In more than three-quarters of the cases, the defendant was charged with a drug offense (39.3%), a property offense (24.8%), or an immigration offense (14.1%). Few defendants (6.5%) were charged with a violent offense (figure 1). 'HFLVLRQV WR UHOHDVH RU GHWDLQ SHQGLQJ WULDO 2I WKH êæñéìí GHIHQGDQWV HOLJLEOH IRU UHOHDVH IROORZLQJ WKH LQLWLDO DSSHDUDQFH RU D GHWHQWLRQ KHDULQJ & y èäïæø ZHUH UHOHDVHG XQGHU PLQLPDO VXSHUYLVLRQ RU FRXUWðLPSRVHG FRQGLð WLRQV & ëìïæø RQ WKHLU RZQ UHFRJQLð ]DQFH DQG êåø RQ DQ XQVHFXUHG ERQGâ DQG 1 The 318 defendants for whom the charges filed were initially dismissed are excluded from further analyses. y éíïêø ZHUH HOLJLEOH IRU UHOHDVH SURYLGHG FHUWDLQ FRXUWðLPSRVHG FRQGLð WLRQV ZHUH VDWLVILHG & ëèïåø RQ ILQDQð FLDO FRQGLWLRQVñ RU EDLOñ DQG ìéïèø XQGHU UHVWULFWLYH FRQGLWLRQV õILJXUH ëôï Table 2. Type of release decision by U.S. district courts following initial appearance or detention hearing, by most serious offense, 1996 Most serious offense 'HIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK OHVV VHULRXV RIIHQVHV ZHUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR EH UHOHDVHG XQGHU PLQLPDO VXSHUYLVLRQ RU FRQGLWLRQV WKDQ GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK PRUH VHULRXV RIIHQVHVï $W OHDVW WKUHHðTXDUWHUV RI WKH GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK SURSHUW\ RIIHQVHV RU SXEOLFðRUGHU RIIHQVHV RWKHU WKDQ LPPLJUDWLRQ DQG ZHDSRQV RIIHQVHV ZHUH UHOHDVHG RQ HLWKHU WKHLU RZQ UHFRJQL]DQFH RU DQ XQVHFXUHG ERQG õWDEOH ëôï Total b 37,410 21.7% 38.0% 25.8% 10.0% 15.8% 14.5% 1,849 28.7% 28.5% 15.6% 6.7% 8.9% 27.2% Property offenses Fraudulent Other 12,402 9,608 2,794 29.5% 27.3 37.2 49.8% 14.2% 51.7 15.5 43.2 9.6 7.2% 7.9 4.8 7.0% 7.6 4.8 6.5% 5.5 10.0 Drug offenses Trafficking Possession and other 12,486 10,925 13.5% 10.9 35.2% 35.5% 36.3 37.2 16.0% 16.8 19.5% 20.4 15.7% 15.7 32.2 28.2 23.8 10.6 13.1 15.8 Public-order Regulatory Other Immigration Weapons Other 10,512 1,432 9,080 4,160 1,495 3,425 20.4% 31.6 18.6 2.1 18.8 38.6 29.2% 43.4 26.9 12.5 39.4 39.0 30.2% 15.2 32.5 55.6 18.4 10.7 6.9% 9.2 6.5 4.3 10.3 7.5 23.3% 6.0 26.0 51.3 8.1 3.2 20.3% 9.8 22.0 29.9 23.4 11.7 Total Violent offenses :KLOH äñççê GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH HOLJLEOH IRU UHOHDVH RQ EDLOñ çìø RI WKHVH GLG QRW SRVW WKH UHTXLUHG EDLOï 7KRVH GHIHQGDQWV ZKR GLG QRW SRVW WKH UHTXLUHG EDLO ZHUH GHWDLQHG EH\RQG WKH LQLWLDO DSSHDUDQFH RU WKH GHWHQWLRQ KHDULQJñ ZKHUH DSSOLFDEOHï Type of release decision Bail Personal UnDetained, recogbail not Restrictive secured nizance bond Total Released madea conditions 1,561 a Represents defendants unable to post bail on the day of the initial appearance or detention hearing; 20% of those unable to post bail on the first day they were eligible were released within 9 days. b Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1993. Federal pretrial release and detention, 1996 Def endants arraigned at initial court appearance 56,982 Detention hearing ordered 26,222 Release granted Initially dismissed (under conditions) 30,442 318 Personal recognizance 7,188 Unsecured bond 12,242 a Bail 6,519 Restrictiv e conditions only 4,493 Detained by court 19,254 Release granted (under conditions) 6,968 Personal Unsecured recognizance bond 924 1,967 b Bail 3,144 Restrictiv e conditions only 933 Notes: Excludes defendants who were transferred either initially or following a detention hearing. Restrictive conditions include only those defendants released under court-imposed restrictive conditions and do not include defendants released under a combination of restrictive conditions and other forms of pretrial release. a Of those initially released on bail, 66.8% were unable to post bail at the time of the initial appearance. b Of those released on bail following a detention hearing, 49.6% did not post bail on that day. )LJXUH ë Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 3 'HIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK DQ LPPLJUDð WLRQ RIIHQVH ZHUH WKH OHDVW OLNHO\ WR SRVW WKH UHTXLUHG EDLOï 'XULQJ ìääç OHVV WKDQ åø RI GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK DQ LPPLJUDWLRQ RIIHQVH SRVWHG WKH UHTXLUHG EDLO õQRW VKRZQ LQ D WDEOHôï 2I WKH ìäñëèé GHIHQGDQWV IRU ZKRP GHWHQWLRQ ZDV RUGHUHG E\ WKH FRXUW IROORZLQJ D GHWHQWLRQ KHDULQJñ éëïêø ZHUH GHWDLQHG EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG D IOLJKW ULVNñ ìíïçø EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG D GDQJHU WR HLWKHU WKH FRPPXQLW\ RU SURVSHFWLYH ZLWQHVVHV RU MXURUVñ DQG éæø IRU ERWK UHDVRQV õWDEOH êôï 3UHWULDO SUDFWLFHV DFURVV )HGHUDO MXGLFLDO GLVWULFWV 'XULQJ ìääçñ FRXUWV GHWDLQHG êéø RI GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVHï 7KH FRXUWðRUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ UDWH YDULHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ DFURVV WKH äé MXGLFLDO GLVWULFWVï :KLOH WKH FRXUWð RUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ UDWH LQ PRUH WKDQ KDOI RI WKH GLVWULFWV õéå GLVWULFWVô ZDV EHWZHHQ ëíø DQG éíøñ LQ ëí GLVWULFWV Table 3. Reason for court ordered detention, by most serious offense, 1996 Most serious offense Total* Defendants ordered detained pending adjudication Danger to & Risk of Witness Flight and Number flight or juror Community danger 19,254 42.3% 0.6% 10.0% 47.0% Violent offenses 1,826 11.3% 1.3% 22.9% 64.6% Property offenses Fraudulent Other 1,672 1,224 448 55.1% 62.9 33.7 0.5% 0.1 1.8 7.3% 4.3 15.6 37.1% 32.8 48.9 Drug offenses Trafficking Possession and 9,811 9,188 623 34.2% 34.2 34.5 0.5% 0.5 0.2 10.3% 10.3 11.2 55.0% 55.0 54.1 Public-order offenses Regulatory Other Immigration Weapons Other 5,910 268 5,642 3,827 1,002 813 61.9% 48.9 62.5 80.1 14.4 39.1 0.7% 0.8 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.2 6.2% 8.6 6.0 0.5 22.8 11.6 31.3% 41.8 30.8 19.3 61.2 47.1 *Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. 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The following States and territories are not included in the map: Alaska (28.3%), Guam (23.2%), Hawaii (52.0%), Puerto Rico (30.9%), and Virgin Islands (74.9%). Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. )LJXUH ê 4 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 )RU LQVWDQFHñ E\ VWDWXWHñ WKH 8ï6ï DWWRUð QH\ PDNHV GHWHQWLRQ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ WR WKH FRXUWï &RQVHTXHQWO\ñ LQ WKRVH GLVWULFWV ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW FRXUWð RUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ UDWHV & PRUH WKDQ èçø RI GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG & WKH 8ï6ï DWWRUQH\Vñ RQ DYHUDJHñ UHFRPPHQGHG GHWHQWLRQ IRU æìø RI WKH GHIHQGDQWV õVHH DSSHQGL[ $êôï 3HUFHQW RI GHIHQGDQWV RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG E\ 8ï6ï GLVWULFW FRXUWVñ E\ PRVW VHULRXV RIIHQVH FKDUJHGñ ìääç 0RVW VHULRXV RI I HQVH 9LROHQW 3URSHUW\ 'UXJV 5HJXODWRU\ ,PPLJUDWLRQ :HDSRQV 2WKHU ,Q WKRVH GLVWULFWV ZLWK WKH ORZHVW FRXUWð RUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ UDWHV & OHVV WKDQ ìêø & WKH 8ï6ï DWWRUQH\V UHFRPð PHQGHG GHWHQWLRQ IRU OHVV WKDQ D WKLUG RI WKRVH FKDUJHGï 2WKHU IDFWRUV WKDW LQIOXHQFH D GLVWULFW©V FRXUWðRUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ UDWH LQFOXGH & Z the proportion of defendants presumed by statute to be a pretrial risk (see appendix A3) Z the proportion of defendants who were identified as noncitizens. -XGLFLDO GLVWULFWV ZLWK D KLJK SURSRUWLRQ RI GHIHQGDQWV ZKR ZHUH HLWKHU SUHVXPHG WR EH D SUHWULDO ULVN RU LGHQWLð ILHG DV QRQFLWL]HQV JHQHUDOO\ KDG KLJKHU UDWHV RI FRXUWðRUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQï íø ëíø éíø çíø 3HUFHQW RI GHI HQGDQWV RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG E\ WKH FRXUW Note: Includes defendants pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142 (e); does not inlcude defendants detained because they did not post the required bail. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. )LJXUH é )RU H[DPSOHñ LQ WKRVH MXGLFLDO GLVWULFWV ZKHUH & &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI GHIHQGDQWV GHWDLQHG IROORZLQJ D )HGHUDO GHWHQWLRQ KHDULQJ y PRUH WKDQ D WKLUG RI WKH GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH SUHVXPHG WR EH D SUHWULDO ULVNñ WKH $ GHWHQWLRQ KHDULQJ LV KHOG WR GHWHUð DYHUDJH UDWH RI FRXUWðRUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ PLQH ZKHWKHU DQ\ FRQGLWLRQñ RU FRPELð ZDV éêø QDWLRQ RI FRQGLWLRQVñ ZRXOG DVVXUH WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH GHIHQGDQW DW WULDO y PRUH WKDQ KDOI RI WKH GHIHQGDQWV DQG WKH VDIHW\ RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG ZHUH QRQFLWL]HQVñ WKH DYHUDJH UDWH RI SURVSHFWLYH ZLWQHVVHVï $ 8ï6ï DWWRUQH\ FRXUWðRUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ ZDV èíøï FDQ UHTXHVW GHWHQWLRQ LI WKH GHIHQGDQW ZDV FKDUJHG ZLWK & 3UHWULDO UHOHDVH DQG GHWHQWLRQ LQ WKH )HGHUDO FULPLQDO MXVWLFH V\VWHP Bail has traditionally been used to ensure an accused person’s appearance at trial. Under a bail system, a person accused of a crime remains free pending trial by posting security property or money to ensure he or she will stand trial and submit to a sentence if found guilty. If the defendant fails to appear at trial, the posted security or bail is forfeited. If the defendant does not post bail, the defendant is detained pending adjudication of the charges. Pretrial release of criminal defendants y furthers the presumption of innocence by avoiding unduly detention y permits a defendant to more fully assist in the preparation of a defense y reduces the possibility that the defendant might be incarcerated for a longer period than would otherwise be appropriate for the offense committed. Prior to 1966 the Federal courts relied almost exclusively on bail to ensure a defendant’s appearance at trial. In 1966 Congress, in an effort to reform Federal bail practices, de-emphasized the use of bail. The Bail Reform Act of 1966 required the courts to release any defendant charged with a noncapital offense on his or her own recognizance or on an unsecured appearance bond unless the court determined that the defendant would fail to appear for trial under such minimal supervision.a a H.R. REP. 1541, 89th Cong. 2nd Sess. (1966). In cases where the defendant could not be released under minimal supervision, the court could impose other conditions such as third-party supervision, limited travel and association, bail, and/or any other condition deemed necessary by the court to assure the defendant’s appearance at trial. The decision to release or detain a defendant pending adjudication of the charges has traditionally been predicated on the likelihood of the defendant’s appearance at trial. Bail reform legislation enacted during 1984, expanded the courts’ consideration of factors when deciding whether to grant pretrial release.b b S. REP. No. 225, 98th Cong. 1st Sess. (1984). Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 5 Z a crime of violence Z an offense for which the maximum sentence is life imprisonment or death Percent of defendants ordered detained by U.S. district courts, by number of prior arrests, 1996 Z a drug offense for which the maximum sentence is 10 years or more imprisonment Number of prior arrests No prior arrests Z any felony if the defendant had been convicted on two or more occasions 1 Z those offenses described above or similar State-level offenses. 2 to 4 5 or more Regardless of the U.S. attorney’s recommendation, the court can order a detention hearing if there is a serious risk that the defendant will attempt to avoid prosecution by fleeing or the defendant will attempt to obstruct justice or intimidate prospective witnesses or jurors. 2 Statutorily prescribed factors Federal law requires judicial officers (district court judges and magistrates) to consider certain factors when making pretrial detention decisions. The factors identified by statute are & y the nature and circumstances of the offense charged y the weight of the evidence y the financial resources 2 0% 20% 40% 60% Percent of def endants ordered detained by court Note: Includes defendants pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142 (e); does not inlcude defendants detained because they did not to post the required bail. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S, Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. Figure 5 y character and mental condition of that the defendant’s release would pose.3 the defendant y family ties y employment status Community safety includes the risk y community ties and length of that the defendant would continue residency in the community to engage in other criminal activity y record of appearance at court regardless of whether physical violence proceedings was involved,4 including the risk that y prior criminal convictions the defendant would continue to y whether at the time of the current distribute controlled substances.5 offense the defendant was under 3 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f). criminal justice supervision 4 See, U.S. v. Provenzano, 605 F.2d 85 (3rd. y the nature and seriousness of the Cir. 1979). 