Probation and Parole in the United States 2006, DOJ BJS, 2007
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin December 2007, NCJ 220218 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 Lauren E. Glaze and Thomas P. Bonczar BJS Statisticians The number of adult men and women in the United States who were being supervised on probation or parole at the end of 2006 reached 5,035,225, up from 3,757,282 on December 31, 1995. These data were collected in the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) 2006 Annual Probation Survey and 2006 Annual Parole Survey. Probationers are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of correctional supervision in the community in lieu of incarceration. Parole is a period of conditional supervised release following a prison term. In 2006 the combined probation and parole populations grew by 1.8% or 87,852 persons. The growth in 2006 was slower than the average annual increase of 2.2% since 1995. Over the past 11 years, the total population under community supervision increased by over 1 million offenders, based on comparable reporting agencies. It excludes 236,014 probationers under the supervision of agencies added since 1995. (See Methodology.) More than 8 in 10 offenders under community supervision were on probation at yearend 2006 About 84% of the community supervision population was on probation at yearend 2006. Since 1995 (82%) the proportion of offenders on probation increased as a percentage of the total community supervision population. During 2006 the probation population grew by 1.7% which represented an increase of 70,266 probationers. This was the largest growth since 2002 when the population increased 2.3% or 92,336 probationers. Annual probation population and entries to probation, 1995-2006 Number of probationers 4,000,000 Yearend 3,000,000 2,000,000 Annual entries 1,000,000 0 1995 1999 2003 2006 Figure 1 Probation population grew by 923,100 persons since 1995 The probation population increased from 3,077,861 in 1995 to 4,237,023 in 2006 (figure 1). Based on comparable reporting agencies from 1995 to 2006, the probation population grew by 923,100 persons or 30%. Between 1995 and 2006 the number entering probation supervision exceeded the number exiting and the probation population continued to grow. Entries increased from 1.6 million in 1995 to 2.3 million in 2006. Exits rose from 1.5 million to 2.2 million during this same 11-year period. Both entries and exits increased an average of 3.4% annually between 1995 and 2006. Nearly a quarter of probationers who entered supervision during 2006 received a probation sentence combined with incarceration Seventy percent of the estimated 2.3 million probationers who entered supervision during 2006 were sentenced to probation without a term of incarceration. Nearly a quarter of probationers received a combined probation and incarceration sentence. Indiana reported detailed data for type of entry in 2006, but not in 2000. Based on comparable reporting methods in 2000 and 2006, almost 8 in 10 probationers entered supervision without incarceration while 1 in 6 received a sentence to probation combined with incarceration in both years. Type of entry Without incarceration With incarceration Other types Total estimated entries Percent of adults entering probation 2006 2000 Reported Comparable 79% 16 5 2,153,300 70% 24 6 2,272,300 78% 16 6 2,272,300 Nearly 1 in 5 probationers who exited from supervision in 2006 were incarcerated Since 2000 the total estimated number of probationers exiting supervision annually increased from 2,095,200 to 2,201,800 in 2006 (table 1). During this same time, the percentage of probationers who completed their full-term sentence or were discharged early declined, from 60% in 2000 to 57% in 2006. Eighteen percent of probationers who exited supervision during 2006 were incarcerated. Nine percent were incarcerated due to a rule violation and 4% were incarcerated because of new offense. Percent of adults exiting probation 2000 2006 Type of exit Completions Incarceration With new sentence With the same sentence Other/Unknown Absconder Discharge to custody, detainer, or warrant Other unsatisfactory Death Other Total estimated exits 60% 15 3 8 4 3 57% 18 4 9 5 4 1 11 1 9 2,095,200 1 12 1 6 2,201,800 Over 7.2 million persons on probation or parole or incarcerated in jail or prison at yearend 2006 During 2006 the total Federal, State, and local adult correctional population — incarcerated or in the community — grew by 159,500 persons to over 7.2 million. The growth of 2.3% during the year was about the same as the average annual increase in the correctional population since 1995 (2.5%). About 3.2% of the U.S. adult population, or 1 in every 31 adults, were incarcerated or on probation or parole at yearend 2006. Since 1995 the jail population was the fastest growing correctional population, with an average annual increase of 3.8%, followed by prison (3.0%), probation (2.4%), and parole (1.5%). Based on data from comparable reporting agencies, between 1995 and 2006 the correctional population increased by over 1.6 million offenders or 31%. Probationers accounted for more than half (57% or 923,100 offenders) of the growth. As a percentage of the correctional population, offenders under community supervision accounted for 69% of the total in 2006, while those