Prisoners in 2001, DOJ BJS, 2001
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin Prisoners in 2001 By Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Ph.D. BJS Statisticians The total number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of Federal or State adult correctional authorities was 1,406,031 at yearend 2001. During the year the States added 3,193 prisoners, and the Federal prison system added 11,577 prisoners. Overall, the Nation=s prison population grew 1.1%, which was less than the average annual growth of 3.8% since yearend 1995. During 2001 the prison population rose at the lowest rate since 1972 and had the smallest absolute increase since 1979. The rate of incarceration in prison at yearend 2001 was 470 sentenced inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents C up from 411 in 1995. About 1 in every 112 men and 1 in every 1,724 women were sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of State or Federal authorities. Overall, the United States incarcerated 2,100,146 persons at yearend 2001. This total represents persons held in C C Federal and State prisons (1,324,465, which excludes State and Federal prisoners in local jails) C territorial prisons (15,852) C local jails (631,240) C facilities operated by or exclusively for the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (8,761) C military facilities (2,436) C jails in Indian country (1,912) C juvenile facilities (108,965 as of October 1999). July 2002, NCJ 195189 Highlights DecemNumber of inmates ber 31 Federal State 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 65,526 100,250 135,246 145,416 156,993 708,393 1,025,624 1,228,455 1,245,845 1,249,038 Sentenced prisoners per 100,000 resident population Federal State 20 32 42 44 48 272 379 434 425 422 Population housed as a percent of highest capacity Federal State -126% 132 131 131 115% 114 101 100 101 --Not available. • During 2001, 10 States experienced prison population decreases, led by New Jersey (down 5.5%), followed by Utah (-5.2%), New York (- 3.8%), and Texas (-2.8%). Other States had increases, led by West Virginia (up 9.3%), Alaska (8.9%), Idaho (8.5%), Oregon (8.3%), and Hawaii (7.9%). • Between July 1, 2001, and December 31, 2001, the number of inmates under State jurisdiction declined by 3,705 inmates (down 0.3%), repeating the same pattern of decline first observed in the last 6 months of 2000. • The Federal Bureau of Prisons continued to grow rapidly, up 4,205 inmates since midyear 2001. At yearend 2001, the Federal system was the third largest prison system, behind Texas (162,070) and California (159,444). If growth rates remain unchanged, the Federal system will be the largest by yearend 2002. • At yearend 2001, privately operated facilities housed 91,828 inmates (5.8% of State and 12.3% of Federal inmates); local jails housed 70,681 State and Federal inmates (5.0% of all prisoners). • On December 31, 2001, State prisons were operating between 1% and 16% above capacity, while Federal prisons were operating at 31% above capacity. • At yearend 2001, 93,031 women were in State or Federal prisons — 6.6% of all prison inmates. • Since 1995 the number of male prisoners has grown 24% (reaching 1,313,000 in 2001), while the number of female prisoners has increased 36%. • At yearend 2000, 49% of State prisoners were serving time for violent offenses, up from 46% in 1990. • Violent offenders accounted for 55% of the increase among male inmates and 33% of the increase among female inmates. • Among the more than 1.3 million sentenced inmates at yearend 2001, an estimated 441,700 were black males between the ages of 20 and 39. At yearend 2001, 10.0% of black males age 25 to 29 were in prison, compared to 2.9% of Hispanic males and 1.2% of white males in the same age group. More than 1.96 million in prisons and local jails On December 31, 2001, 1,324,465 inmates were in the custody of State and Federal prison authorities, and 631,240 were in the custody of local jail authorities (table 1). Since yearend 2000 the total incarcerated population has increased by 24,738. Including inmates in public and privately operated facilities, the number of inmates in State prisons increased 0.4% during 2001; the number in Federal prisons, 7.0%; and in local jails, 1.6%. During 2001 the total incarcerated population grew 1.3% C about a third of the annual average (3.6%) since 1995. The rate of incarceration in prison and jail was 686 inmates per 100,000 residents in 2001, up from 601 in 1995. At yearend 2001, 1 in every 146 U.S. residents were incarcerated in State or Federal prison or a local jail. Table 1. Number of persons held in State or Federal prisons or in local jails, 1990-2001 Prisoners in custody on Total inmates December 31 in custody Federal State 1,148,702 58,838 684,544 1,585,586 89,538 989,004 1,646,020 95,088 1,032,440 1,743,643 101,755 1,074,809 1,816,931 110,793 1,113,676 1,893,115 125,682 1,161,490 1,937,482 133,921 1,176,269 1,962,220 143,337 1,181,128 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999b 2000c 2001c Percent change, 2000-2001 Inmates in jail on June 30 405,320 507,044 518,492 567,079 592,462 605,943 621,149 631,240 1.3% 7.0% 0.4% 1.6% Average annual increase, 1995-2001 3.6% 8.2% 3.0% 3.7% Incarceration ratea 458 601 618 648 669 691 684 686 Note: Counts include all inmates held in public and private adult correctional facilities. Jail counts for 1995-2001 exclude persons supervised outside of a jail facility. a Number of prison and jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents at yearend. Rates for 2000 have been revised using estimates based on the 2000 Census of Population and Housing. b In 1999, 15 States expanded their reporting criteria to include inmates held in privately operated correctional facilities. For comparisons with previous years, the State count 1,137,544 and the total count 1,869,169 should be used. c Total counts include Federal inmates in non-secure privately operated facilities (6,515 in 2001 and 6,143 in 2000). Percent change during 6-month periods in the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of State correctional authorities, 1995-2001 5% 4% 3% 2% Jan.June JulyDec. 1% 0% 1995 Figure 1 2 Prisoners in 2001 The 2001 growth in the number of inmates under State or Federal jurisdiction (1.1%) was lower than the percentage increase recorded during 2000 (1.3%) and the lowest annual rate recorded since 1972 (table 2). The population under the jurisdiction of State and Federal authorities increased by 14,770 inmates during 2001, lower than the increase in 2000 (up 18,191). Since December 31, 1995, the prison population has grown an average of 41,919 inmates per year. Since 1995 the overall growth of the Nation’s prison population has steadily slowed (figure 1). Annual growth rates dropped from 6.7% in 1995 to 1.1% in 2001. In absolute numbers, the annual increase in prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction fell from 71,172 in 1995 to 14,770 in 2001. Table 2. Change in the State and Federal prison populations, 1995-2001 Annual increase in the number of prisoners Percent Custody Jurisdiction change* 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 88,395 49,222 48,800 47,905 36,957 25,182 14,275 71,172 57,494 58,785 58,420 43,796 18,191 14,770 6.7% 5.1 5.0 4.7 3.4 1.3 1.1 Average annual increase, 1995-2001 37,057 41,919 3.8% Note: In years in which States changed their reporting methods, counts based on comparable methods were used to calculate the annual increase and percent change. See Methodology for changes by State. *Change in the number of prisoners under State and Federal jurisdiction. Percent change -1% U.S. prison population rose 1.1% during 2001 — the smallest annual growth rate since 1972 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Twelve States reported increases of at least 5% during 2001; 10 States reported decreases Between January 1 and December 31, West Virginia experienced the largest increase (up 9.3%), followed by Alaska (8.9%), Idaho (8.5%), and Oregon (8.3%) (table 3). Ten States experienced a decline in prison populations. New Jersey had the largest decline (down 5.5%), followed by Utah (down 5.2%), New York (down 3.8%), Texas (down 2.8%), and California (down 2.2%). The District of Columbia (down 63.1%) transferred responsibility for sentenced felons to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. (See page 4.) Table 3. Prisoners under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities, by region and jurisdiction, June 