5 danger to the community or any person S. Rep. No. 225, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. (1983); See, also, U.S. v. Hawkins, 617 F.2d 59 (5th Cir. 1980) cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 (1980); U.S. v. Cook, 880 F. 2d 1158 (10th Cir. 1989); U.S. v. Strong, 775 F.2d 504 (3rd Cir. 1985). 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g). Pretrial release and detention in the Federal criminal justice system (cont.) y if the defendant poses either a risk of flight or a threat to the community, the court could release the defendant pending trial under conditions that mitigate the risks posed y the court could detain the defendant pending trial if it is determined that the defendant poses a risk of flight or is a danger to another person or the community and that no condition, or combination of conditions, would mitigate those risks.d The Bail Reform Act of 1984 expanded the authority of the courts to regulate pretrial release for reasons such as protecting the community and specific individuals particularly prospective witnesses and jurors from defendants considered too dangerous to be released.c As a result, the Bail Reform Act of 1984 created a three-tiered approach toward pretrial release y consistent with the existing policy, the 1984 act required the pretrial release of defendants who do not pose a risk of flight or a danger to another person or the community c 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g)(4). At a detention hearing (typically held within 3 to 5 days of the defendant’s arrest), the Bail Reform Act of 1984 requires the Government to prove by d 18 U.S.C. § 3142(a). 6 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 clear and convincing evidence that no condition(s) of release would reasonably ensure that the defendant would appear for trial and not pose a risk to the community.e If the defendant is a violent recidivist or is accused of committing the current offense while carrying a firearm or while on pretrial release for another offense, the statute presumes the defendant to pose a pretrial risk. That defendant is presumptively detained and bears the burden to show why he should be released.f e 19 U.S.C. § 3142(f). 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e). f 2IIHQVH FKDUJHG %\ FRQWUDVWñ GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK SURSHUW\ RU UHJXODWRU\ RIIHQVHV ZHUH OHVV OLNHO\ WR EH GHWDLQHG & IHZHU WKDQ ì LQ çï *HQHUDOO\ñ WKRVH GHIHQGDQWV ZKR ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG DV D IOLJKW ULVN ZHUH RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG EHFDXVH WKH FRXUWV FRQVLGHUHG WKHP WR SRVH D IOLJKW ULVNï 7KH OLNHOLKRRG RI EHLQJ RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG YDULHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ ZLWK WKH RIIHQVH FKDUJHGï &RQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH VWDWXWRU\ JXLGHOLQHVñ GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK PRUH VHULRXV RIIHQVHV & VXFK DV YLROHQW DQG GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ RIIHQVHV & ZHUH DPRQJ WKH PRVW OLNHO\ WR EH GHWDLQHGï 'XULQJ ìääçñ éäïæø 'HIHQGDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK D YLROHQW RIIHQVH DQG éèïæø RI WKRVH FKDUJHG &ULPLQDO KLVWRU\ ZLWK D GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ RIIHQVH ZHUH GHWDLQHG E\ WKH FRXUW õILJXUH êôï 1HDUO\ WZRðWKLUGV RI GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVH GXULQJ $GGLWLRQDOO\ñ éíïìø RI GHIHQGDQWV ìääç KDG EHHQ DUUHVWHG DW OHDVW RQFH FKDUJHG ZLWK D ZHDSRQV RIIHQVH ZHUH SULRU WR WKH FXUUHQW RIIHQVHâ KDOI KDG GHWDLQHG EHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ FRQYLFWHGâ DQG DERXW D WKLUG ZHUH XQGHU VRPH IRUP RI FULPLQDO :KLOH LQ PRUH WKDQ KDOI RI WKH FDVHV MXVWLFH VXSHUYLVLRQ DW WKH WLPH RI WKH WKH FRXUW FLWHG ERWK IOLJKW DQG GDQJHU WR RIIHQVH õWDEOH éôï 2I WKRVH GHIHQGDQWV WKH FRPPXQLW\ DV WKH UHDVRQV IRU WKH ZLWK DW OHDVW RQH SULRU DUUHVWñ ææïêø GHWHQWLRQ GHFLVLRQñ GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG KDG EHHQ DUUHVWHG RQ PRUH WKDQ RQH ZLWK YLROHQWñ GUXJñ RU ZHDSRQV RIIHQVHV RFFDVLRQã êêïäøñ WZR WR IRXU WLPHV DQG ZHUH JHQHUDOO\ PRUH OLNHO\ WKDQ RWKHU éêïéøñ ILYH RU PRUH WLPHVï GHIHQGDQWV WR EH GHWDLQHG VROHO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH D GDQJHU WR HLWKHU 7KH FRXUWðRUGHUHG GHWHQWLRQ UDWH YDULHG WKH FRPPXQLW\ RU SURVSHFWLYH FRQVLGHUDEO\ ZLWK WKH GHIHQGDQW©V ZLWQHVVHV RU MXURUVï $ERXW D TXDUWHU FULPLQDO KLVWRU\ï 'HIHQGDQWV ZLWK D RI WKRVH FKDUJHG ZLWK D YLROHQW RU KLVWRU\ RI FULPLQDO PLVFRQGXFW ZHUH ZHDSRQV RIIHQVH DQG ìíïæø RI WKRVH RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG DW D KLJKHU UDWH WKDQ FKDUJHG ZLWK D GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ RIIHQVH ILUVWðWLPH DUUHVWHHVï 'XULQJ ìääçñ ZHUH RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG VROHO\ IRU WKLV êåïéø RI GHIHQGDQWV ZLWK DW OHDVW RQH UHDVRQï SULRU DUUHVW ZHUH RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG E\ WKH FRXUW FRPSDUHG WR ëçïæø RI ILUVWð 'HIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK LPPLJUDWLRQ WLPH DUUHVWHHVï 7KH OLNHOLKRRG RI EHLQJ RIIHQVHV ZHUH GHWDLQHG DW D UDWH GHWDLQHG LQFUHDVHG ZLWK WKH QXPEHU RI FRPSDUDEOH WR YLROHQWñ ZHDSRQVñ DQG SULRU DUUHVWVã ëçïäø RI GHIHQGDQWV ZLWK GUXJ RIIHQGHUVï 'XULQJ ìääçñ éæïäø RI RQH SULRU DUUHVW ZHUH GHWDLQHG LPPLJUDWLRQ RIIHQGHUV ZHUH GHWDLQHG FRPSDUHG WR êéïìø RI WKRVH ZLWK WZR õILJXUH éôï 7KH FRXUWV FRQVLGHUHG WR IRXU SULRU DUUHVWV DQG éæïäø RI WKHVH GHIHQGDQWV & JHQHUDOO\ QRQFLWLð WKRVH ZLWK ILYH RU PRUH SULRU DUUHVWV ]HQV & WR SRVH D JUHDWHU ULVN RI SUHWULDO õILJXUH èôï IOLJKW WKDQ RWKHU GHIHQGDQWVï $OPRVW DOO õääïéøô LPPLJUDWLRQ RIIHQGHUV ZKR 'HIHQGDQWV ZLWK D KLVWRU\ RI FRPPLWWLQJ ZHUH GHWDLQHG ZHUH GHWDLQHG EHFDXVH PRUH VHULRXV RIIHQVHV ZHUH GHWDLQHG WKH FRXUW FRQVLGHUHG WKHP D IOLJKW ULVN DW D JUHDWHU UDWH WKDQ WKRVH ZLWK D & åíïìø VROHO\ EHFDXVH WKH GHIHQGDQW KLVWRU\ RI OHVV VHULRXV RIIHQVHV & ZDV D IOLJKW ULVN DQG ìäïêø EHFDXVH WKH GHIHQGDQW ZDV ERWK D IOLJKW ULVN DQG y éæïêø RI GHIHQGDQWV SUHYLRXVO\ FRQYLFWHG RI D IHORQ\ ZHUH GHWDLQHG D GDQJHU WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ õWDEOH êôï FRPSDUHG WR ëèïäø RI WKRVH SUHYLRXVO\ FRQYLFWHG RI D PLVGHPHDQRU y èéø RI GHIHQGDQWV SUHYLRXVO\ FRQYLFWHG RI D YLROHQW IHORQ\ ZHUH GHWDLQHG FRPSDUHG WR éåïìø RI WKRVH SUHYLRXVO\ FRQYLFWHG RI D GUXJ IHORQ\ DQG êêïêø RI WKRVH FRQYLFWHG RI RWKHU IHORQ\ RIIHQVHV õWDEOH éôï 'HIHQGDQWV ZKR ZHUH RQ SDUROH DW WKH WLPH RI WKH FXUUHQW RIIHQVH ZHUH DPRQJ WKH PRVW OLNHO\ WR EH GHQLHG EDLOï 'XULQJ ìääçñ èåïèø RI SDUROHHV ZHUH GHWDLQHG FRPSDUHG WR êåïçø RI