incarcerated accounted for 31%. These percentages were almost unchanged from 1995 (70% and 30%, respectively). Number of persons under correctional supervision, 1995, 2000-06 Year 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2003 (revised)b 2004 2005 2006 Total estimated Community supervision correctional populationa Probation Parole 5,342,900 6,445,100 6,581,700 6,758,800 6,883,200 6,924,500 6,995,100 7,051,900 7,211,400 3,077,861 3,826,209 3,931,731 4,024,067 4,073,987 4,120,012 4,143,792 4,166,757 4,237,023 679,421 723,898 732,333 750,934 774,588 769,925 771,852 780,616 798,202c Incarceration Jail Prison 507,044 621,149 631,240 665,475 691,301 691,301 713,990 747,529 766,010 1,078,542 1,316,333 1,330,007 1,367,547 1,390,279 1,390,279 1,421,345 1,448,344 1,492,973 Percent change, 2005-2006 2.3% 1.7% 2.3% 2.5% 3.1% Average annual percent change, 1995-2006d 2.5% 2.4% 1.5% 3.8% 3.0% Note: Counts of probationers, parolees, and prisoners are for December 31. All jail counts are for June 30. Jail and prison counts include inmates held in private facilities. Totals in 2005 and 2006 exclude probationers and parolees held in jail or prison. Totals in 2000 through 2004 only exclude probationers held in jail or prison. a Because some offenders may have multiple statuses, totals were rounded to the nearest 100. b Due to changes in reporting, total probation and parole counts include estimated counts for Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Washington based on reporting methods comparable to 2004. c Illinois did not provide data for 2006; therefore, all data for Illinois were estimated. See Methodology for more details. d Percent change is based on comparable reporting agencies, excluding 236,014 probationers from agencies added since 1995. See Methodology. 2 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 Table 1. Adults on probation, 2006 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Probation population, 1/1/2006 2006 Entries Reported Imputeda Exits Reported Imputeda Probation population 12/31/2006 Percent change, 2006 Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/06 4,166,757 25,473 4,141,284 1,846,224 12,462 1,833,762 2,272,300 12,462 2,259,800 1,780,590 13,415 1,767,175 2,201,800 13,415 2,188,400 4,237,023 24,491 4,212,532 1.7% -3.9% 1.7 1,868 11 1,857 Northeast Connecticutb Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvaniac Rhode Islandb Vermontb 699,933 52,835 8,052 167,960 4,615 139,091 125,314 167,520 25,613 8,933 195,542 29,959 3,457 86,944 3,845 24,896 33,767 2,391 5,794 4,489 260,500 29,959 3,457 86,944 3,845 24,896 33,767 67,400 5,794 4,489 201,456 28,283 3,590 85,382 3,870 31,351 35,663 2,136 5,390 5,791 262,000 28,283 3,590 85,382 3,870 31,351 35,663 62,700 5,390 5,791 698,428 54,511 7,919 169,522 4,590 132,636 123,418 172,184 26,017 7,631 -0.2% 3.2 -1.7 0.9 -0.5 -4.6 -1.5 2.8 1.6 -14.6 1,657 2,027 760 3,396 450 1,995 834 1,784 3,142 1,554 Midwest Illinoisb,c Indianab Iowa Kansas Michiganc Minnesota Missourib Nebraska North Dakota Ohiob,c South Dakota Wisconsin 975,228 143,136 117,960 23,404 15,010 180,290 118,878 53,614 18,468 4,085 240,706 5,308 54,369 483,825 ** 96,356 14,716 19,835 78,534 88,735 24,116 15,338 2,947 113,645 3,440 26,163 636,600 60,600 96,356 14,716 19,835 137,300 88,735 24,116 15,338 2,947 147,000 3,440 26,163 463,939 ** 93,895 15,498 19,327 78,521 80,324 22,767 15,075 2,729 107,990 3,087 24,726 619,700 62,800 93,895 15,498 19,327 135,000 80,324 22,767 15,075 2,729 144,600 3,087 24,726 992,920 141,000 120,421 22,622 15,518 182,650 127,289 54,963 18,731 4,303 243,956 5,661 55,806 1.8% -1.5 2.1 -3.3 3.4 1.3 7.1 2.5 1.4 5.3 1.4 6.7 2.6 1,981 1,461 2,533 993 748 2,398 3,243 1,237 1,410 875 2,799 959 1,311 1,685,782 48,607 30,735 18,462 7,006 279,613 414,409 37,030 38,366 75,593 23,864 111,626 28,996 39,308 48,631 430,301 45,589 7,646 745,553 23,658 10,349 14,951 5,031 233,833 54,793 16,170 13,687 38,583 8,690 62,752 13,582 14,401 26,761 179,448 27,951 913 928,900 23,658 10,349 14,951 5,031 251,300 213,600 23,200 13,687 38,583 8,690 62,752 13,582 14,401 26,761 179,448 27,951 1,000 728,171 16,499 9,576 16,455 5,154 240,502 44,681 14,038 13,996 38,478 8,447 63,959 15,163 15,356 21,811 177,782 25,396 878 911,200 16,499 9,576 16,455 5,154 257,900 205,200 19,100 13,996 38,478 8,447 63,959 15,163 15,356 21,811 177,782 25,396 1,000 1,702,430 55,766 31,508 16,958 6,883 272,977 422,790 41,162 38,057 75,698 24,107 110,419 27,415 38,353 52,558 431,967 48,144 7,668 1.0% 14.7 2.5 -8.1 -1.8 -2.4 2.0 11.2 -0.8 0.1 1.0 -1.1 -5.5 -2.4 8.1 0.4 5.6 0.3 2,060 1,592 1,478 2,592 1,480 1,925 6,059 1,279 1,186 1,773 1,116 1,632 1,016 1,160 1,136 2,515 820 536 780,341 5,680 71,115 388,260 56,438 16,825 43,712 8,316 12,616 14,982 43,606 10,083 103,882 4,826 408,842 1,350 38,580 203,747 30,328 6,453 39,836 3,985 6,683 5,422 18,185 5,403 45,990 2,880 433,800 1,350 39,200 203,747 33,700 6,453 39,836 4,100 6,683 7,100 18,185 5,403 65,100 2,880 373,609 935 36,580 190,300 24,071 4,680 34,939 3,501 6,091 4,989 16,541 5,060 43,441 2,481 395,400 935 37,100 190,300 27,100 4,680 34,939 3,700 6,091 5,600 16,541 5,060 60,900 2,481 818,754 6,095 73,265 401,707 63,032 18,598 48,609 8,770 13,208 16,493 45,250 10,426 108,076 5,225 4.9% 7.3 3.0 3.5 11.7 10.5 11.2 5.5 4.7 10.1 3.8 3.4 4.0 8.3 1,579 1,239 1,591 1,486 1,743 1,870 4,482 1,201 699 1,131 1,580 586 2,202 