30, 2000 to December 31, 2001 Total Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State 12/31/00 06/30/00 1,406,031 1,405,531 1,391,261 156,993 152,788 145,416 1,249,038 1,252,743 1,245,845 1,390,944 142,530 1,248,414 1.1% 8.0 0.3 0.0% 2.8 -0.3 172,614 19,196 1,704 10,602 2,392 28,142 67,534 38,062 3,241 1,741 172,925 18,875 1,693 10,734 2,323 28,108 69,158 37,105 3,147 1,782 174,826 18,355 1,679 10,722 2,257 29,784 70,199 36,847 3,286 1,697 177,965 18,616 1,715 11,150 2,254 31,081 71,691 36,617 3,186 1,655 -1.3% 4.6 1.5 -1.1 6.0 -5.5 -3.8 3.3 -1.4 2.6 -0.2% 1.7 0.6 -1.2 3.0 0.1 -2.3 2.6 3.0 -2.3 Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowab Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 240,739 44,348 20,966 7,962 8,577 48,849 6,606 28,757 3,937 1,111 45,281 2,812 21,533 240,213 45,629 20,576 8,101 8,543 48,371 6,514 28,167 3,944 1,080 45,684 2,673 20,931 237,378 45,281 20,125 7,955 8,344 47,718 6,238 27,543 3,895 1,076 45,833 2,616 20,754 236,804 44,819 19,874 7,646 8,780 47,317 6,219 27,292 3,663 1,004 46,838 2,571 20,781 1.4% -2.1 4.2 0.1 2.8 2.4 5.9 4.4 1.1 3.3 -1.2 7.5 3.8 0.2% -2.8 1.9 -1.7 0.4 1.0 1.4 2.1 -0.2 2.9 -0.9 5.2 2.9 562,239 26,741 12,159 7,006 2,750 72,406 45,937 15,424 35,710 23,752 21,460 31,979 22,780 22,576 23,671 162,070 31,603 4,215 563,818 27,286 12,332 7,122 5,388 72,007 45,363 15,400 35,494 23,970 20,672 31,142 23,139 22,267 23,168 164,465 30,473 4,130 561,214 26,332 11,915 6,921 7,456 71,319 44,232 14,919 35,207 23,538 20,241 31,266 23,181 21,778 22,166 166,719 30,168 3,856 561,583 25,786 11,559 7,043 8,575 71,233 43,626 15,444 34,734 23,704 19,264 31,070 23,009 22,154 22,566 168,126 29,890 3,800 0.2% 1.6 2.0 1.2 -63.1 1.5 3.9 3.4 1.4 0.9 6.0 2.3 -1.7 3.7 6.8 -2.8 4.8 9.3 -0.3% -2.0 -1.4 -1.6 -49.0 0.6 1.3 0.2 0.6 -0.9 3.8 2.7 -1.6 1.4 2.2 -1.5 3.7 2.1 273,446 4,546 27,710 159,444 17,448 5,454 6,006 3,328 10,201 5,668 11,455 5,343 15,159 1,684 275,787 4,197 27,136 163,965 17,122 5,412 5,688 3,250 10,291 5,288 11,077 5,440 15,242 1,679 272,427 4,173 26,510 163,001 16,833 5,053 5,535 3,105 10,063 5,342 10,580 5,637 14,915 1,680 272,062 4,025 26,287 164,490 16,319 5,051 5,465 3,039 9,920 5,277 10,313 5,450 14,704 1,722 0.4% 8.9 4.5 -2.2 3.7 7.9 8.5 7.2 1.4 6.1 8.3 -5.2 1.6 0.2 -0.8% 8.3 2.1 -2.8 1.9 0.8 5.6 2.4 -0.9 7.2 3.4 -1.8 -0.5 0.3 Dist. of Columbiaa,c Floridab Georgiab Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia In the last 6 months of 2001, the State prison population declined about 3,700 inmates Prisoners under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities, 1999-2001 Date State* Federal 06/30/99 1,224,404 130,378 12/31/99 1,228,455 135,246 06/30/00 1,248,414 142,530 12/31/00 1,245,845 145,416 06/30/01 1,252,743 152,788 12/31/01 1,249,038 156,993 *See Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001 (NCJ 191702) for State counts for June 30, 2000, and 2001. 06/30/01 Northeast Connecticuta Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Islanda Vermonta In absolute numbers of inmates, 10 jurisdictions grew by at least 1,000 inmates. The Federal system (up 11,577), experienced the largest growth, followed by Georgia (up 1,705), and Tennessee (up 1,505). Four States had decreases of at least 1,000 inmates. Texas (down 4,649) experienced the greatest decline, followed South by California (down 3,557), New York Alabama Arkansas (down 2,665), and New Jersey (down Delawarea 1,642). Between July 1, 2001, and December 31, 2001, the number of inmates under State jurisdiction dropped 0.3% (from 1,252,743 at midyear to 1,249,038 at yearend). At the same time the Federal population continued to grow (up 2.8% from midyear 2001). In the last 6 months of 2001, the Federal population rose 4,205, compared to an increase of 7,372 inmates in the first 6 months. 12/31/01 Percent change 12/31/006/30/0112/31/01 12/31/01 West Alaskaa Arizonab California Colorado Hawaiia Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison population. Population figures are based on custody counts. (See Jurisdiction notes.) c Responsibility for sentenced felons was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. (See Jurisdiction notes.) a b Prisoners in 2001 3 Table 4. Sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities, yearend 2000 and 2001 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Sentenced prisoners Advance 2001 2000 Percent change, 2000-01 Incarceration rate, 2001a 1,344,512 1,329,367 1.1% 470 136,509 125,044 1,208,003 1,204,323 9.2 0.3 48 422 Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusettsb New Hampshire New Jerseyc New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont 163,639 13,276 1,641 9,358 2,392 28,142 67,534 38,057 1,926 1,313 166,632 13,155 1,635 9,479 2,257 29,784 70,199 36,844 1,966 1,313 -1.8% 0.9 0.4 -1.3 6.0 -5.5 -3.8 3.3 -2.0 0.0 304 387 127 243 188 331 355 310 181 213 Midwest Illinoisc Indiana Iowac Kansasc Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohioc South Dakota Wisconsin 239,678 44,348 20,883 7,962 8,577 48,849 6,606 28,736 3,865 1,017 45,281 2,803 20,751 236,458 45,281 19,811 7,955 8,344 47,718 6,238 27,519 3,816 994 45,833 2,613 20,336 1.4% -2.1 5.4 0.1 2.8 2.4 5.9 4.4 1.3 2.3 -1.2 7.3 2.0 370 355 341 272 318 488 132 509 225 161 398 370 383 South Alabama Arkansas Delaware Dist. of Columbiad Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahomac South Carolina Tennesseec Texasc Virginia West Virginia 539,580 26,138 12,076 4,034 795 72,398 45,904 15,104 35,710 22,842 20,476 27,632 22,780 21,606 23,671 153,056 31,194 4,164 537,086 24,123 11,851 3,937 5,008 71,318 44,141 14,919 35,207 22,490 19,239 27,043 23,181 21,017 22,166 158,008 29,643 3,795 0.5% -1.9 2.5 -1.5 4.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 6.4 2.2 -1.7 2.8 6.8 -3.1 5.2 9.7 526 584 447 504 -437 542 371 800 422 715 335 658 529 411 711 431 231 West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming 265,106 1,920 26,463 157,295 17,448 3,670 6,006 3,328 10,201 5,408 11,413 5,250 15,020 1,684 264,147 2,128 25,412 160,412 16,833 3,553 5,535 3,105 10,063 4,666 10,553 5,541 14,666 1,680 0.4% -9.8 4.1 -1.9 3.7 3.3 8.5 7.2 1.4 15.9 8.1 -5.3 2.4 0.2 408 300 492 453 391 298 451 368 474 295 327 230 249 340 --Not calculated. Prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year per 100,000 residents. b The incarceration rate includes an estimated 6,200 inmates sentenced to more than 1 year but held in local jails or houses of corrections. c Includes some inmates sentenced to 1 year or less. d Responsibility for sentenced felons was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. (See Jurisdiction notes.) a 4 Prisoners in 2001 Since January 1, 1995, 6-month growth rates for all States combined have dropped sharply. In addition, growth rates in the first half of each year have been substantially larger than rates in the second half. At the same time, Federal growth rates rose, reaching a peak of 6.0% in the first 6 months of 1999. Since then, growth in the first half of each year slowed (to 5.4% in 2000 and 5.1% in 2001). 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Federal growth rates in 6-month intervals January-June July-December 4.7% 0.8% 3.5 1.8 4.4 2.6 5.3 3.5 6.0 3.7 5.4 2.0 5.1 2.8 Federal and State growth affected by the transfer of sentenced felons from the District of Columbia The transfer of responsibility for sentenced felons from the District of Columbia to the Federal system was completed by yearend 2001. Since June 30, 2000, the inmate population in the District of Columbia has dropped by 5,825 inmates (down 68% in 18 months). On December 31, 2001, the Federal system held 6,930 inmates from the District of Columbia, up from 4,486 on June 30, 2001, and 2,858 on December 31, 2000. Approximately 58% of the growth in the Federal system in the last 6 months of 2001 was the result of this transfer of responsibility. Excluding the shift of inmates from the District of Columbia to the Federal system, the overall drop in the State prison population in the last 6 months of 2001 totaled 1,261 inmates (a decline of 0.1%). Sentenced Federal inmate population rose 9.2% during the last 12 months Prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year (Asentenced prisoners@) represented 97% of the total State prison population and 87% of the Federal prison population at yearend 2001. During the 12-month period, the sentenced prison population grew 1.1% (table 4). The remaining prisoners had sentences of a year or less or were currently unsentenced. While the State sentenced prison