WKRVH Table 4: Defendants ordered detained by U.S. district courts, by selected criminal history characteristics, 1996 Characteristic Defendants in U.S. district court Percent orNumber dered detained Total* 56,664 34.0% Number of prior arrests No prior arrests 1 2 to 4 5 or more 21,487 7,991 11,909 15,277 26.7% 26.9 34.1 47.9 Number of prior convictions No prior convictions 28,326 1 9,100 2 to 4 11,637 5 or more 7,601 27.3% 32.5 41.0 49.7 Nature of prior convictions No prior convictions 28,326 Misdemeanor only 8,814 Felony 19,524 Violent 7,998 Drug 7,244 Other 4,282 27.3% 25.9 47.3 54.0 48.1 33.3 Criminal justice status at arrest Not under supervision 39,015 Pretrial release 3,219 2,853 Probation Parole/supervised release 1,871 9,705 Other 28.4% 39.4 38.6 58.5 48.6 *Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 7 DUUHVWHG ZKLOH RQ SUREDWLRQñ êäïéø RI WKRVH DUUHVWHG ZKLOH RQ SUHWULDO UHOHDVHñ DQG ëåïéø RI WKRVH QRW XQGHU FULPLQDO MXVWLFH VXSHUYLVLRQ DW WKH WLPH RI WKH RIIHQVHï +LVWRU\ RI SUHWULDO PLVFRQGXFW $SSUR[LPDWHO\ ëëø RI GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVH GXULQJ ìääç DQG ZKR KDG SUHYLRXVO\ EHHQ DUUHVWHG KDG D KLVWRU\ RI VLJQLILFDQW SUHWULDO PLVFRQGXFWâ ìäïäø KDG SUHYLRXVO\ IDLOHG WR PDNH D VFKHGXOHG FRXUW DSSHDUDQFH DQG êïçø KDG SUHYLð RXVO\ EHHQ UHðDUUHVWHG ZKLOH DZDLWLQJ WULDOï $ERXW KDOI RI WKH GHIHQGDQWV ZLWK D KLVWRU\ RI SUHWULDO PLVFRQGXFW ZHUH GHWDLQHG E\ WKH FRXUWã éåïèø RI WKRVH ZLWK D KLVWRU\ RI IDLOLQJ WR DSSHDU DQG éìïèø RI WKRVH ZKR KDG EHHQ UHðDUUHVWHG ZKLOH DZDLWLQJ WULDOï &RPPXQLW\ WLHV $ERXW KDOI RI WKH GHIHQGDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVH GXULQJ ìääç OLYHG LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ LQ ZKLFK WKH\ ZHUH DUUHVWHG IRU DW OHDVW ì \HDUï $ERXW ì LQ è OLYHG LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ IRU OHVV WKDQ êí GD\V õWDEOH èôï 'HIHQð GDQWV ZLWKRXW HVWDEOLVKHG WLHV WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ ZHUH GHWDLQHG PRUH RIWHQ WKDQ GHIHQGDQWV ZLWK PRUH HVWDEOLVKHG WLHV WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ï 'HIHQGDQWV LGHQWLILHG DV ûWUDQVLHQWVû & OLYLQJ LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ IRU OHVV WKDQ êí GD\V & ZHUH GHWDLQHG QHDUO\ ë WLPHV PRUH RIWHQ WKDQ WKRVH ZKR UHSRUWHG OLYLQJ LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ IRU DW OHDVW è \HDUVï 'XULQJ ìääçñ èìïåø RI WUDQVLHQWV ZHUH GHWDLQHG FRPSDUHG WR ëæïêø RI WKRVH OLYLQJ LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ IRU DW OHDVW è \HDUVï 1HDUO\ D WKLUG RI WKRVH FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVH GXULQJ ìääç ZHUH LGHQWLILHG DV QRQFLWL]HQVï 1RQFLWL]HQV ZHUH GHWDLQHG DERXW WZLFH DV RIWHQ DV 8ï6ï FLWL]HQVã èëïæø RI QRQFLWL]HQV ZHUH GHQLHG EDLO FRPSDUHG WR ëèïäø RI FLWL]HQVï $ERXW WZRðWKLUGV õçåïêøô RI WKH QRQFLWL]HQV GHWDLQHG ZHUH GHWDLQHG VROHO\ EHFDXVH WKH FRXUW FRQVLGHUHG WKHP WR EH D IOLJKW ULVNâ ìïæø EHFDXVH WKH FRXUW FRQVLGHUHG WKHP WR EH D GDQJHU WR HLWKHU WKH FRPPXQLW\ RU SURVSHFWLYH ZLWQHVVHV RU MXURUVâ DQG êíø IRU ERWK UHDVRQV õQRW VKRZQ LQ D WDEOHôï Table 5. Defendants ordered detained by U.S. district courts, by community ties, 1996 Characteristic Defendants in U.S. district court Percent ordered Number detained Total* 56,664 34.0% Citizenship U.S. citizen Noncitizen 38,158 15,872 25.9% 52.7 Residence status Own Renting No contribution Homeless Other 10,254 18,963 11,256 634 5,109 16.5% 30.9 38.2 63.6 40.8 Time in area Transient Less than 1 year 1 to 3 years 3 to 5 years More than 5 years 8,468 13,613 6,669 2,769 13,226 51.8% 37.0 31.5 29.7 27.3 Marital status Single 17,730 Married 16,273 Common-law 4,142 Previously married 9,341 36.2% 25.8 40.5 28.5 Employment status Employed 26,362 Unemployed 21,139 25.3% 39.1 *Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. 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Defendants ordered detained by U.S. district courts, by selected demographic characteristics, 1996 Characteristic Total* Defendants in U.S. district court Percent ordered Number detained 56,664 34.0% Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Other 18,871 14,495 20,042 2,788 19.3% 35.9 46.7 32.8 Sex Male Female 47,683 8,909 37.3% 16.2 Education Less than high school High school Some college College graduate 18,620 13,894 9,463 4,068 40.5% 29.3 22.1 14.6 Age Under 21 years 2,803 21-30 years 18,828 31-40 years 14,596 41 years or older 10,976 40.3% 43.3 41.0 31.5 *Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file 1996. y æåø EHFDXVH WKH FXUUHQW RIIHQVH ZDV D VHULRXV GUXJ RIIHQVH RU EHFDXVH WKH GHIHQGDQW ZDV FKDUJHG DV D IHORQ LQ SRVVHVVLRQ RI D ILUHDUP y ëëø EHFDXVH DQ RIIHQVH ZDV FRPPLWWHG ZKLOH WKH GHIHQGDQW ZDV RQ SUHWULDO UHOHDVH IRU DQRWKHU RIIHQVHñ WKH RIIHQVH ZDV FRPPLWWHG ZLWKLQ è \HDUV RI D SUHYLRXV FRQYLFWLRQ RU UHOHDVH IURP SULVRQâ DQG WKH GHIHQGDQW KDG SUHYLRXVO\ EHHQ FRQYLFWHG RI D VHULRXV RIIHQVH õQRW VKRZQ LQ D WDEOHôï Percent of defendants w ith a prior arrest, by number of prior arrests and race and ethnicity, 1996 2I WKRVH GHIHQGDQWV SUHVXPHG WR SRVH D SUHWULDO ULVNñ åèø ZHUH RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG E\ WKH FRXUW IROORZLQJ WKH GHWHQWLRQ KHDULQJ õQRW VKRZQ LQ D WDEOHôï Race/ethnicity 'HPRJUDSKLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 1 2 to 4 6 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e). 5 or more prior arrests White Black Hispanic Other 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Percent of defendants Note: Includes defendants pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142 (e); does not include defendants detained because they did not post the required bail. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. 