1,319 South Alabamab,d Arkansas Delaware District of Columbia Floridab,c Georgiab,c,e Kentuckyb,c Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolinab Oklahomab South Carolina Tennesseeb Texas Virginiab West Virginiab,c West Alaska Arizonab,c Californiab Coloradob,c Hawaii Idahob,f Montanab,c,d Nevada New Mexicob,c,d Oregon Utah Washingtonb,c Wyoming Note: Because of nonresponse or incomplete data, the probation population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2006, does not equal the population on January 1, plus entries, minus exits. Rates were computed using the estimated adult resident population in each state on January 1, 2007. See Methodology. **Not known. aDetails may not sum to totals because of rounding. b Some or all detailed data were estimated. cData for entries and exits were estimated for non-reporting agencies. See Methodology. d Due to a change in reporting, data are not comparable to previous years. e Counts include private agency cases and may overstate the number of persons under supervision. f Counts include estimates for misdemeanors based on admissions. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 3 5 States accounted for over half of the growth in the probation population during 2006 Five States had an absolute increase of 4,500 or more in their probation population during 2006. California experienced the largest increase (13,400), followed by Minnesota (8,400), Alabama (7,200), Colorado (6,600), and Pennsylvania (4,700). These same 5 States accounted for 57% of the growth in the population during the year. State Absolute increase Percent of absolute of 4,500 or more* increase, 2006 U.S. total 70,266 100% Total California Minnesota Alabama Colorado Pennsylvania 40,275 13,447 8,411 7,159 6,594 4,664 57 19 12 10 9 7 *Excludes Georgia which included probation casebased counts for private agencies, and Idado which estimated misdemeanors based on admissions. Majority of probationers were male and white At yearend 2006, 76% of probationers were male, down from 79% in 1995 (table 2). Since 1995 women have accounted for a larger percentage of the probation population (21% in 1995 compared to 24% in 2006). The racial composition of the probation population has remained nearly stable since 1995. In both 1995 (53%) and 2006 (55%) the majority of probationers were white. Twenty-nine percent were black in 2006, nearly unchanged from 31% in 1995. Hispanic probationers comprised 13% of the population in 2006; 14% in 1995. More than 7 in 10 probationers were non-violent offenders Nearly three-quarters (73%) of probationers under supervision on December 31, 2006 were supervised for a non-violent offense, including more than a quarter for a drug law violation and a sixth for driving while intoxicated. Sixteen percent of probationers were convicted of a violent offense, including 3% for sexual assault, 4% for domestic violence, and 9% for assault other than domestic violence and sexual assault. Eleven percent of probationers were supervised for other unspecified offenses. 4 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 Parole population grew by 17,586 during 2006 At yearend 2006 a total of 798,202 adult men and women were on parole or mandatory conditional release following a prison term (table 3). The population grew by 17,586 parolees during the year or 2.3%. This was greater than the average annual increase of 1.5% since 1995. Table 2. Characteristics of adults on probation, 1995, 2000, and 2006 Characteristic Total Gender Male Female Race/Hispanic origin White* Black* Hispanic or Latino American Indian/Alaska Native* Asian/Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander* Two or more races Status of probation Direct imposition Split sentence Sentence suspended Imposition suspended Other Status of supervision Active Residential/other treatment program Financial conditions remaining Inactive Absconder Supervised out of State Warrant status Other Type of offense Felony Misdemeanor Other infractions 1995 2000 2006 100% 100% 100% 79% 21 78% 22 76% 24 53% 31 14 1 54% 31 13 1 55% 29 13 1 -... 1 ... 1 -- 48% 15 26 6 4 56% 11 25 7 1 58% 10 23 9 1 79% 76% 71% ... ... 8 9 2 ... 2 ... ... 9 9 3 ... 3 54% 44 2 52% 46 2 1 2 7 9 3 6 2 49% 49 2 Most serious offense Sexual assault ... ... 3% Domestic violence ... ... 4 Other assault ... ... 9 Burglary ... ... 5 Larceny/theft ... ... 13 Motor vehicle theft ... ... 1 Fraud ... ... 5 Drug law violations ... 24 27 Driving while intoxicated 16 18 16 Minor traffic offenses ... 6 6 Other 84 52 11 Note: Each characteristic includes persons of unknown type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. --Less than 0.5%. ...Not available. *Excludes persons of Hispanic origin. Table 3. Adults on parole, 2006 Region and jurisdiction Parole population, 1/1/06 Entries Reported Imputeda 2006 Exits Reported Imputeda Parole Percent population, change, 12/31/06 2006 Number on parole per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/06 U.S. totalb 780,616 485,882 536,200 469,768 519,200 798,202 2.3% 352 Federal 86,852 41,922 41,922 39,230 39,230 89,438 3.0% 39 b State 693,764 443,960 494,300 430,538 480,000 708,764 2.2 313 Northeast 152,033 53,581 68,000 53,793 67,600 152,563 0.3% 362 Connecticut 2,571 2,845 2,845 2,849 2,849 2,567 -0.2 95 Maine 34 1 1 4 4 31 -8.8 3 Massachusettsc 3,579 4,619 4,619 5,120 5,120 