population rose 0.3% during 2001, the sentenced Federal prison population grew 9.2%. The Federal prison system added 11,465 sentenced prisoners C the equivalent of more than 220 new inmates per week. Prison incarceration rates continue to rise The incarceration rate of State and Federal prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year was 470 per 100,000 U.S. residents at yearend 2001, up from 469 at yearend 2000. Rates of incarceration have risen steadily. Previously published rates have changed as a result of shifting to population estimates from the 2000 decennial census. Estimates (in 1,000’s) of U.S. resident population at yearend 1990 Census 2000 Census* 1999 274,051 281,890 2000 276,578 283,461 2001 -286,200 Number of sentenced inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents at yearend 1990 Census 2000 Census 476 463 481 469 -470 --Not calculated. *The resident population for yearend 1999 was estimated by calculating the monthly growth rate from April 1, 2000, to July 1, 2000, and assuming a constant rate for the 3 months prior to the April count. Incarceration rates prior to yearend 2000 were based on population estimates using the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. The rate at yearend 1999 was 476 per 100,000. However, if the 2000 census had been used to estimate the yearend 1999 resident population, the revised incarceration rate would have been 463. Of the 12 States with rates greater than that for the Nation at yearend 2001, 8 were in the South, 2 were in the West, and 2 were in the Midwest. Two States C Maine (127) and Minnesota (132) C had rates that were less than a third the national rate. The District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction, was not calculated due to the transfer of responsibility of sentenced felons to the Federal system. Since 1995 the number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents has risen from 411 to 470. During this period, incarceration rates rose most in the South (from 483 to 526) and West (from 358 to 408). The rate in the Midwest rose from 310 to 370, and the rate in the Northeast grew slightly from 301 to 304. The number of sentenced Federal prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 32 to 48. Since 1995 the sentenced inmate population in State prisons has grown 21% (table 5). During this period 10 States increased their sentenced inmate populations by at least 50%, led by North Dakota (up 87%), Idaho (up 81%), and Oregon (up 75%). Between 1995 and 2001 the Federal system reported an additional 52,846 inmates sentenced to more than year, an increase of 63%. Table 5. Change in the number of sentenced prisoners under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities, 1995-2001 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State 1995-2001 Population Percent difference change 259,490 23.9% Average annual percent change 3.6% 52,846 206,644 63.2% 20.6 8.5% 3.2 Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusettsa,b New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont 8,609 2,857 315 -1,069 377 1,076 -952 5,647 93 265 5.6% 27.4 23.8 -10.3 18.7 4.0 -1.4 17.4 5.1 25.3 0.9% 4.1 3.6 -1.8 2.9 0.7 -0.2 2.7 0.8 3.8 Midwest Illinois Indianaa Iowa Kansas Michigana Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 47,501 6,690 4,837 2,056 1,523 7,737 1,760 9,602 859 473 618 932 10,414 24.7% 17.8 30.1 34.8 21.6 18.8 36.3 50.2 28.6 86.9 1.4 49.8 -- 3.7% 2.8 4.5 5.1 3.3 2.9 5.3 7.0 4.3 11.0 0.2 7.0 -- South Alabama Arkansas Delaware Dist. of Columbiac Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolinaa Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 93,089 6,008 3,556 1,020 -8,247 8,532 11,736 3,044 10,515 2,392 8,225 -282 4,629 2,591 8,465 25,290 3,934 1,681 20.8% 29.8 41.7 33.8 -13.4 34.3 25.2 41.7 11.7 67.1 -1.0 25.5 13.6 55.7 19.8 14.4 67.7 3.2% 4.4 6.0 5.0 -2.1 5.0 3.8 6.0 1.9 8.9 -0.2 3.9 2.2 7.7 3.1 2.3 9.0 West Alaska Arizona Californiaa Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyominga 57,445 -122 6,172 25,550 6,385 1,080 2,678 1,329 2,488 1,483 4,898 1,803 3,412 289 27.7% -6.0 30.4 19.4 57.7 41.7 80.5 66.5 32.3 37.8 75.2 52.3 29.4 20.7 4.2% -1.0 4.5 3.0 7.9 6.0 10.3 8.9 4.8 5.5 9.8 7.3 4.4 3.2 --Not calculated, because of changes in reporting procedures. a Growth may be slightly overestimated due to a change in reporting from custody to jurisdiction counts. b Excludes sentenced inmates held in local jails or houses of corrections. c Responsibility for sentenced felons was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Prisoners in 2001 5 Table 6. The 10 highest and lowest jurisdictions for selected characteristics of the prison population, yearend 2001 Prison population Number of inmates 10 highest: Texas California Federal Florida New York Michigan Georgia Ohio Illinois Pennsylvania Rate per 100,000 State residentsa Incarceration rates, 2001 1-year growth, 2000-2001 162,070 159,444 156,933 72,406 67,534 48,849 45,937 45,281 44,348 38,062 Louisiana Mississippi Texas Oklahoma Alabama Georgia South Carolina Missouri Delaware Arizona 800 715 711 658 584 542 529 509 504 492 West Virginia Alaska Idaho Oregon Federal Hawaii South Dakota Montana Tennessee New Mexico 1,111 1,684 1,704 1,741 2,392 2,812 3,241 3,328 3,937 4,215 Maine Minnesota North Dakota Rhode Island New Hampshire Vermont Nebraska Utah West Virginia Massachusetts 127 132 161 181 188 213 225 230 231 243 New Jersey Utah New York Texas California Illinois Oklahoma Rhode Island Ohio Massachusetts Percent change 9.3% 8.9 8.5 8.3 8.0 7.9 7.5 7.2 6.8 6.1 Growth since 1995 Average percent changeb North Dakota Idaho Oregon West Virginia Montana Mississippi Federal Colorado Tennessee Utah 11.0% 10.3 9.8 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.5 7.9 7.7 7.3 Massachusetts Alaska New York Ohio New Jersey Rhode Island Maryland Florida South Carolina Virginia -1.8% -1.0 -0.2 0.2 0.7 0.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 10 lowest: North Dakota Wyoming Maine Vermont New Hampshire South Dakota Rhode Island Montana Nebraska West Virginia -5.5% -5.2 -3.8 -2.8 -2.2 -2.1 -1.7 -1.4 -1.2 -1.1 a The number of prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 residents in the State population. The Federal Bureau of Prisons and the District of Columbia are excluded. b The average annual percent change from 1995 to 2001 in sentenced prisoners. Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate; Maine, the lowest Male and female incarceration rates stable from yearend 2000 to 2001 At yearend 2001 the 10 jurisdictions with the largest prison populations had under their jurisdiction 840,864 inmates, 60% of the Nation's total prison population (table 6). Texas (162,070), California (159,444), and the Federal system (156,933) held a third of the population. The 10 States with the smallest prison populations collectively held 1.8% of the Nation=s total prison population. During 2001 the number of women under the jurisdiction of State or Federal prison authorities decreased by 0.2%, while the number of men incarcerated in a State or Federal prison rose 1.2% (table 7). At yearend 2001 there were 93,031 women and 1,313,000 men in State or Federal prisons. Louisiana had the highest prison incarceration rate (800 sentenced inmates per 100,000 residents), followed by Mississippi (715), Texas (711), and Oklahoma (658). Six States had prison incarceration rates below 200, led by Maine (127), Minnesota (132), and North Dakota (161). Since 1995 two States had average annual prison population increases of at least 10% C North Dakota (11%) and Idaho (10.3%). Massachusetts (-1.8%), Alaska (-1%), and New York (-0.2%) had decreases. 