7KH SURSRUWLRQ RI GHIHQGDQWV RUGHUHG GHWDLQHG GXULQJ ìääç YDULHG DFURVV UDFLDO DQG HWKQLF JURXSVï :LWKRXW FRQVLGHULQJ DQ\ RWKHU GHIHQGDQW RU RIIHQVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVñ QRQZKLWH GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH GHWDLQHG DW D KLJKHU UDWH WKDQ ZKLWH GHIHQGDQWVã éçïæø RI +LVSDQLF GHIHQGDQWVñ êèïäø RI EODFN GHIHQGDQWVñ DQG êëïåø RI RWKHU QRQZKLWH GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH GHWDLQHG E\ WKH FRXUW FRPSDUHG WR ìäïêø RI ZKLWH GHIHQGDQWV õWDEOH çôï )LJXUH ç Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 9 <RXQJHU GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH PRUH OLNHO\ WKDQ ROGHU GHIHQGDQWV WR EH GHWDLQHGï $ERXW éíø RI WKRVH XQGHU WKH DJH RI éí ZHUH GHWDLQHG FRPSDUHG WR êìïèø RI WKRVH RYHU éíï $GGLWLRQDOO\ñ WKH OLNHOLKRRG WKDW WKH GHIHQGDQW ZRXOG EH GHWDLQHG GHFUHDVHG DV WKH GHIHQGDQW©V HGXFDWLRQDO OHYHO LQFUHDVHGã éíïèø RI GHIHQGDQWV ZLWKRXW D KLJK VFKRRO HGXFDWLRQ ZHUH GHWDLQHG FRPSDUHG WR ëäïêø RI WKRVH ZLWK D KLJK VFKRRO HGXFDWLRQ õRU HTXLYDOHQWôñ ëëïìø RI WKRVH ZLWK VRPH FROOHJHâ DQG ìéïçø RI WKRVH ZLWK D FROOHJH GHJUHHï Percent of defendants w ith a prior felony conv iction, by type of felony offense charged and race and ethnicity, 1996 Race/ethnicity Drug Violent Other White Black Hispanic Other 0% 10% 20% 7KH GHWHQWLRQ UDWH IRU VSHFLILF UDFLDOîHWKQLF JURXSV ZDV LQIOXHQFHG E\ IDFWRUV WKH FRXUWV ZHUH UHTXLUHGñ E\ VWDWXWHñ WR FRQVLGHUï ,Q JHQHUDOñ PLQRULW\ GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKHVH VWDWXWRU\ IDFWRUV WKDQ ZKLWH GHIHQGDQWVï )RU H[DPSOHñ WKH UHODWLYHO\ KLJK GHWHQWLRQ UDWH IRU +LVSDQLF GHIHQGDQWV ZDV DWWULEð XWDEOHñ LQ SDUWñ WR WKH KLJK SURSRUWLRQ õçäïåøô RI +LVSDQLFV ZKR ZHUH LGHQWLð ILHG DV QRQFLWL]HQV õQRW VKRZQ LQ WDEOHôï $GGLWLRQDOO\ñ çéïëø RI +LVSDQLFV FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVH GXULQJ ìääç OLYHG LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ IRU OHVV WKDQ ì \HDU DW WKH WLPH RI WKH DUUHVWï Total* 50% )LJXUH æ &RPSDUHG WR ZKLWH GHIHQGDQWVñ D JUHDWHU SURSRUWLRQ RI EODFN DQG +LVSDQð LF GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH FKDUJHG ZLWK D GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ RIIHQVHã éêïçø RI EODFN GHIHQGDQWV DQG éëïèø RI +LVSDQLF GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH FKDUJHG ZLWK D GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ RIIHQVH FRPSDUHG WR ëèïèø RI ZKLWH GHIHQGDQWV õWDEOH æôï :KLWH GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR EH FKDUJHG ZLWK SURSHUW\ RU UHJXODWRU\ RIIHQVHVã éêïëø RI ZKLWH GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH FKDUJHG ZLWK D SURSHUW\ RIIHQVH RU D UHJXODWRU\ RIIHQVH FRPSDUHG WR Defendants charged in U.S. district court Percent Race/ethnicity Total White Black Hispanic Other Number 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 56,664 100.0% 3,672 6.5% 7.4% 8.3% 1.9% 24.3% Property offenses Fraudulent Other 14,046 10,807 3,239 24.8% 19.1 5.7 38.1% 30.1 8.0 26.8% 19.2 7.6 9.7% 7.9 1.8 32.9% 24.6 8.3 Drug offenses Trafficking Possession and other 22,288 20,107 2,181 39.4% 35.5 3.8 29.4% 25.5 3.9 47.9% 43.6 4.3 46.3% 42.5 3.8 15.5% 13.8 1.7 Public-order offenses Regulatory Other Immigration Weapons Other 31,100 1,696 14,702 7,972 2,496 4,234 29.0% 3.0 26.0 14.1 4.4 7.5 24.7% 5.1 19.6 1.5 5.4 12.7 16.8% 1.9 14.9 1.9 7.0 6.0 42.1% 1.8 40.3 35.7 1.7 2.9 26.0% 3.0 23.0 8.5 4.6 10.3 Violent offenses 40% Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. Table 7. Defendants charged in U.S. district court, by most serious offense and race and ethnicity, 1996 Characteristic 30% Percent of defendants *Includes defendants for whom specific characteristics are unknown. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file 1996. 10 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 ëåïæø RI EODFN GHIHQGDQWV DQG ììïèø RI +LVSDQLF GHIHQGDQWVï %ODFN GHIHQGDQWV JHQHUDOO\ KDG PRUH H[WHQVLYH FULPLQDO KLVWRULHV WKDQ ZKLWH RU +LVSDQLF GHIHQGDQWVï 7KUHHð TXDUWHUV RI EODFN GHIHQGDQWV KDG EHHQ DUUHVWHG RQ DW OHDVW RQH SULRU RFFDVLRQ FRPSDUHG WR çíïèø RI ZKLWHV DQG èçïçø RI +LVSDQLFV õILJXUH çôï 2I WKRVH GHIHQGDQWV ZKR KDG EHHQ DUUHVWHG RQ DW OHDVW RQH SULRU RFFDVLRQñ êåïäø RI EODFN GHIHQGDQWV KDG EHHQ DUUHVWHG DW OHDVW ILYH WLPHV FRPSDUHG WR ëêïìø RI +LVSDQLFVñ ëéø RI ZKLWHVñ DQG ìèø RI RWKHU QRQZKLWH GHIHQGDQWVï )RUW\ðVL[ SHUFHQW RI WKH EODFN GHIHQð GDQWV FKDUJHG ZLWK D )HGHUDO RIIHQVH GXULQJ ìääç KDG EHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ FRQYLFWHG RI D IHORQ\ï 0RVW õåëïéøô RI WKHVH SULRU IHORQ\ FRQYLFWLRQV ZHUH IRU HLWKHU D YLROHQW õéäïçøô RU GUXJ õêëïåøô RIIHQVH õILJXUH æôï %\ FRQWUDVWñ IHZHU WKDQ ì LQ ê GHIHQGDQWV RI RWKHU UDFLDO RU HWKQLF JURXSV KDG SUHYLRXVO\ EHHQ FRQYLFWHG RI D IHORQ\ï %ODFN DQG +LVSDQLF GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH DOVR PRUH OLNHO\ WKDQ ZKLWHV WR PHHW WKH VWDWXWRU\ FULWHULD IRU SUHVXPSWLYH GHWHQWLRQï 'XULQJ ìääçñ ëíïäø RI EODFN GHIHQGDQWV DQG ìèïäø RI +LVSDQLF GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH SUHVXPHG WR SRVH D SUHWULDO ULVNï %\ FRQWUDVWñ ìíïçø RI RWKHU QRQZKLWH GHIHQGDQWV DQG åïèø RI ZKLWH GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH SUHVXPHG WR SRVH D SUHWULDO ULVN õQRW VKRZQ LQ D WDEOHôï Methodology The offense categories used in this report are based primarily on the Data Sources offense codes established by the Administrative Office of the U.S. The source of the data for tables that Courts. The Compendium of Federal describe Federal defendants is the BJS Justice Statistics provides a detailed description of the United States CrimiFederal Justice Statistics Program nal Code titles and sections included in (FJSP) database (ICPSR 9296). The each offense category. FJSP database is presently constructed from source files provided by the The forms of pretrial release reported Executive Office for the United States are reported as mutually exclusive Attorneys, the Administrative Office categories. In practice, however, a of the U.S. Courts, the United States single defendant may be release on Sentencing Commission, and the more than one form, or condition, of Federal Bureau of Prisons. The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts pretrial release. For example, a defendant released on his or her own also maintains data collected by the recognizance may also be required Federal pretrial services agencies. to submit to periodic drug testing while on release. Where a defendant was The pretrial services agency data released on multiple forms of release, describes defendants charged with a the form of release selected for Federal offense and interviewed and investigated by Federal pretrial service reporting purposes was selected according to the following hierarchy: officers. Data tabulations, except personal recognizance, unsecured where otherwise indicated, were prepared from BJS or contractor analy- bond, bail, restrictive conditions only. sis of the source agency datasets. Unlike other BJS publications describ(Because the District of Columbia ing the Federal criminal justice system, operates its pretrial services agency separate from the Administrative Office this report describes pretrial release of the U.S. Courts, data describing de- and detention decisions made by the fendants prosecuted in the U.S. district court either initially & at initial appearance & or following a pretrial detention court for the District of Columbia but processed by the D.C. pretrial services