3,223 -9.9 65 New Hampshire 1,402 628 628 409 409 1,621 15.6 159 New Jersey 13,874 10,373 10,373 9,842 9,842 14,405 3.8 217 New York 53,533 23,422 23,422 23,954 23,954 53,001 -1.0 358 Pennsylvaniad 75,678 10,853 25,300 10,742 24,600 76,386 0.9 791 Rhode Island 302 379 379 317 317 364 20.5 44 Vermontc,e 1,060 461 461 556 556 965 -9.0 197 Midwestb 131,283 66,166 102,100 66,736 102,300 131,037 -0.2% 261 Illinoisc,f 34,576 ** 35,900 ** 35,600 ** : : Indiana 7,295 7,555 7,555 6,900 6,900 7,950 9.0 167 Iowa 3,560 2,381 2,381 2,363 2,363 3,578 0.5 157 Kansase 4,666 5,785 5,785 5,565 5,565 4,886 4.7 235 Michigan 19,978 10,713 10,713 12,205 12,205 18,486 -7.5 243 Minnesota 4,007 5,427 5,427 5,003 5,003 4,431 10.6 113 c Missouri 18,374 13,214 13,214 12,525 12,525 19,063 3.7 429 Nebraska 662 1,037 1,037 902 902 797 20.4 60 North Dakota 302 859 859 791 791 370 22.5 75 Ohio 19,512 9,712 9,712 11,621 11,621 17,603 -9.8 202 South Dakota 2,444 2,054 2,054 1,731 1,731 2,767 13.2 469 Wisconsin 15,907 7,429 7,429 7,130 7,130 16,206 1.9 381 South 235,061 108,255 108,255 105,356 105,356 237,821 1.2% 288 Alabamac 7,795 3,599 3,599 2,736 2,736 8,658 11.1 247 c Arkansas 16,666 8,731 8,731 6,992 6,992 18,405 10.4 863 Delaware 600 367 367 423 423 544 -9.3 83 District of Columbia 4,926 2,256 2,256 1,795 1,795 5,387 9.4 1,158 Floridac 4,785 6,474 6,474 6,469 6,469 4,790 0.1 34 Georgia 22,851 11,580 11,580 11,473 11,473 22,958 0.5 329 c Kentucky 10,162 7,034 7,034 5,329 5,329 11,867 16.8 369 Louisiana 24,072 13,689 13,689 13,098 13,098 24,663 2.5 769 Maryland 14,271 7,491 7,491 7,411 7,411 14,351 0.6 336 Mississippi 1,970 953 953 1,024 1,024 1,899 -3.6 88 c North Carolina 3,101 3,608 3,608 3,473 3,473 3,236 4.4 48 c Oklahoma 4,329 843 843 2,100 2,100 3,072 -29.0 114 South Carolina 3,072 773 773 1,110 1,110 2,735 -11.0 83 Tennesseee 8,630 4,443 4,443 3,232 3,232 9,702 12.4 210 Texas 101,916 33,308 33,308 35,171 35,171 100,053 -1.8 583 Virginia 4,499 1,979 1,979 2,500 2,500 3,978 -11.6 68 West Virginia 1,416 1,127 1,127 1,020 1,020 1,523 7.6 107 West 175,387 215,958 215,958 204,653 204,653 187,343 6.8% 361 Alaska 973 705 705 634 634 1,044 7.3 212 Arizonac 6,213 12,256 12,256 12,006 12,006 6,463 4.0 140 Californiae 111,744 169,625 169,625 163,428 163,428 118,592 6.1 439 Colorado 8,196 7,927 7,927 6,572 6,572 9,551 16.5 264 Hawaii 2,119 798 798 601 601 2,316 9.3 233 Idaho 2,482 1,527 1,527 1,277 1,277 2,732 10.1 252 Montana 703 680 680 539 539 844 20.1 116 Nevada 3,518 2,638 2,638 2,332 2,332 3,824 8.7 202 New Mexicoc,e,g 2,831 1,650 1,650 1,559 1,559 2,922 3.2 200 Oregon 21,189 9,231 9,231 8,024 8,024 22,396 5.7 782 Utah 3,242 2,617 2,617 2,485 2,485 3,374 4.1 190 Washington 11,568 5,923 5,923 4,880 4,880 12,611 9.0 257 Wyoming 609 381 381 316 316 674 10.7 170 Note: Because of nonresponse or incomplete data, the parole population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2006, does not equal the population on January 1, plus entries, minus exits. Rates were computed using the estimated adult resident population in each State on January 1, 2007. See Methodology. **Not known. :Not calculated. a Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. bIncludes an estimated 34,900 parolees under supervision in Illinois on December 31, 2006. c Some or all data were estimated. dData for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting county agencies. See Methodology. e Excludes parolees in one of the following categories: absconder, out of State, inactive, or only have financial conditions remaining. fParole population on January 1, 2006, was estimated from the number reported for December 31, 2005. See Methodology. gDue to a change in recordkeeping procedures, data were not comparable to previous reports. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 5 At yearend 2006, 352 persons per 100,000 adult residents were under parole supervision. This represented 1 in every 284 adults in the United States. Arkansas had the highest rate of parole supervision at yearend 2006 (863 per 100,000), surpassing Pennsylvania (791 per 100,000) which had the highest rate of parole supervision since 1997. Maine had the lowest rate of parole supervision in 2006 (3 per 100,000). Parole population increased in 36 States The Federal System, 36 States, and the District of Columbia had more adults on parole at the end of 2006 than at the beginning of the year. Double-digit increases were reported in 14 States, led by North Dakota (up 23%) and Rhode Island (up 21%). Mandatory releases from prison made up half of all entries to parole supervision during 2006 Of the 536,200 parolees who entered parole supervision during 2006, more than half entered through a mandatory release from prison. Since 2000 (54%) mandatory releases to parole have decreased slightly. Thirty-five percent of parolees who entered supervision in 2006 received a discretionary release from prison by a parole board decision. Discretionary releases to parole have decreased since 2000 (37%). Between 2000 and 2006 reinstatements to parole increased as a percentage of all entries (6% and 9%, respectively). Percent of adults entering parole 2000 2006 A total of 13 States had a decrease in their parole population during 2006. Double-digit decreases were found in Oklahoma (down 29%), Virginia (down 12%), and South Carolina (down 11%). Type of entry Parole entries outpaced exits during 2006 *Includes offenders on State parole and Federal post-custody release. The State parole population reached 708,764 at yearend 2006, an increase of 15,000 parolees (or 2.2%). This was greater than the 10,200 average annual increase (1.5%) that occurred between 2000 and 2006. During 2006 entries to State parole supervision (3.0%) outpaced exits (2.4%). However, between 2000 and 2006 entries (1.9%) and exits from State parole (1.8%) grew at about the same pace each year on average. Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 State entries 441,600 445,600 436,300 459,100 469,500 479,800 494,300 State exits 432,200 439,100 420,000 440,500 467,100 468,900 480,000 Percent change, 2006 3.0% 2.4% Average annual percent change, 2000-06 1.9% 1.8% Discretionary parole Mandatory parole Reinstatement Other Total estimated entries* 37% 54 6 2 470,400 35% 52 9 3 536,200 Table 4. Characteristics of adults on parole, 1995, 2000, and 2006 Characteristic 1995 2000 2006 100% 100% 100% 90% 10 88% 12 88% 12 34% 45 21 1 38% 40 21 1 41% 39 18 1 -... -... Status of supervision Active Inactive Absconder Supervised out of State Financial conditions remaining Other 78% 11 6 4 ... -- 83% 4 7 5 ... 1 84% 4 7 4 -2 Sentence length Less than 1 year 1 year or more 6% 94 3% 97 6% 94 Type of offense Violent Property Drug Public order Other ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26% 24 37 6 6 Total Gender Male Female Race White* Black* Hispanic or Latino American Indian/Alaska Native* Asian/Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander* Two or more races 1 -- Note: Each characteristic included persons of unknown type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. --Less than 0.5%. ...Not available. * 6 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 Excludes persons of Hispanic origin. Percentage of parolees who completed their full-term sentence or exited parole early has remained stable since 2000 Forty-four percent of the estimated 519,200 parolees who exited supervision during 2006 completed their full-term parole sentence or were released from supervision early. Since 2000 this proportion has remained stable (43% in 2000). In both 2000 and 2006, about 4 in 10 parolees exited supervision because they were returned to incarceration for a new offense or a technical violation. In the same two years, about 1 in 10 parolees exited supervision because they had absconded. Another 2% who exited in 2000 and 2006 had their parole sentence terminated unsatisfactorily. Type of exit Completions Returned to incarceration With new sentence With revocation Other/Unknown Absconder Other unsatisfactory Transferred Death Other Total estimated exits Percent of adults exiting parole 2000 2006 43% 42 11 30 1 9 2 1 1 2 459,400 44% 39 11 26 2 11 2 1 1 3 519,200 Since 1995 the percentage of female and white parolees has increased At yearend 2006 about 1 out of every 8 adults on parole was a woman (96,200) (table 4). Women represented a greater percentage of the parole population in 2006 (12%), compared to 1995 (10%). The percentage of parolees who were black dropped to 39% in 2006, continuing a decline from 45% in 1995. Whites constituted 41% of the parole population in 2006, up from 34% in 1995. Almost 1 in 5 parolees were Hispanic (146,200). About 2% of parolees were of other races (12,500). Nearly 4 in 10 parolees served a sentence for a drug offense About 94% of all parolees at yearend 2006 had been sentenced to 1 year or more in Federal or State prison. The largest percentage of parolees had been convicted of a drug offense (37%, down from 40% in 2002). Data on type of offense were first collected in 2002. At yearend 2006 about one in four parolees had been convicted of a violent offense or a property offense. In 2006, 6% of parolees had been convicted of a public order offense and 6% of another type of offense which was not classified. Type of offense Violent Property Drug Public order Other* Percent of parolees 2002 2006 24% 26 40 ... 10 26% 24 37 6 6 Note: 2002 was the first year data for type of offense were collected. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. ...Not available. *In 2002 public order offenses were reported among other offenses. 1 in 6 persons under parole supervision during 2006 were returned to incarceration Of the 1,151,203 adult parolees at-risk of re-incarceration during 2006 in the 46 jurisdictions that provided information, 16% (179,259) were re-incarcerated (table 5). Offenders at risk of re-incarceration were defined as adults on parole on January 1, 2006, and those released to parole supervision during the year. In the 46 jurisdictions that provided information, a total of 665,321 parolees were under supervision on January 1, 2006, and 485,882 were released to parole supervision during the year. An unknown number of the 165,642 parolees at-risk in 7 other jurisdictions during 2006 were re-incarcerated. More than 2 in 5 parolees known to have been returned to incarceration during 2006 were in California (78,721). New York (11,548) and Texas (10,661) each returned more than 10,000 parolees to incarceration. California, New York, and Texas together accounted for more than half of all adult parolees re-incarcerated during 2006 (56%). 