6 Prisoners in 2001 Since 1995 the annual rate of growth of the female inmate population has averaged 5.2%, higher than the 3.7% average increase in the number of male inmates. While the total number of male prisoners has grown 24% since 1995, the number of female prisoners has increased 36%. By yearend 2001 women accounted for 6.6% of all prisoners, up from 6.1% in 1995. Relative to their number in the U.S. resident population, men were about 15 times more likely than women to be incarcerated in a State or Federal prison. At yearend 2001 there were 58 sentenced female inmates per 100,000 women in the United States, compared to 896 sentenced male inmates per 100,000 men. Table 7. Prisoners under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities, by gender, yearend 1995, 2000, and 2001 All inmates Advance 2001 Final 2000 Final 1995 Percent change, 2000-2001 Average annual 1995-2001 Men Women 1,313,000 1,298,027 1,057,406 93,031 93,234 68,468 1.2% 3.7 -0.2% 5.2 Sentenced to more than 1 year 1,259,481 85,031 Advance 2001 Final 2000 1,246,234 85,044 Percent change, 1.1% 0.0% 2000-2001 Incarceration rate* 2001 1995 896 789 58 47 *The number of prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year per 100,000 residents on December 31. Over a third of all female prisoners were held in the 3 largest jurisdictions Table 8. Women under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities,1995-2001 Region and jurisdiction Number of female inmates 2001 2000 1995 Percent change 2000 to Average, 1995 to 01a 2001 Incarceration rate, 2001b 93,031 93,234 68,468 -0.2% 5.2% 58 10,973 10,245 7,398 82,058 82,989 61,070 7.1 -1.1 6.8 5.0 6 52 8,401 975 36 656 109 1,307 3,615 1,502 157 44 0.3% 2.9 -10.6 8.0 7.5 -1.3 -4.5 8.4 -18.9 18.8 1.4% 6.8 8.6 1.5 2.8 3.7 -2.4 2.2 3.5 13.7 29 46 8 13 20 37 32 27 10 18 Midwest Illinois Indianac Iowa Kansas Michiganc Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 14,878 14,598 10,864 2,747 2,849 2,196 1,542 1,452 892 635 592 425 497 504 449 2,149 2,131 1,842 383 368 217 2,124 1,993 1,174 342 266 211 101 68 29 2,829 2,808 2,793 222 200 134 1,307 1,367 502 1.9% -3.6 6.2 7.3 -1.4 0.8 4.1 6.6 28.6 48.5 0.7 11.0 -4.4 5.4% 3.8 9.6 6.9 1.7 2.6 9.9 10.4 8.4 23.1 0.2 8.8 17.3 45 43 49 43 36 42 15 73 38 27 49 58 47 South Alabama Arkansas Delaware Dist. of Columbia Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolinac Oklahoma South Carolina Tennesseec Texas Virginia West Virginia 39,138 39,652 27,366 1,783 1,826 1,295 793 772 523 591 597 358 189 356 494 4,281 4,105 3,660 2,834 2,758 2,036 1,138 1,061 734 2,262 2,219 1,424 1,207 1,219 1,079 1,823 1,669 791 2,015 1,903 1,752 2,290 2,394 1,815 1,509 1,420 1,045 1,468 1,369 637 12,369 13,622 7,935 2,240 2,059 1,659 346 303 129 -1.3% -2.4 2.7 -1.0 -4.3 2.8 7.3 1.9 -1.0 9.2 5.9 -4.3 6.3 7.2 -9.2 8.8 14.2 6.1% 5.5 7.2 8.7 -2.6 5.7 7.6 8.0 1.9 14.9 2.4 4.0 6.3 14.9 7.7 5.1 17.9 68 74 57 62 -50 66 52 99 38 113 35 130 65 50 96 59 36 West Alaska Arizona Californiac Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyomingc 18,931 19,657 14,439 376 284 243 2,168 1,964 1,432 9,921 11,161 9,082 1,375 1,333 713 616 561 312 563 493 212 363 306 112 839 846 530 517 511 278 663 596 465 316 381 161 1,079 1,065 793 135 156 106 -3.7% 32.4 10.4 -11.1 3.2 9.8 14.2 18.6 -0.8 1.2 11.2 -17.1 1.3 -13.5 4.6% 7.5 7.2 1.5 11.6 12.0 17.7 21.7 8.0 10.9 6.1 11.9 5.3 4.1 55 53 72 55 62 65 84 79 78 50 37 26 35 54 U.S. total Federal State Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusettsc New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont 9,111 1,447 59 716 129 1,628 3,133 1,711 193 95 9,082 1,406 66 663 120 1,650 3,280 1,579 238 80 Texas (12,369), the Federal system (10,973), and California (9,921) held more than a third of all female inmates (table 8). Oklahoma (with 130 sentenced female inmates per 100,000 female State residents), Mississippi (113), Louisiana (99), and Texas (96) had the highest female incarceration rates. Those with the lowest female incarceration rate were concentrated in the Northeast: Maine (with 8 sentenced female prisoners per 100,000 female residents), Rhode Island (10), and Massachusetts (13). Since 1995 the female prisoner population has grown at an annual average rate of at least 10% in 13 States. North Dakota reported the highest average annual increase in female prisoners (23%), followed by Montana (22%), West Virginia and Idaho (both up 18%), and Wisconsin (17%). New York (-2.4%) was the only State to report a decrease in female prisoners since 1995. Privately operated prisons held nearly 92,000 State and Federal inmates in 2001 At yearend 2001, 32 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal system reported a total of 91,828 prisoners held in privately operated facilities (table 9). These private facilities held 5.8% of all State prisoners and 12.3% of Federal prisoners. Among States, Texas (with 16,331 State inmates housed in private facilities) and Oklahoma (with 6,658) reported the largest number in 2000. Five States C New Mexico (44%), Montana (33%), Alaska (32%), Oklahoma (29%), and Wyoming (28%) C had at least 25% of their prison population housed in private facilities. Except for Wisconsin (with 16% of its State inmates in private facilities), North Dakota, Ohio, and Indiana (with 4%), and New Jersey (with 9%), the use of private facilities was concentrated among Southern and Western States. Overall, 8.1% of State inmates in the South and 6.2% in the West were in privately operated facilities at the end of 2001. -- Not calculated due to the transfer to the Federal system. a The average annual percentage increase from 1995 to 2001. b The number of female prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. c Growth from 1995 to 2001 may be slightly overestimated due to a change in reporting from custody to jurisdiction counts. Prisoners in 2001 7 Table 9. State and Federal prisoners held in private facilities, local jails, or other States' facilities, by jurisdiction, yearend 2001 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal Stateb Private facilities Percent of Number all inmatesa 91,828 19,251 72,577 6.5% 12.3 5.8 Local jails Percent of Number all inmatesa In other State or Federal facilities Percent of Number all inmatesa 70,681 5.0% 6,111 0.4% 2,921 67,760 1.9 5.4 1,194 4,917 0.8 0.4 Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jerseyc New York Pennsylvania Rhode Islandc Vermontc 3,131 0 11 0 0 2,620 0 500 0 0 1.8% 0 0.6 0 0 9.3 0 1.3 0 0 2,593 -3 420 12 2,019 139 0 --- 1.5% -0.2 4.0 0.5 7.2 0.2 0 --- 1,262 497 50 91 71 71 0 45 46 391 0.7% 2.6 2.9 0.9 3.0 0.3 0 0.1 1.4 22.5 Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 6,920 0 915 0 98 449 0 0 0 44 1,924 35 3,455 2.9% 0 4.4 0 1.1 0.9 0 0 0 4 4.2 1.2 16.0 2,192 0 1,320 0 0 237 184 0 0 21 0 16 414 0.9% 0 6.3 0 0 0.5 2.8 0 0 1.9 0 0.6 1.9 875 31 0 0 89 0 144 247 26 21 35 39 243 0.4% 0 0 0 1.0 0 2.2 0.9 0.7 1.9 0.1 1.4 1.1 South Alabama Arkansas Delaware Dist. of Columbia Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 45,690 0 0 0 986 3,995 4,561 1,028 2,928 128 3,634 191 6,658 6 3,678 16,331 1,566 0 8.1% 0 0 0 35.9 5.5 9.9 6.7 8.2 0.5 16.9 0.6 29.2 0 15.5 10.1 5.0 0 57,782 601 951 --0 4,682 4,706 16,050 140 3,736 0 903 446 6,230 15,158 3,440 739 10.3% 2.2 7.8 --0 10.2 30.5 44.9 0.6 17.4 0 4.0 2.0 26.3 9.4 10.9 17.5 1,143 491 38 28 4 0 0 18 0 45 0 0 70 290 0 0 86 73 0.2% 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0.2 0 0 0.3 1.3 0 0 0.3 1.7 West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washingtonc Wyoming 16,836 1,441 1,429 4,452 2,390 1,251 1,348 1,087 478 2,484 0 0 0 476 6.2% 31.7 5.2 2.8 13.7 22.9 22.4 32.7 4.7 43.8 0 0 0 28.3 5,193 -349 2,727 129 -249 496 188 0 8 1,020 0 27 1.9% -1.3 1.7 0.7 -4.1 14.9 1.8 0 0.1 19.1 0 1.6 1,637 1 101 628 0 29 91 37 205 18 209 146 81 91 0.6% 0 0.4 0.4 0 0.5 1.5 1.1 2.0 0.3 1.8 2.7 0.5 5.4 --Not applicable. Prison and jails form an integrated system. a Based on the total number of inmates under State or Federal jurisdiction. b Includes 6,515 Federal inmates in non-secure privately operated facilities. C Inmates held in other State facilities include interstate compact cases. 8 Prisoners in 2001 Local jails held more than 70,000 State prisoners At the end of 2001, 33 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal system reported a total of 70,681 State and Federal prisoners held in local jails or other facilities operated by county or local authorities. These inmates held in local jails represented 5% of all prisoners in 2001. Approximately 11% of inmates in local jails were being held for State or Federal prison authorities. Louisiana had the largest percentage of its State inmate population housed in local jails (45%). Two other States C Kentucky (31%) and Tennessee (26%) C had at least 25% of their population housed in local jail facilities. In addition to housing inmates in privately operated facilities and local jails (within their own State and elsewhere), 38 States and the District of Columbia reported placing inmates in Federal facilities and in other Stateoperated facilities. On December 31, 2001, 6,111 prisoners nationwide were held under such arrangements C representing less than 1% of all State prisoners. California placed the most inmates (628), followed by Connecticut (497), Alabama (491), and Vermont (391). Vermont (23%) had more than 10% of its prison population housed in facilities of other States or the Federal system. Prison capacity measures vary Prison capacity and the extent of crowding are difficult to determine because of the absence of uniform measures for defining capacity. Jurisdictions apply a variety of capacity measures to reflect both the available space to house inmates and the ability to staff and operate an institution. To estimate the capacity of their prisons, jurisdictions were asked to supply three measures for yearend 2001: rated, operational, and design capacities. Table 10. Reported Federal and State prison capacities, yearend 2001 Region and jurisdiction Federal Type of capacity measure OperaRated tional Design Custody population as a percent of C Lowest Highest capacitya capacitya 100,199 ... ... 