hearing held pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f). This report focuses on the agency are not included in this incoming cohort to Federal pretrial analysis.) sentences. In addition, the events reported reflect those events occurring Statistics describing State defendants is BJS's State Court Processing Statis- at the initial appearance or at detention hearing. Events occurring after these tics Program (SCPS) & formerly the National Pretrial Reporting Program. proceedings such as the posting of bail The SCPS program collects data are not reported. describing the processing of felony defendants in the courts of the Nation’s 75 most populous counties. For a complete description of the SCPS program, see Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 1994, BJS report (NCJ-164616). By contrast, in the Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, statistics describing defendants released or detained reflect the entire pretrial period. A released defendant may have been subsequently detained due to misconduct. In Compendium tabulations, these defendants are included in both counts of defendants released and defendants detained pending trial. In addition, the Compendium reports statistics describing the exiting cohort & those defendants whose cases were terminated by the Federal courts. The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D., is the director. BJS Special Reports address a specific topic in depth from one or more datasets that cover many topics. John Scalia, BJS statistician, wrote this report. William J. Sabol of the Urban Institute provided statistical review. Priscilla Middleton, assisted by Tom Hester, produced and edited this report. Marilyn Marbrook supervised Yvonne Boston in preparing the document for printing and for the Internet. February 1999, NCJ 168635 Data from the Federal Justice Statistics Program (ICPSR 9296) can be obtained from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at the University of Michigan, 1-800999-0960. The archive, as well as the report and supporting documentation, is also accessible through the BJS Web site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 11 Appendix table A1. Percent of defendants released or detained pending trial, by form of pretrial release or detention and Federal judicial district, 1996 Federal judicial district Number of defendants Ordered detained by court Total Form of pretrial release Bail Unsecure Released, Detained, bail Restrictive Personal bail made not made conditions recognizance d bond 56,664 34.0% 17.1% Alabama, Middle Alabama, Northern Alabama, Southern Alaska Arizona Arkansas, Eastern Arkansas, Western California, Central California, Eastern California, Northern 179 415 389 159 3,461 325 115 2,289 785 920 27.4 3.1 38.8 28.3 59.8 8.6 13.0 56.9 74.6 27.1 1.1 5.3 0.5 5.0 2.2 0.3 3.5 21.2 9.7 9.0 1.1 5.1 0.5 2.5 2.0 0.3 2.6 15.9 6.1 7.6 0 0.2 0 2.5 0.2 0 0.9 5.4 3.6 1.4 California, Southern Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida, Middle Florida, Northern Florida, Southern Georgia, Middle Georgia, Northern 3,310 513 301 100 n/a 1,343 349 2,742 438 688 9.6 49.9 35.5 37.0 -40.7 39.0 35.7 4.6 34.6 63.2 7.0 8.3 4.0 -14.1 3.7 41.1 20.1 28.3 3.5 6.4 8.3 3.0 -6.9 3.4 9.6 15.3 8.6 Georgia, Southern Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois, Central Illinois, Northern Illinois, Southern Indiana, Northern Indiana, Southern Iowa, Northern 230 116 352 139 243 544 230 223 245 205 8.7 23.3 52.0 29.5 48.1 21.9 40.9 16.1 27.3 36.1 31.7 1.7 5.7 2.2 0.8 9.9 8.3 2.7 0 0.5 Iowa, Southern Kansas Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky, Western Louisiana, Eastern Louisiana, Middle Louisiana, Western Maine Maryland Massachusetts 222 345 331 279 463 87 260 179 616 638 25.7 40.6 25.1 31.9 45.6 24.1 34.6 22.9 36.9 40.4 1,327 320 338 179 268 460 467 288 249 855 16.8 15.9 39.6 9.5 21.6 25.7 24.4 28.1 61.0 35.8 Total Michigan, Eastern Michigan, Western Minnesota Mississippi, Northern Mississippi, Southern Missouri, Eastern Missouri, Western Montana Nebraska Nevada 12 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 6.6% 10.4% 9.6% 14.3% 25.1% 5.0 26.0 8.0 30.8 21.1 19.4 38.3 0.7 1.0 22.3 0.6 0.5 46.5 19.5 12.3 69.8 0.9 0.5 8.0 20.8 65.9 65.1 6.2 16.4 4.7 1.8 44.3 20.7 6.6 20.9 59.6 0.6 0.0 1.0 -7.3 0.3 31.5 4.8 19.8 7.1 0.2 3.7 13.0 -7.7 11.7 4.3 6.6 4.7 0.9 16.2 9.6 29.0 -4.8 22.6 0.1 45.2 0.4 19.2 26.7 42.9 17.0 -32.8 22.9 18.7 23.5 32.0 13.9 1.7 5.1 2.2 0.8 8.5 6.1 2.7 0 0.5 17.8 0 0.6 0 0 1.5 2.2 0 0 0 20.0 8.6 5.1 4.3 1.6 11.4 13.9 7.6 28.2 16.6 19.1 52.6 2.0 42.4 7.0 1.5 1.3 16.1 38.0 34.6 20.4 13.8 35.2 21.6 42.4 55.3 35.7 57.4 6.5 12.2 1.4 6.7 10.0 2.2 19.2 9.2 5.0 18.4 7.3 3.0 0.9 5.5 4.2 1.1 5.2 5.7 3.5 16.2 7.1 3.0 0.5 1.2 5.7 1.1 14.0 3.4 1.5 2.2 0.2 0 23.4 2.9 2.1 3.2 0.2 2.3 3.1 22.3 3.4 13.6 0 2.9 7.9 4.3 0 57.5 23.8 7.8 44.3 14.6 49.5 47.0 55.0 58.4 35.0 6.9 33.5 28.5 8.1 28.4 0.7 3.4 0.6 33.0 12.7 32.4 4.1 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.6 1.9 0.6 26.3 9.0 15.4 2.1 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.1 1.6 0 6.7 3.7 17.0 1.9 0 0 0.4 5.7 8.4 0.6 15.6 14.2 13.5 8.4 4.9 2.8 0.6 3.9 3.4 3.8 2.2 7.1 3.3 22.3 65.3 31.7 60.9 72.9 68.8 55.3 39.7 44.4 25.2 40.9 0.7 3.6 1.4 Appendix table A1. Percent of defendants released or detained pending trial, by form of pretrial release or detention and Federal judicial district, 1996 (cont.) Federal judicial district New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York, Eastern New York, Northern New York, Southern New York, Western North Carolina, Eastern North Carolina, Middle North Carolina, Western Number of defendants 183 1,131 984 1,466 465 1,529 503 913 238 552 Ordered detained by court 43.2% 27.3 62.0 49.9 46.5 33.0 14.5 26.8 41.6 36.2 Total 0.5% 15.2 4.9 10.0 14.6 18.7 26.4 1.3 11.3 0.4 Form of pretrial release Bail Released, Detained, bail Restrictive Personal Unsecured bail made not made conditions recognizance bond 0.5% 8.1 4.0 8.8 10.8 12.5 11.9 1.2 9.2 0.4 0 7.1 0.9 1.2 3.9 6.2 14.5 0.1 2.1 0 2.7% 9.8 1.3 0.0 0.4 3.9 8.9 2.8 9.2 11.1 9.3% 9.5 18.0 11.6 21.9 14.6 26.8 45.8 31.5 0 44.3% 38.1 13.8 28.6 16.6 29.8 23.3 23.2 6.3 52.4 North Dakota Northern Marinas Islands Ohio, Northern Ohio, Southern Oklahoma, Eastern Oklahoma, Northern Oklahoma, Western Oregon Pennsylvania, Eastern Pennsylvania, Middle 230 27 705 562 69 261 415 659 898 338 28.3 1.3 0.9 0.4 21.3 45.2 3.9 33.3 25.8 20.5 7.2 9.6 23.4 73.4 36.2 16.0 14.8 8.8 7.8 2.9 5.0 3.6 0.2 10.9 3.8 14.8 5.1 5.5 1.4 4.6 1.9 0.2 10.7 3.0 0 3.7 2.3 1.4 0.4 1.7 0 0.2 0.9 11.1 8.9 