6 States returned 20% or more of their at-risk population to incarceration Utah and California each returned to prison or jail more than a quarter (28%) of their offenders who were under parole supervision at some time during 2006. The offenders were returned either as a result of a technical violation of their conditions of supervision or as a result of a new offense. Colorado and Missouri each returned 24% of their at-risk population during 2006; Kentucky and Minnesota each returned 21%. Of the States that provided information, four reported having returned less than 5% of their atrisk population to incarceration during 2006, including North Carolina and Maine (each 3%), Idaho (less than 0.5%), and Virginia (0%). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 7 Rates of return to incarceration have remained stable since 1998 From 1998 to 2006, the percentage of offenders under parole supervision who were known to have been returned to incarceration remained relatively stable (figure 2). Data on type of exit from parole collected prior to 1998 are not consistent with 2006. The percentage of the at-risk population returned to incarceration as the result of a revocation also remained stable (11% in each year). In 2006 approximately 5% of the at-risk population had been returned to incarceration for a new offense, unchanged from 1998. Percentage of at-risk State and Federal parole population returned to incarceration, 1998-2006 Percent returned to incarceration 20% Total 15% With revocation 10% 5% 0% 1998 Figure 2 With new sentence 2000 2002 2004 2006 Table 5. Parolees returned to incarceration, 2006 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Total population at-risk of re-incarcerationa,b Returned to incarcerationc Number Percent 1,151,203 128,774 1,022,429 179,259 8,521 170,738 16% 7% 17 Northeast Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont 149,512 35 8,198 2,030 24,247 76,955 35,845 681 1,521 21,737 1 873 344 3,321 11,548 5,381 110 159 15% 3 11 17 14 15 15 16 10 Midwest Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 162,873 14,850 5,941 10,451 30,691 9,434 31,588 1,699 1,161 29,224 4,498 23,336 25,994 2,120 727 1,459 5,188 1,952 7,447 255 165 2,185 793 3,703 16% 14 12 14 17 21 24 15 14 7 18 16 South Alabama Arkansas District of Columbia Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 342,349 11,394 25,397 7,182 11,259 34,431 17,196 37,761 21,762 2,923 6,709 5,172 3,845 13,073 135,224 6,478 2,543 32,010 888 2,992 873 1,740 4,358 3,638 2,238 1,566 174 210 428 271 1,547 10,661 0 426 9% 8 12 12 15 13 21 6 7 6 3 8 7 12 8 0 17 West Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada Oregon Utah Wyoming 367,695 18,469 281,369 16,123 2,917 4,009 1,383 6,156 30,420 5,859 990 90,997 2,804 78,721 3,921 191 6 207 535 2,871 1,649 92 25% 15 28 24 7 -15 9 9 28 9 --Less than 0.5%. a Includes 665,321 adults on parole on January 1 and 485,882 who entered parole between January 1 and December 31, 2006; see table 3. b Excludes an estimated 165,642 at risk of re-incarceration for which the total returned during 2006 was not reported, including Connecticut (5,416), Pennsylvania counties (estimated at 65,133), Illinois (estimated at 70,476), Delaware (967), Alaska (1,678), New Mexico (4,481), and Washington (17,491). See Methodology. cExcludes persons who may have been returned to incarceration but were reported as unsatisfactory (8,400), absconder (51,500), other (71,796), or unknown (5,046); see appendix table 1. May also exclude some persons reported as having completed parole for whom outstanding warrants were executed immediately upon exit from parole. 8 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 Methodology Imputing entries and exits for non-reporting agencies Beginning in 1980 the Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey collected data on the total number of persons supervised in the community on January 1 and December 31 of each year and on counts of the number persons entering and exiting supervision during the year. These surveys cover the Federal System, all 50 States, and the District of Columbia. BJS depends entirely upon the voluntary participation of the State central reporters and the separate State, county, and court agencies for the annual probation and parole data. Entries were imputed for non-reporting agencies using one of four methods, depending on data availability. The first method estimated entries to probation by applying the ratio of entries to the January 1 population in a recent year to the January 1, 2006, population for the same agency. Exits were estimated by adding the estimated entries to the January 1, 2006, population and subtracting the December 31, 2006, population. This method was used to estimate probation entries and exits for non-reporting agencies in Arizona, Colorado, Florida (four agencies), Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan (the State agency), Montana, New Mexico, and Pennsylvania counties. This method was also used to estimate parole entries and exits for Pennsylvania counties. In 2006 the U.S. Census Bureau served as the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) collection agent, except for the Federal system. Data for the Federal system were provided directly to BJS through the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program which obtained data from the Office of Probation and Pretrial Services, Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Because