131 % 131% Northeast Connecticutb Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont ... 1,428 ... 2,419 ... 61,844 33,757 3,692 1,311 ... 1,641 ... 2,238 ... 64,492 33,757 3,692 1,361 ... 1,460 8,926 2,213 17,122 54,527 26,186 3,903 1,220 ... 101 % 114 100 137 105 110 86 103 ... 117% 114 109 137 124 142 91 115 Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 34,575 15,411 6,772 8,816 ... 6,582 ... ... 1,005 39,650 ... ... 34,575 20,528 6,772 ... 49,324 6,582 29,162 3,923 952 ... 2,713 13,772 29,791 ... 6,772 ... ... 6,582 ... 3,331 1,005 ... ... ... 128 % 91 118 97 98 97 98 100 103 113 102 126 149% 122 118 97 98 97 98 118 109 113 102 126 24,248 12,046 ... ... ... ... 11,680 19,660 ... ... 29,254 ... ... 18,162 156,738 32,117 ... ... 11,382 4,206 1,674 76,518 46,526 11,430 19,931 23,874 16,072 ... 23,304 23,325 17,729 153,099 ... 3,539 12,406 10,647 3,192 ... 56,607 ... ... ... ... ... 29,254 ... 21,861 ... 156,738 ... 3,189 102 % 95 -97 89 89 92 99 99 94 110 93 93 96 95 93 96 200% 108 -97 121 89 94 100 99 94 110 93 99 99 97 93 107 2,603 ... ... ... ... 3,980 ... 10,548 6,106 ... ... 9,898 1,114 2,691 27,948 150,536 12,922 3,406 3,781 1,370 ... 6,106 11,298 4,286 12,793 1,052 2,603 ... 79,957 11,748 2,481 3,194 896 8,312 5,986 11,008 4,509 12,793 1,141 109 % 99 101 115 113 99 125 93 93 97 92 119 89 113% 99 191 127 156 123 191 118 95 99 96 154 97 South Alabama Arkansasc Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippic North Carolina Oklahomac South Carolina Tennesseec Texasc,d Virginia West Virginia West Alaskae Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevadac New Mexicoc Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming ...Data not available. --Not calculated. (See Jurisdiction notes.) a Population counts are based on the number of inmates held in facilities operated by the jurisdiction. Excludes inmates held in local jails, in other States, or in private facilities. b Connecticut no longer reports capacity because of a law passed in 1995. c Includes capacity of private and contract facilities and inmates housed in them. d Excludes capacity of county facilities and inmates housed in them. e Capacity counts for 2000 were used as an estimate for capacity for yearend 2001. These measures were defined as follows: Rated capacity is the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to institutions within the jurisdiction. Operational capacity is the number of inmates that can be accommodated, based on a facility’s staff, existing programs, and services. Design capacity is the number of inmates that planners or architects intended for the facility. Of the 51 reporting jurisdictions, 28 supplied a rated capacity; 42, an operational capacity; and 33, a design capacity (table 10). Nineteen jurisdictions provided only 1 measure or the same figure for each measure they reported. For the 28 jurisdictions with more than 1 reported type of capacity, estimates of population as a percent of capacity are based on the highest and lowest figures provided. 22 States and Federal system operating at or above highest capacity Prisons generally require reserve capacity to operate efficiently. Dormitories and cells need to be maintained and repaired periodically, special housing is needed for protective custody and disciplinary cases, and space may be needed to cope with emergencies. At yearend 2001, 26 States reported that they were operating at or below 99% of their highest capacity (table 10). Twenty-two States and the Federal prison system reported operating at 100% or more of their highest capacity. Rhode Island, which was operating at 86% of its highest capacity, reported the lowest percent of capacity occupied. California and Montana operating at 91% over their lowest reported capacity, had the highest percent of capacity occupied. Prisoners in 2001 9 By yearend 2001 the Federal prison system was operating at 31% over capacity, the same as the number reported in 2000. Overall, State prisons in 2001 were operating at between 1% over their highest capacity and 16% above their lowest capacity (table 11). Table 11. State prison population as a percent of capacity, yearend 2001 State prisonsa Highest capacity Lowest capacity Population as a percent of capacityb Highest 1990 1995 2000 2001 1,140,412 991,017 At yearend 2001, 19,137 detainees were held by the Immigration and Naturalization Service The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) reported 19,137 detainees on December 31, 2001, down from 19,528 at yearend 2000 (table 12). Though many of these detainees (10,376) were held in Federal and State prisons and local jails, 4,550 were in INS-operated facilities and 1,947 in private facilities under exclusive contract to the INS. Following the events of September 11, 2001, the number of persons held under INS jurisdiction rose, peaking 115 114 100 101 Lowest 1990 127 1995 125 2000 115 2001 116 Note: Data reflect the highest and lowest of the three capacities reported. a Capacity figures were estimated for Connecticut in 2000 and 2001. b Excludes inmates sentenced to prison but held in local jails and inmates in private facilities (unless included in the reported capacity). See Jurisdiction notes. at 21,226 on September 25 (figure 2). Since that time, despite weekly fluctuations, the population has dropped steadily, reaching a low of 18,268 on December 22. Among the 19,137 INS detainees for immigration violations at yearend 2001, 10,784 had been convicted of criminal offenses, and 1,589 had pending criminal cases. Detainees convicted of violent offenses constituted the largest group under INS jurisdiction (32.5%), followed by those convicted of drug offenses (32.3%), property offenses (14.5%), and public order offenses (11.0%). Table 12. Number of detainees under the jurisdiction of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), by type of facility, yearend 1995, 2000, and 2001 Number of detainees 2001 2000 1995 Facility type Total* INS-operated facilities Private facilities under exclusive contract to INS Federal Bureau of Prisons Other Federal facilities Intergovernmental agreements State prisons Local jails Other facilities 19,137 4,550 19,528 4,785 8,177 3,776 1,947 1,276 162 11,201 419 8,681 2,101 1,829 1,444 178 11,281 369 8,886 2,026 652 1,282 181 2,286 8 1,984 294 Percent change, 2000-01 -2.0% -4.9 6.5 -11.6 -9.0 -0.7 13.6 -2.3 3.7 Percent of all detainees 2001 1995 100% 23.8 100% 46.2 10.2 6.7 0.8 58.5 2.2 45.4 11.0 8.0 15.7 2.2 28.0 0.1 24.3 3.6 *Detail does not sum to total due to unknown facility type for 1 detainee in 2000 and 2001. D a ilycounts c o u n tsof o fdetainees d e ta in e e sunder u n d e rINS IN Sjurisdiction, ju rid ic tio n , Daily A u g u s t11to toDecember D e c e m b e r31, 3 1 ,2001 2001 August Num ber of detainees 22,000 21,000 20,000 19,000 18,000 8/1 Figure 2 10 Prisoners in 2001 8/15 9/1 9/15 10/1 10/15 11/1 11/15 12/1 12/15 1/1 At yearend 2001 U.S. military authorities held 2,436 prisoners in 59 facilities About 82% of prisoners held by the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps were convicted inmates; 18% were unconvicted persons whose cases had not been tried (table 13). Fifty-five percent of the prisoners (1,332) had sentences of 1 year or more. At yearend 2001 the Army’s Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and five other local or regional Army facilities held the largest share (40%) of all inmates under military jurisdiction. The 11 Navy facilities held nearly 37% of all inmates; the 6 Marine Corps facilities held 18% of all inmates; and the 36 Air Force facilities held 5% of all inmates. The operational capacity of the 59 military confinement facilities totaled 4,478 (not shown in a table). At yearend 2001 these facilities were operating at 54% of their operational