3.2 23.2 29.1 2.2 0 1.4 28.7 7.4 1.4 53.0 1.4 6.1 65.1 26.4 2.2 35.2 33.3 55.0 15.5 65.2 50.2 5.8 0 49.2 16.3 Pennsylvania, Western Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee, Eastern Tennessee, Middle Tennessee, Western Texas, Eastern Texas, Northern 236 614 102 996 389 332 209 305 524 987 17.8 30.9 57.8 10.6 32.6 21.7 13.4 31.8 41.6 19.5 6.4 29.3 20.6 24.0 0.3 11.4 7.7 35.4 3.4 17.1 4.2 18.2 9.8 3.9 0.3 9.6 7.7 35.1 2.1 7.3 2.1 11.1 10.8 20.1 0 1.8 0 0.3 1.3 9.8 3.4 23.8 0 16.1 31.9 16.9 21.5 0 4.6 23.5 6.4 8.0 0 1.3 21.1 13.6 7.7 25.2 16.2 25.4 66.1 8.0 21.6 48.0 14.1 36.4 49.8 7.5 34.2 14.5 Texas, Southern Texas, Western Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia, Eastern Virginia, Western Washington, Eastern Washington, Western West Virginia, Northern 2,830 3,078 267 111 367 1,406 404 266 623 165 22.0 37.6 58.4 19.8 74.9 23.2 20.8 60.5 38.4 18.2 44.9 30.0 1.1 8.1 9.5 1.7 13.4 9.8 8.0 3.0 11.0 10.6 1.1 6.3 8.4 1.3 6.7 6.0 7.9 2.4 33.9 19.3 0.0 1.8 1.1 0.4 6.7 3.8 0.2 0.6 15.6 12.8 2.6 21.6 4.1 10.7 18.6 0 0.5 11.5 0.7 0.8 34.1 36.9 1.1 44.2 14.1 27.8 50.7 2.4 16.7 18.7 3.7 13.5 10.4 20.1 33.2 1.9 2.4 64.8 West Virginia, Southern Wisconsin, Eastern Wisconsin, Western Wyoming 254 329 98 125 20.9 23.4 42.9 43.2 0 7.0 0 4.0 0 4.6 0 3.2 0 2.4 0 0.8 18.9 25.5 2.0 0.8 5.9 35.0 53.1 4.0 54.3 9.1 2.0 48.0 Note: The U.S. district court for the District of Columbia does not participate in the Federal pretrial services program; pretrial services for Federal defendants are provided by the local pretrial services agency for the District of Columbia. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 13 Appendix table A2. Most serious offense charged, by Federal judicial district, 1996 Federal judicial district Total Number of defendants Ordered detained by court 56,664 34.0% Violent 6.5% Property Most serious offense charged Public-order Drugs Regulatory Weapons Immigration 24.9% 39.5% 3.0% 4.4% 14.1% Other 7.5% Alabama, Middle Alabama, Northern Alabama, Southern Alaska Arizona Arkansas, Eastern Arkansas, Western California, Central California, Eastern California, Northern 179 415 389 159 3,461 325 115 2,289 785 920 27.4 3.1 38.8 28.3 59.8 8.6 13.0 56.9 74.6 27.1 6.7 10.8 4.1 5.7 6.5 7.1 8.7 13.3 8.3 8.3 21.8 32.0 14.1 30.2 6.2 28.0 23.5 35.1 11.4 30.7 59.8 36.9 69.2 18.9 30.9 51.1 41.7 26.4 33.2 21.1 3.4 1.9 2.3 17.0 1.2 0.6 2.6 2.9 2.2 6.0 5.0 4.1 6.2 3.1 2.0 8.0 9.6 2.6 3.6 3.6 0 1.2 0 6.9 51.2 2.8 12.2 7.4 34.5 23.2 3.4 13.0 4.1 18.2 2.0 2.5 1.7 12.4 6.7 7.3 California, Southern Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida, Middle Florida, Northern Florida, Southern Georgia, Middle Georgia, Northern 3,310 513 301 100 n/a 1,343 349 2,742 438 688 9.6 49.9 35.5 37.0 -40.7 39.0 35.7 4.6 34.6 2.8 6.0 7.3 7.0 -7.0 7.2 3.0 2.7 7.1 5.7 24.8 27.9 35.0 -27.7 23.2 22.3 31.7 26.0 38.9 48.5 28.2 24.0 -44.2 50.1 55.2 34.7 44.2 1.8 0.8 5.0 1.0 -3.2 0.9 3.8 1.4 4.7 0.5 5.7 11.6 16.0 -4.3 10.6 4.7 1.1 7.0 48.6 10.5 4.3 10.0 -4.7 1.1 5.6 0.9 8.1 1.6 3.7 15.6 7.0 -9.0 6.9 5.4 27.4 2.9 Georgia, Southern Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois, Central Illinois, Northern Illinois, Southern Indiana, Northern Indiana, Southern Iowa, Northern 230 116 352 139 243 544 230 223 245 205 8.7 23.3 52.0 29.5 48.1 21.9 40.9 16.1 27.3 36.1 13.2 0 12.8 19.4 5.3 13.6 4.3 6.8 7.1 0.5 24.1 35.3 29.0 29.5 21.4 46.7 11.7 45.7 39.4 17.1 42.5 35.3 41.5 18.7 49.8 22.6 64.3 16.3 25.3 57.1 2.2 1.7 0.9 13.7 0.4 3.5 4.8 4.1 4.1 1.5 3.9 17.2 1.7 7.9 11.1 2.0 9.6 7.7 10.8 7.8 2.2 6.9 9.7 4.3 4.9 2.0 0.9 0 0.8 13.7 11.8 3.4 4.5 6.5 7.0 9.6 4.3 19.5 12.4 2.4 Iowa, Southern Kansas Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky, Western Louisiana, Eastern Louisiana, Middle Louisiana, Western Maine Maryland Massachusetts 222 345 331 279 463 87 260 179 616 638 25.7 40.6 25.1 31.9 45.6 24.1 34.6 22.9 36.9 40.4 2.7 15.1 4.2 7.5 3.7 0 2.7 8.4 9.3 5.2 12.2 22.1 25.7 34.1 31.6 42.5 36.4 27.5 28.8 24.3 63.1 41.9 57.1 34.1 44.8 24.1 32.6 38.8 31.9 44.1 0.5 2.0 4.2 1.4 2.8 12.6 7.0 2.2 4.9 5.7 8.6 6.7 3.9 5.7 4.3 3.4 5.4 16.3 11.3 7.8 7.2 2.3 1.2 3.2 3.0 12.6 4.3 3.4 3.4 3.0 5.9 9.9 3.6 14.0 9.7 4.6 11.6 3.4 10.5 9.9 1,327 320 338 179 268 460 467 288 249 855 16.8 15.9 39.6 9.5 21.6 25.7 24.4 28.1 61.0 35.8 6.4 7.5 11.8 8.4 8.6 5.4 3.9 18.5 5.6 9.0 39.8 38.1 29.9 34.8 28.0 26.1 26.5 26.1 28.1 49.6 32.6 31.9 39.9 42.1 36.2 46.6 51.2 34.8 41.0 18.8 2.8 4.4 3.8 2.8 9.7 7.2 3.5 1.8 0.4 3.5 9.1 3.4 5.9 7.3 3.4 9.6 5.2 9.4 8.0 2.6 1.7 4.4 3.6 0 2.2 0.4 0.7 3.6 12.0 2.4 7.6 10.3 5.0 4.5 11.9 4.6 9.1 5.8 4.8 14.2 Michigan, Eastern Michigan, Western Minnesota Mississippi, Northern Mississippi, Southern Missouri, Eastern Missouri, Western Montana Nebraska Nevada 14 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 Appendix table A2. Most serious offense charged, by Federal judicial district, 1996 (cont.) Federal judicial district New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York, Eastern New York, Northern New York, Southern New York, Western North Carolina, Eastern North Carolina, Middle North Carolina, Western Number of defendants 183 1,131 984 1,466 465 1,529 503 913 238 552 Ordered detained by court Violent Property Most serious offense charged Public-order Immigration Drugs Regulatory Weapons Other 43.2% 27.3 62.0 49.9 46.5 33.0 14.5 26.8 41.6 36.2 5.5% 6.7 15.2 2.6 3.4 6.9 7.8 6.3 6.7 8.2 22.4% 41.1 6.0 29.3 17.2 40.3 29.5 35.1 30.3 25.4 60.7% 30.1 46.4 48.6 56.1 32.9 41.3 34.0 47.9 57.2 1.6% 7.0 0.4 3.8 2.6 1.9 3.2 0.9 2.5 1.1 2.2% 2.7 2.1 2.3 1.3 4.2 3.4 3.2 3.8 2.7 1.6% 1.4 26.0 4.0 10.5 3.2 9.6 0.2 0.8 0.7 6.0% 11.0 3.8 9.3 8.8 10.6 5.2 20.3 8.0 4.7 North Dakota Northern Marinas Islands Ohio, Northern Ohio, Southern Oklahoma, Eastern Oklahoma, Northern Oklahoma, Western Oregon Pennsylvania, Eastern Pennsylvania, Middle 230 27 705 562 69 261 415 659 898 338 28.3 33.3 25.8 20.5 7.2 9.6 23.4 73.4 36.2 16.0 19.9 0 6.5 4.3 10.1 6.1 5.6 12.1 6.8 8.0 21.3 25.9 37.0 31.8 39.1 42.9 28.5 12.4 39.2 26.6 16.2 70.4 33.5 30.5 34.8 24.5 43.2 27.6 34.4 35.2 3.7 0 4.3 2.0 5.8 5.0 1.0 2.0 2.8 1.5 8.8 3.7 8.8 3.6 7.2 4.2 3.6 5.6 5.0 6.2 26.9 0 1.0 0.9 0 1.1 1.9 35.4 3.2 2.7 3.2 0 8.9 27.0 2.9 16.1 16.2 4.9 8.6 19.8 Pennsylvania, Western Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee, Eastern Tennessee, Middle Tennessee, Western Texas, Eastern Texas, Northern 236 614 102 996 389 332 209 305 524 987 17.8 30.9 57.8 10.6 32.6 21.7 13.4 31.8 41.6 19.5 6.4 4.2 2.0 6.6 40.3 7.6 8.2 4.9 4.2 5.3 45.1 22.6 34.3 31.6 24.3 24.8 34.1 28.5 21.4 39.3 32.3 54.4 42.2 46.1 13.4 51.8 40.9 49.8 55.0 