many States update their population counts, the January 1, 2006, numbers may differ from those previously published for December 31, 2005. Probation The 2006 Annual Probation Survey was sent to 463 respondents — the Federal System, 33 central State reporters, the District of Columbia, and 428 separate State, county, or court agencies. States with multiple reporters were Alabama (3), Arizona (2), Colorado (8), Florida (41), Georgia (5), Idaho (2), Kentucky (3), Michigan (128), Missouri (2), Montana (4), New Mexico (2), Ohio (185), Oklahoma (3), Pennsylvania (2), Tennessee (3), Washington (33), and West Virginia (2). Since 1995 the survey coverage has been expanded to include 175 additional local agencies in Ohio (131), Florida (27), Washington (11), Montana (3), Kentucky (2), and Idaho (1). The majority of agencies (161) were added in 1999. At yearend 2006, 236,014 probationers were under the supervision of the 175 local agencies added since 1995. Parole The 2006 Annual Parole Survey was sent to 54 respondents, including 52 central reporters, the California Youth Authority, and 1 municipal agency. States with multiple reporters were Alabama (2) and California (2). One State, Illinois, did not provide data. See Imputing entries and exits for non-reporting agencies for more details. Federal parole as defined here includes supervised release, parole, military parole, special parole, and mandatory release. A second method was used for Illinois which did not report on its parole population for 2006. Both the ratio of entries to the January 1 population and the ratio of exits to the January 1 population were estimated for 2006 from parole data provided by Illinois for 2005. These ratios were applied to number on parole in Illinois on January 1, 2006, (estimated from the count on December 31, 2005). The December 31, 2006, parole population was estimated by adding the estimated number of entries and subtracting the estimated number of exits from the January 1, 2006, parole population. The third method estimated entries to probation supervision for county and district agencies which did not report entries and exits but which provided an estimate of their December 31, 2006, probation population. The ratio of entries to the January 1, 2006, population among reporting agencies in the same State was used to estimate the number of entries for non-reporting agencies having similar numbers of probationers. Exits from probation supervision were estimated in the same manner as in the first method (above). This method was used to estimate probation entries and exits for non-reporting agencies in Florida (four agencies), Michigan (localities), Ohio, and Washington. The fourth method was used to estimate entries for one State-level agency. The number of entries for a West Virginia agency was estimated using the ratio of entries to January 1, 2006, population among reporting agencies within the same region. Exits for the non-reporting agency in West Virginia were estimated in the same manner as in the first method (above). Estimating the adult resident population Estimates of the adult resident population in each State on January 1, 2007, were generated by applying the July 1, 2006, ratio of persons 18 years or older to the January 1, 2007, resident population estimates within each State. The January 1, 2007, total resident population estimates were provided to BJS by the U.S. Census Bureau. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 9 Appendix table 1. Adults leaving parole, by type of exit, 2006 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Total reported exits Completion Total Number of adults leaving parole, 2006 Returned to incarceration With new With Other sentence revocation Other unsatisfactorya 469,768 39,230 430,538 205,267 26,546 178,721 179,259 51,146 8,521 3,994 170,738 47,152 Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusettsc New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermontc 53,793 2,849 4 5,120 409 9,842 23,954 10,742 317 556 27,850 ** 2 4,225 57 6,374 12,099 4,533 206 354 21,737 ** 1 873 344 3,321 11,548 5,381 110 159 Midwest Illinoisd Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouric Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin 66,736 ** 6,900 2,363 5,565 12,205 5,003 12,525 902 791 11,621 1,731 7,130 34,153 ** 3,820 1,616 2,155 6,862 2,551 4,049 644 618 7,783 751 3,304 25,994 ** 2,120 727 1,459 5,188 1,952 7,447 255 165 2,185 793 3,703 South Alabamac Arkansas Delaware District of Columbia Floridac Georgia Kentuckyc Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahomac South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 105,356 2,736 6,992 423 1,795 6,469 11,473 5,329 13,098 7,411 1,024 3,473 2,100 1,110 3,232 35,171 2,500 1,020 West Alaska Arizonac California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexicoc Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming 204,653 634 12,006 163,428 6,572 601 1,277 539 2,332 1,559 8,024 2,485 4,880 316 Otherb Unknown 119,531 4,527 115,004 8,582 0 8,582 8,400 ** 8,400 71,796 4,163 67,633 5,046 0 5,046 4,842 ** 0 ** 344 486 2,095 1,832 27 58 15,989 ** 1 ** 0 2,835 9,453 3,549 83 68 906 ** 0 873 0 ~ ~ 0 0 33 0 ** 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 ~ 1,357 0 1 22 8 147 307 828 1 43 2,849 2,849 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,395 ** ** ** 