capacity. U.S. Territories held 15,852 inmates in 2001 The U.S. Territories and Commonwealths C American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands C reported 15,852 inmates under the jurisdiction of their prison systems at yearend 2001, a decrease of 1.7% since 2000 (table 14). Prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year totaled 11,910 (or three-quarters of the total territorial prison population). Since 1995 the number of sentenced prisoners held in U.S. Territories has grown 28%, compared to the 21% increase in the number of sentenced State prisoners. Relative to the resident populations in the Territories, the rate of incarceration was 271 prisoners per 100,000 residents C less than two-thirds of the combined rate of the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Of the 5 Territories, the U.S. Virgin Islands had the highest prison incarceration rate (339 inmates per 100,000 residents), followed by Puerto Rico (with 278). Puerto Rico, the largest of the Territories, had the most sentenced prisoners (10,997 at yearend 2001), down from 11,075 in 2000. In 2001, 21 States had fewer sentenced inmates than Puerto Rico; 12 States had lower incarceration rates. More black males than white males among State and Federal inmates at yearend 2001 Percent of prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction* 1990 2000 Total White Black Hispanic Other 100.0% 35.6 44.5 17.4 2.5 100.0% 36.1 46.3 15.6 2.0 *Based on inmates with sentences of more than 1 year. At yearend 2001 black non-Hispanic inmates represented an estimated Table 13. Prisoners under military jurisdiction, by branch of service, yearend 2000 and 2001 Branch of service Total 2001 2000 Percent change, 2000-01 Sentenced to more than 1 year 2001 2000 Percent change, 2000-01 To which prisoners belonged Total Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy Coast Guard 2,436 480 804 628 516 8 2,420 413 789 730 474 14 0.7% 16.2 1.9 -14.0 8.9 -42.9 1,332 267 600 236 226 3 1,346 253 585 280 222 6 -1.0% 5.5 2.6 -15.7 1.8 -50.0 Holding prisoners Total Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy 2,436 126 981 428 901 2,420 102 994 563 761 0.7% 23.5 -1.3 -24.0 18.4 1,332 14 822 77 419 1,346 11 831 134 370 -1.0% 27.3 -1.1 -42.5 13.2 Table 14. Prisoners in custody of correctional authorities in the U.S. Territories, yearend 2000 and 2001 Total U.S. Territory Advance 2001 Final 2000 Percent change, 2000-01 Total 15,852 16,130 -1.7% Sentenced to more than 1 year Percent IncarAdvance Final change, ceration 2001 2000 2000-00 rate, 2001* 11,910 11,916 155 140 10.7 125 114 American Samoa Guam 585 684 -14.5 297 323 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 102 97 5.2 72 51 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 14,516 14,691 -1.2 10,997 11,075 U.S. Virgin Islands 494 518 -4.6 419 353 --Not calculated. *The number of prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year per 100,000 persons in the resident population. Midyear population estimates were provided by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Data Base. -0.1% 271 9.6 -8.0 182 185 41.2 93 -0.7 18.7 278 339 Prisoners in 2001 11 46% of all inmates with sentences of more than 1 year, while white non-Hispanic inmates accounted for 36% and Hispanic inmates, 16%. An estimated 10% of black males, age 25-29, in prison in 2001 When incarceration rates are estimated separately by age group, Although the total number of sentenced black males in their twenties and inmates rose sharply (up 82% between thirties are found to have high rates 1990 and 2001), there were only small relative to other groups (table 16). Expressed in terms of percentages, changes in the racial and Hispanic 10.0% of black non-Hispanic males composition of the inmate population. age 25 to 29 were in prison on DecemAt yearend 2001, black males ber 31, 2001, compared to 2.9% of (585,800) outnumbered white males Hispanic males and about 1.2% of (449,200) and Hispanic males white males in the same age group. (199,700) among inmates with Although incarceration rates drop with sentences of more than 1 year (table age, the percentage of black males 15). More than 43% of all sentenced age 45 to 54 in prison in 2001 was still inmates were black males. Table 15. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 2001 Age Total 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-54 55 or older Totala Number of sentenced prisoners Males Females Whiteb Blackb Hispanic Totala Whiteb Blackb 1,259,481 449,200 585,800 35,600 8,900 17,400 214,600 60,000 106,500 241,800 71,000 122,500 238,600 85,100 110,700 214,500 81,900 102,000 145,900 58,400 64,300 124,800 59,500 48,400 38,400 23,300 10,800 Hispanic 199,700 7,000 40,600 42,100 39,100 28,900 21,200 16,100 85,031 1,300 8,500 15,200 21,100 18,600 10,100 8,000 36,200 700 3,700 5,600 8,700 8,000 4,200 3,900 36,400 500 3,200 6,600 9,400 8,400 4,700 3,000 10,200 100 1,500 2,000 2,400 2,000 1,000 1,000 4,100 1,800 1,300 500 100 were rounded to the nearest 100. Note: Based on custody counts from National a Includes American Indians, Alaska Prisoners Statistics (NPS-1A) and updated from jurisdiction counts by gender at yearend. Estimates Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians, by age derived from the Surveys of Inmates in State and other Pacific Islanders. and Federal Correctional facilities, 1997. Estimates bExcludes Hispanics. Table 16. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 2001 Age Total 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-54 55 or older Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents of each group Males Females Totala Whiteb Blackb Hispanic Totala Whiteb Blackb Hispanic 896 838 2,199 2,624 2,401 1,906 1,286 685 149 462 3,535 321 2,858 941 7,901 1,173 10,028 1,267 8,791 1,029 7,536 699 4,932 422 2,652 110 512 1,177 1,092 2,627 2,946 2,681 2,030 1,786 1,032 250 Note: Based on estimates of the U.S. resident population on July 1, 2000, and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount. a Includes American Indians, Alaska Natives, 12 Prisoners in 2001 58 31 91 164 211 165 88 42 6 36 25 61 94 130 102 51 27 5 199 83 225 483 682 561 320 136 18 61 23 105 150 176 147 88 61 7 Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders. b Excludes Hispanics. nearly 2.7% C only slightly lower than the highest rate (2.9%) among Hispanic males (age 25 to 29) and more than twice the highest rate (1.3%) among white males (age 30 to 34). Female incarceration rates, though substantially lower than male incarceration rates at every age, reveal similar racial and ethnic disparities. Black non-Hispanic females (with an incarceration rate of 199 per 100,000) were more than 3 times as likely as Hispanic females (61 per 100,000) and 5 times more likely than white nonHispanic females (36 per 100,000) to be in prison on December 31, 2001. These differences among white, black, and Hispanic females were consistent across all age groups. Growth linked to increasing number of inmates in State prison for violent and drug offenses Between 1990 and 2000 the distribution of the four major offense categories C violent, property, drug, and public-order offenses C changed slightly among State prisoners. The percent held for property and drug offenses dropped while the percent held for violent and public-order offenses rose. Percent of sentenced State inmates 1990 2000 Total Violent Property Drug Public-order 100% 46 25 22 7 100% 49 20 21 10 In absolute numbers, an estimated 589,100 inmates in State prison at yearend 2000 were held for violent offenses, 158,700 for robbery, 156,300 for murder, 116,800 for assault, and 113,900 for rape and other sexual assaults (table 17). In addition, 238,500 inmates were held for property offenses, 251,100 for drug offenses, and 124,600 for public-order offenses. Overall, the largest growth in State inmates between 1990 and 2000 was among violent offenders. During the decade the number of violent offenders grew 273,200, while the number of drug offenders grew 101,400 (table 18). As a percentage of the total growth, violent offenders accounted for 53% of the growth; drug offenders 20%; property offenders 12%; and publicorder offenders 15%. Sources of growth differ among men and women and among white, black, and Hispanic inmates The increasing number of violent offenders accounted for 55% of the total growth among male inmates and 33% among female inmates. Drug offenders accounted for a larger portion of the total growth among female inmates (33%), compared to 19% among male inmates. The increasing number of property offenders accounted for a slightly higher percent of the growth among female inmates (19%) than male inmates (12%). Although the number of public-order offenders rose sharply, they accounted for only 15% of the total growth among male inmates and 16% of the growth among female inmates. The sources of population growth also differed among white, black, and Hispanic prisoners. Overall, the increasing number of drug offenses accounted for 27% of the total growth among black inmates, 7% of the total growth among Hispanic inmates, and 15% of the growth among white inmates (table 19). Violent offenders accounted for the largest source of growth for all groups C among white State inmates (49%), black inmates (52%), and Hispanic inmates (69%). Table 17. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under State jurisdiction, by offense, gender, race, and Hispanic origin, 2000 Offense Total All 1,206,400 Male Female 1,130,100 76,400 White 436,700 Black 562,000 Hispanic 178,500 Violent offenses Murdera Manslaughter Rape Other sexual assault Robbery Assault Other violent 589,100 156,300 17,300 30,800 83,100 158,700 116,800 26,100 565,100 148,100 15,400 30,400 82,200 153,400 111,200 24,400 24,000 8,200 1,800 300 900 5,300 5,700 1,700 212,400 53,000 6,600 15,400 50,500 35,800 39,400 11,800 273,400 77,200 6,800 12,100 20,700 96,000 51,100 9,600 87,100 23,400 2,900 2,300 10,400 22,800 21,400 3,900 Property offenses Burglary Larceny Motor vehicle theft Fraud Other property 238,500 111,300 45,700 18,800 32,500 30,100 219,300 107,800 39,900 18,100 24,800 28,600 19,200 3,600 5,800 700 7,600 1,500 108,600 50,800 17,900 7,700 17,300 14,800 96,800 45,100 21,100 7,100 12,600 10,900 28,400 13,200 5,300 3,700 2,500 3,800 251,100 226,400 24,700 58,200 145,300 43,300 124,600 116,400 8,200 56,600 44,900 19,000 300 700 1,600 700 Drug offenses Public-order offenses b 3,200 2,900 Other/unspecified Note: Data are for inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of State correctional authorities. The number of inmates by offense were estimated using the 1997 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities and rounded to the nearest 100. c Includes nonnegligent manslaughter. b Includes weapons, drunk driving, court offenses, commercialized vice, morals and decency charges, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. c Includes juvenile offenses and unspecified felonies. a Table 18. Partitioning by gender and offense the growth of the sentenced prison population under State jurisdiction, 1990-2000 Offense Total Violent Property Drug Public-order All prisoners Increase, Percent of 1990-2000 total 516,800 273,200 63,500 101,400 78,800 100% 53 12 20 15 Male prisoners Increase, Percent of 1990-2000 total 477,300 260,300 56,000 88,500 72,500 100% 55 12 19 15 Female prisoners Increase, Percent 1990-2000 of total 39,700 12,900 7,500 12,900 6,300 100% 33 19 33 16 Table 19. Partitioning by race, Hispanic origin, and offense the growth of the sentenced prison population under State jurisdiction, 1990-2000 Offense Total Violent Property Drug Public-order White prisoners Increase, Percent of 1990-2000 total 193,300 94,800 33,400 28,600 36,900 100% 49 17 15 19 Black prisoners Increase, Percent of 1990-2000 total 247,300 127,300 25,900 65,500 28,300 100% 52 10 27 11 Hispanic prisoners Increase, Percent 1990-2000 of total 63,200 43,400 4,200 4,600 10,700 100% 69 7 7 17 Prisoners in 2001 13 both custody and jurisdiction counts. (See NPS jurisdiction notes.) Table 20. Number of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons, by most serious offense, 1990, 1995, and 2000 Offense Number of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons 1990 1995 2000 Percent change, 1990-2000 Percent of total growth, 1990-2000 56,989 88,101 129,329 126.9% 100.0% Violent offenses Homicidea Robbery Other violent 9,557 1,233 5,158 3,166 11,321 966 6,341 4,014 12,973 1,124 9,450 2,399 35.7% -8.8 83.2 -24.2 4.7% 0.2 5.9 -1.1 Property offenses Burglary Fraud Other property 7,935 442 5,113 2,380 7,524 164 5,629 1,731 9,849 280 7,497 2,072 24.1% -36.7 46.6 -12.9 1.2% -0.2 3.3 -0.4 30,470 51,737 73,389 140.9% 59.3% Total Drug offenses Excluded from NPS counts are persons confined in locally administered confinement facilities who are under the jurisdiction of local authorities. NPS counts include all inmates in State-operated facilities in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont, which have combined jail-prison systems. Military Corrections Statistics BJS obtains yearend counts of prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities from the Department of Defense Corrections Council. In 1994 442 1,757 1,263 185.7% 1.1% Other/unknownb the council, comprised of representaa tives from each branch of military Note: All data are from the BJS Federal justice Includes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter. database. Data for 1990 and 1995 are for Decemservice, adopted a standardized report b Includes offenses not classifiable. ber 31. Data for 2000 are for September 30. Data (DD Form 2720) with a common set are based on all sentenced inmates, regardless of of items and definitions. This report sentence length. provides information on persons held in U.S. military confinement facilities Overall, the percentage of violent Changing Federal prison population inside and outside the continental Federal inmates declined from 17% related to drugs, weapons, and United States, by branch of service, to 10%. While the number of offenders immigration violations sex, race, Hispanic origin, conviction in each major offense category Prisoners sentenced for drug offenses increased, the number incarcerated for status, sentence length, and offense. It also includes data on the number a drug offense accounted for the constitute the largest group of Federal of facilities, and their design and rated inmates (57%) in 2000, up from 53% in largest percentage of the total growth capacities. (59%), followed by public-order offend1990 (table 20). On September 30, ers (32%). 2000, the date of the latest available NPS jurisdiction notes data in the Federal Justice Statistics Methodology Program, Federal prisons held 73,389 Alaska C Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include sentenced drug offenders, compared jail and prison populations. Counts exclude National Prisoner Statistics to 30,470 at yearend 1990. Public-order offenses Immigration Weapons Other public-order 8,585 1,728 3,073 3,784 15,762 3,612 7,519 4,631 Between 1990 and 2000, the number of Federal inmates held for immigration offenses increased 691%, and the number held for weapons offenses increased 247%. The number of immigration offenders rose from 1,728 in 1990 to 13,676 in 2000; weapons offenders rose from 3,073 to 10,652. By September 30, 2000, weapons offenders represented 8.2% of Federal inmates and immigration violators 10.6%. Although the number of robbers showed an increase of 83% between 1990 and 2000, the increase was offset by a decline of nearly 9% among offenders held for homicide and 24% among other violent offenders (such as inmates held for assault and sex offenses). 14 Prisoners in 2001 31,855 13,676 10,652 7,527 271.1% 691.4 246.6 98.9 32.2% 16.5 10.5 5.2 The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), with the U.S. Census Bureau as its collection agent, obtains yearend and midyear counts of prisoners from departments of correction in each of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In an effort to collect comparable data from all jurisdictions, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) distinguishes prisoners in custody from those under jurisdiction. To have custody of a prisoner, a State must hold that person in one of its facilities. To have jurisdiction means that a State has legal authority over the prisoner. Prisoners under a State=s jurisdiction may be in the custody of a local jail, another State=s prison, or other correctional facility. Some States are unable to provide individuals in electronic and special monitoring programs. Arizona C Population counts are based on custody data. Counts exclude 332 sentenced males and 27 sentenced females housed in local jails who were awaiting transfer to the DOC. The definition of operational capacity has changed to include temporary beds and double bunks used in situations of crowding. Arkansas C During the year, the DOC took control of two facilities previously managed by a private company. California C Population