36.1 2.6 7.7 2.0 3.4 1.3 2.4 4.8 2.0 1.9 3.0 7.2 2.4 7.8 6.3 6.5 5.5 3.8 6.9 8.2 3.8 0.9 7.8 6.9 0 10.1 0.3 0.5 1.3 3.1 7.5 5.5 0.8 4.9 5.9 4.1 7.6 7.7 6.6 6.3 5.0 Texas, Southern Texas, Western Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia, Eastern Virginia, Western Washington, Eastern Washington, Western West Virginia, Northern 2,830 3,078 267 111 367 1,406 404 266 623 165 22.0 37.6 58.4 19.8 74.9 23.2 20.8 60.5 38.4 18.2 1.9 1.8 17.9 0 3.0 3.1 5.7 10.5 7.0 2.4 8.4 19.1 22.6 21.6 9.8 34.5 33.1 9.4 26.6 18.2 52.0 39.0 29.0 45.0 14.4 44.9 42.8 38.7 27.6 57.0 1.9 1.6 4.0 3.6 1.6 5.1 3.5 1.5 6.2 3.0 1.6 2.5 7.9 9.9 5.7 3.5 8.0 12.8 5.7 9.1 31.6 27.9 14.7 15.3 64.6 2.7 0.7 22.9 5.7 0 2.7 8.1 4.0 4.5 0.8 6.3 6.2 4.1 21.4 10.3 West Virginia, Southern Wisconsin, Eastern Wisconsin, Western Wyoming 254 329 98 125 20.9 23.4 42.9 43.2 1.2 14.6 8.5 12.5 27.0 29.8 27.7 16.7 48.4 41.9 39.4 45.8 10.3 3.6 6.4 5.0 7.1 6.1 4.3 10.0 0 0.6 0 5.8 6.0 3.3 13.8 4.2 Note: The U.S. district court for the District of Columbia does not participate in the Federal pretrial services program; pretrial services for Federal defendants are provided by the local pretrial services agency for the District of Columbia. Data source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 15 Appendix table A3. Selected characteristics of defendants, by Federal judicial district, 1996 Federal judicial district Total Number of defendants Ordered Defendant detained presumptively by court detained Characteristics Recommendation for detention by Pretrial U.S. services Noncitizens attorney officer 56,664 34.0% 14.4% 29.4% 47.3% 42.4% Alabama, Middle Alabama, Northern Alabama, Southern Alaska Arizona Arkansas, Eastern Arkansas, Western California, Central California, Eastern California, Northern 179 415 389 159 3,461 325 115 2,289 785 920 27.4 3.1 38.8 28.3 59.8 8.6 13.0 56.9 74.6 27.1 33.5 2.2 35.2 26.4 18.6 3.4 7.0 27.0 29.6 3.7 0 1.5 2.8 19.2 73.7 4.6 20.2 30.9 55.8 43.9 38.0 23.9 55.8 38.4 60.2 24.0 44.3 68.5 88.4 56.5 20.7 22.4 39.3 39.6 27.6 24.6 40.9 59.9 78.7 32.6 California, Southern Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida, Middle Florida, Northern Florida, Southern Georgia, Middle Georgia, Northern 3,310 513 301 100 n/a 1,343 349 2,742 438 688 9.6 49.9 35.5 37.0 -40.7 39.0 35.7 4.6 34.6 2.0 17.5 27.6 16.0 -27.6 16.0 8.4 0.9 22.1 66.4 35.3 12.8 16.9 -16.3 6.3 44.2 3.9 25.3 19.7 63.5 44.9 54.0 -56.2 53.3 58.6 7.5 49.7 57.6 53.8 32.6 54.0 -42.3 41.8 41.2 9.4 38.2 Georgia, Southern Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois, Central Illinois, Northern Illinois, Southern Indiana, Northern Indiana, Southern Iowa, Northern 230 116 352 139 243 544 230 223 245 205 8.7 23.3 52.0 29.5 48.1 21.9 40.9 16.1 27.3 36.1 6.1 2.6 36.9 13.7 24.7 6.8 15.7 8.5 8.2 15.6 3.6 27.0 26.0 11.6 6.8 19.7 3.5 6.4 2.0 26.2 29.1 30.2 68.8 46.0 58.4 40.3 68.7 26.0 49.4 53.2 29.1 23.3 57.1 38.8 43.6 20.8 53.9 21.1 48.6 47.3 Iowa, Southern Kansas Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky, Western Louisiana, Eastern Louisiana, Middle Louisiana, Western Maine Maryland Massachusetts 222 345 331 279 463 87 260 179 616 638 25.7 40.6 25.1 31.9 45.6 24.1 34.6 22.9 36.9 40.4 33.3 25.5 2.7 19.4 37.1 12.6 19.6 11.7 24.2 27.9 24.1 9.7 4.9 4.7 11.9 13.8 4.9 6.4 7.4 20.4 59.0 52.2 36.6 36.6 51.2 34.5 42.3 51.4 46.4 63.2 34.2 49.3 31.1 23.7 48.6 31.0 38.1 48.6 32.6 57.1 1,327 320 338 179 268 460 467 288 249 855 16.8 15.9 39.6 9.5 21.6 25.7 24.4 28.1 61.0 35.8 5.9 7.2 0 8.9 7.1 5.4 9.2 19.8 16.1 6.9 6.4 9.4 13.2 0 2.6 2.2 6.3 5.6 25.2 14.1 25.7 29.7 47.6 23.5 37.7 44.8 37.9 32.3 64.3 45.3 22.3 26.6 45.6 18.4 38.8 35.0 26.8 27.8 61.4 39.6 Michigan, Eastern Michigan, Western Minnesota Mississippi, Northern Mississippi, Southern Missouri, Eastern Missouri, Western Montana Nebraska Nevada 16 Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 Appendix table A3. Selected characteristics of defendants, by Federal judicial district, 1996 (cont.) Federal judicial district New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York, Eastern New York, Northern New York, Southern New York, Western North Carolina, Eastern North Carolina, Middle North Carolina, Western Number of defendants 183 1,131 984 1,466 465 1,529 503 913 238 552 Ordered Defendant detained presumptively by court detained Characteristics Recommendation for detention by Pretrial U.S. services Noncitizens attorney officer 43.2% 27.3 62.0 49.9 46.5 33.0 14.5 26.8 41.6 36.2 46.4% 4.3 8.5 40.1 17.8 12.3 7.4 15.1 33.6 6.0 16.3% 21.3 46.2 44.1 20.5 33.9 20.1 2.7 11.2 1.1 53.0% 39.3 68.7 57.4 52.0 45.5 27.6 31.5 53.4 49.8 47.5% 36.6 62.4 48.3 44.9 33.3 20.5 24.4 44.5 38.4 North Dakota Northern Marinas Islands Ohio, Northern Ohio, Southern Oklahoma, Eastern Oklahoma, Northern Oklahoma, Western Oregon Pennsylvania, Eastern Pennsylvania, Middle 230 27 705 562 69 261 415 659 898 338 28.3 33.3 25.8 20.5 7.2 9.6 23.4 73.4 36.2 16.0 0 3.7 20.6 16.3 15.9 0.4 5.5 3.3 17.1 14.2 31.6 50.0 5.4 3.7 2.9 5.8 11.0 53.1 8.4 11.9 46.5 37.0 35.7 25.3 39.1 38.3 32.5 81.0 41.8 37.6 40.0 11.1 36.2 21.4 31.9 31.8 19.5 73.4 39.8 40.2 Pennsylvania, Western Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee, Eastern Tennessee, Middle Tennessee, Western Texas, Eastern Texas, Northern 236 614 102 996 389 332 209 305 524 987 17.8 30.9 57.8 10.6 32.6 21.7 13.4 31.8 41.6 19.5 16.1 41.2 39.2 6.0 3.1 19.0 10.5 25.9 32.4 7.0 2.6 30.5 36.6 3.0 13.4 1.8 4.8 11.9 8.0 15.2 28.4 69.2 62.7 26.0 56.3 44.3 44.5 41.6 54.6 40.3 18.6 56.4 56.9 24.2 46.3 39.2 37.3 29.2 41.4 36.7 Texas, Southern Texas, Western Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia, Eastern Virginia, Western Washington, Eastern Washington, Western West Virginia, Northern 2,830 3,078 267 111 367 1,406 404 266 623 165 22.0 37.6 58.4 19.8 74.9 23.2 20.8 60.5 38.4 18.2 7.8 4.8 16.9 3.6 0.5 18.0 22.0 1.9 19.1 17.0 50.9 55.4 34.5 27.5 73.9 12.1 3.7 41.9 21.0 6.2 38.0 58.1 62.9 45.9 80.9 32.5 41.1 69.5 44.3 25.5 66.2 61.9 53.6 39.6 39.2 22.3 33.9 60.2 43.2 42.9 West Virginia, Southern Wisconsin, Eastern Wisconsin, Western Wyoming 254 329 98 125 20.9 23.4 42.9 43.2 16.5 16.4 38.8 32.8 3.4 9.7 6.2 16.8 42.1 51.4 48.0 51.2 19.4 41.0 48.0 40.0 Note: The U.S. district court for the District of Columbia does not participate in the Federal pretrial services program; pretrial services for Federal defendants are provided by the local pretrial services agency for the District of Columbia. Data Source: Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, pretrial services data file, 1996. Federal Pretrial Release and Detention, 1996 17