counts include felons and civil addicts who are temporarily absent, such as in court, jail or hospital. Colorado C Population counts include 266 male and 7 female inmates in the Youthful Offender System and 113 male and 16 female inmates housed in local jails awaiting transfer to the Department of Corrections. Kansas C Population counts of inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less. New Jersey C Population counts of inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year. Connecticut C Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Counts exclude inmates in halfway houses. Louisiana C Counts are as of December 26, 2001. Operational capacity is based on day-to-day operations. Rated and operational capacities include contractual work release facilities. Rated and operational capacity figures are not maintained. Legislation in 1995 abolished the capacity law so that prisons no longer have a rated or operational capacity. Design capacity is recorded separately in each facility. Population counts include 14,826 males and 1,224 females housed in local jails as a result of a partnership with the Louisiana Sheriffs’ Association and local authorities. Delaware C Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Capacity counts include Department of Correction halfway houses. Maryland C Design capacity is no longer reported because of renovations and other changes. Operational capacity was estimated by applying a percentage to the population count on December 31, 2001. North Carolina C Capacity figures refer to standard operating capacity as of June 28, 2002, based on single occupancy per cell and 50 square feet per inmate in multiple occupancy units. District of Columbia C Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Counts exclude inmates held in the Federal system as a result of the transfer of responsibility for sentenced felons under the 1997 Revitalization Act. Massachusetts C By law, offenders may be sentenced to terms of up to 2½ years in locally operated jails. Such offenders are included in counts and rates for local jails. About 6,200 inmates with sentences of more than 1 year were held in local jails in 2000. Capacity figures exclude 4 privately run facilities under contract with the Department of Corrections. Federal C Custody counts include inmates housed in privately operated secure facilities under contract with BOP or with State or local government that has an intergovernmental agreement. Custody counts exclude offenders housed under home confinement. Rated capacity excludes contract beds. Florida C Population counts are based on custody data, including inmates in privately operated facilities. Georgia C Population counts are based on custody data, including inmates in privately operated facilities. Facilities in Georgia are not given rated or design capacities. Hawaii C Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Idaho C Rated capacity is defined as 100% of the maximum capacity; operational capacity as 95% of the maximum (except in one facility which is 100%). Illinois C Population counts are based on jurisdiction data. Counts of inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year. Iowa C Population counts are based on custody data. Counts of inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less. Counts include 420 inmates housed in local jails and 86 inmates held in another State due to crowding in State prison facilities. Michigan C Jurisdiction counts exclude 237 inmates held in local jails. Operational capacity includes institution and camp net capacities and populations in community programs. Mississippi C Operation and design capacities include private prison capacities and exclude local county jails and county regional facilities. Missouri C Design capacities are not available for older prisons. Operational capacity is defined as the number of available beds including those temporarily off-line. Montana C Counts include 251 inmates under intensive supervision in the community and 26 inmates housed in local jails awaiting transfer to a State facility. Capacity figures exclude 3 county operated regional prisons (an estimated 610 beds) and a State operated boot camp (60 beds). Nebraska C Operational capacity is defined as stress capacity (or 125% of design capacity), which is ordered by the governor and set by the Department of Corrections. Nevada C Rated capacity is defined as emergency capacity. Design capacity is defined as one bed per cell. Capacity figures include 500 beds in a private facility. New Mexico C Operational capacity includes the maximum number of contracted beds in private facilities. North Dakota C Capacity figures include a new facility opened in 1998 and double bunking in the State Penitentiary. Ohio C Population counts of inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year or less. Oklahoma C Population counts of inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year. Capacity figures include private prisons and contract jails. Oregon C Under a new law, inmates with under a 1 year maximum sentence remain under the control of local counties. Rated and design capacities are not recognized. Pennsylvania C Custody counts include inmates in contracted group homes. In April 2001 the definition of rated capacity was changed, based on the “Multiple Occupancy Strategy” which allows for housing more than 1 inmate per cell/dormitory in 80% of the housing units and 1 inmate per cell in 20% of units. Rhode Island C Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. South Carolina C Population counts include unsentenced inmates on Youthful Offender Act observation status, of which there were none on December 31, 2001. South Dakota C Operational capacity is planned capacity. Rated and design capacities are not recognized. Tennessee C Population counts of inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include an undetermined number with a sentence of 1 year. Texas C Jurisdiction counts include inmates serving time in a pre-parole transfer (PPT) or intermediary sanctions facility (ISF), substance abuse felony punishment facility (SAFPF), temporary releases to Prisoners in 2001 15 counties, and paper ready inmates in local jails. Capacity figures include public, privately operated and county contracted facilities that are state funded. Non-contracted county jail beds are excluded. Utah C Custody counts exclude inmates held in county jails. Vermont C Prisons and jails form one integrated system. All NPS data include jail and prison populations. Population counts are jurisdiction counts that include inmates housed in other States but exclude inmates on furlough or intermediate sanctions. Virginia C Population counts are for December 29, 2001. Rated capacity is the DOC count of beds, which takes into account the number of inmates that can be accommodated based on staff, programming, services and design. Washington C A recently revised law allows increasing numbers of inmates with sentences of less than 1 year to be housed in prison. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Washington, DC 20531 Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 16 Prisoners in 2001 The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Lawrence A. Greenfeld is the acting director. Data collection and processing for the NPS program were carried out by Nicole D. Simpson under the supervision of Marilyn M. Monahan, Demographic Surveys Division, U.S. Census Bureau. BJS Bulletins present the first release Christopher J. Mumola collected and of findings from permanent data processed data on prisoners in the collection programs such as the U.S. Territories, in U.S. military faciliNational Prisoner Statistics. ties, and in facilities operated by or Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck for the U.S. Immigration and Naturaliwrote this report. Jennifer C. Karberg zation Service. provided statistical assistance and verification. Tom Hester edited the report. Jayne Robinson administered July 2002, NCJ 195189 final production. Wisconsin C Jurisdiction counts include 388 temporary probation or parole placements, 68 persons on escape status, and 14 persons in home residence under the Intensive Sanctions Program. Operational capacity excludes contracted local jails, Federal, other State, and private facilities. This report in portable document format and in ASCII, its tables, and related statistical data are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/> PRESORTED STANDARD POSTAGE & FEES PAID DOJ/BJS Permit No. G-91