181 2,016 184 2,692 17 26 1,624 118 537 13,473 ** ** 727 1,273 3,172 1,768 1,757 235 139 561 675 3,166 5,126 ~ 2,120 0 5 0 0 2,998 3 0 0 0 0 227 ** 30 1 133 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 30 33 6,362 ** 930 19 1,818 155 500 1,029 3 8 1,653 157 90 ** ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62,601 1,731 3,483 194 396 4,181 7,030 1,573 7,115 4,290 684 2,895 1,190 798 1,584 23,613 1,305 539 32,010 12,396 888 213 2,992 1,199 ** ** 873 ** 1,740 388 4,358 54 3,638 446 2,238 1,029 1,566 754 174 ** 210 77 428 85 271 34 1,547 596 10,661 7,500 0 0 426 21 17,065 415 1,722 ** ** 1,352 3,451 2,988 1,095 812 ** 133 343 237 951 3161 0 405 2,549 260 71 ** 873 0 853 204 114 0 174 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,680 0 ~ 130 171 472 0 0 3,475 1,408 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,061 117 517 99 351 76 85 118 270 147 166 344 482 41 101 897 1,195 55 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54,117 ** 9,192 34,828 2,477 198 475 259 1,604 ** 4,189 591 140 164 90,997 22,519 ** ** 2,804 166 78,721 19,663 3,921 1,012 191 10 6 6 207 13 535 353 ** ** 2,871 865 1,649 420 ** ** 92 11 68,477 ** 2,638 59,058 2,909 181 ~ 194 182 ** 2,005 1,229 ** 81 1 ** 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 ** 1 0 0 0 2,493 ** 0 0 0 0 788 0 0 ** 677 127 901 0 54,853 0 10 49879 174 212 8 73 193 0 287 118 3839 60 2,193 634 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,559 0 0 0 0 ** Not known. ~ Not applicable. a Includes parolees released from parole supervision who failed to meet all conditions of supervision, including some with only financial conditions remaining whose case may have been turned over to a business office, and other types of unsatisfactory exits; includes early terminations and expirations of sentence. b Includes 51,500 parolees who had absconded (including 45,160 in California), 4,884 who had died, 2,766 who had transferred to another jurisdiction, and 12,646 others. c Some or all detailed data are estimated. dNo data provided. An estimated 35,600 adults left parole supervision in Illinois during 2006. See Methodology. 10 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 Appendix table 2. Adults on probation and parole, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2006 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State 1995 Adults on probation 2000 2005 2006 Adults on parole 2000 2005 2006 679,421 51,461 627,960 723,898 76,069 647,829 780,616 86,852 693,764 798,202 89,438 708,764 3,077,861 35,457 3,042,404 3,826,209 31,669 3,794,540 Northeast Connecticut Maine Massachusettsa New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvaniaa Rhode Island Vermont 538,941 54,507 8,641 43,680 4,347 126,759 168,012 106,823 18,850 7,322 573,280 47,636 7,788 45,233 3,629 130,610 186,955 121,176 20,922 9,331 699,933 52,835 8,052 167,960 4,615 139,091 125,314 167,520 25,613 8,933 698,428 54,511 7,919 169,522 4,590 132,636 123,418 172,184 26,017 7,631 175,207 1,233 55 5,256 785 37,867 55,568 73,234 591 618 159,653 1,868 28 3,703 944 11,709 57,858 82,345 331 867 152,033 2,571 34 3,579 1,402 13,874 53,533 75,678 302 1,060 152,563 2,567 31 3,223 1,621 14,405 53,001 76,386 364 965 Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohiob South Dakota Wisconsin 675,380 109,489 95,267 16,579 16,547 141,436 83,778 41,728 13,895 2,320 103,327 3,745 47,269 896,061 139,029 109,251 21,147 15,992 170,276 115,906 53,299 21,483 2,847 189,375 4,214 53,242 975,228 143,136 117,960 23,404 15,010 180,290 118,878 53,614 18,468 4,085 240,706 5,308 54,369 992,920 141,000 120,421 22,622 15,518 182,650 127,289 54,963 18,731 4,303 243,956 5,661 55,806 86,598 29,541 3,200 2,340 6,094 13,862 2,117 13,001 661 114 7,432 688 7,548 103,331 30,196 4,917 2,763 3,829 15,753 3,072 12,563 476 110 18,248 1,481 9,923 131,283 34,576 7,295 3,560 4,666 19,978 4,007 18,374 662 302 19,512 2,444 15,907 131,037 ** 7,950 3,578 4,886 18,486 4,431 19,063 797 370 17,603 2,767 16,206 1,248,608 33,410 22,397 16,124 10,414 243,736 142,954 11,499 33,753 71,029 9,595 97,921 27,866 39,821 36,485 421,213 24,264 6,127 1,573,215 40,178 28,409 20,052 10,664 296,139 321,407 19,620 35,854 81,523 15,118 105,949 30,969 44,632 40,682 441,848 33,955 6,216 1,685,782 1,702,430 48,607 55,766 30,735 31,508 18,462 16,958 7,006 6,883 279,613 272,977 414,409 422,790 37,030 41,162 38,366 38,057 75,593 75,698 23,864 24,107 111,626 110,419 28,996 27,415 39,308 38,353 48,631 52,558 430,301 431,967 45,589 48,144 7,646 7,668 240,478 7,793 4,685 1,033 6,340 11,197 19,434 4,257 19,028 15,748 1,510 18,501 2,356 5,545 8,851 103,089 10,188 923 225,955 5,484 8,659 579 5,332 5,982 21,556 4,614 22,860 13,666 1,596 3,352 1,825 4,378 8,093 111,719 5,148 1,112 235,061 7,795 16,666 600 4,926 4,785 22,851 10,162 24,072 14,271 1,970 3,101 4,329 3,072 8,630 101,916 4,499 1,416 237,821 8,658 18,405 544 5,387 4,790 22,958 11,867 24,663 14,351 1,899 3,236 3,072 2,735 9,702 100,053 3,978 1,523 South Alabama Arkansas Delaware District of Columbia Floridab Georgiac Kentuckyb Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 4,166,757 4,237,023 25,473 24,491 4,141,284 4,212,532 1995 West 579,475 751,984 780,341 818,754 125,677 158,890 175,387 187,343 Alaska 3,481 4,779 5,680 6,095 459 525 973 1,044 Arizona 40,614 59,810 71,115 73,265 4,109 3,474 6,213 6,463 California 280,545 343,145 388,260 401,707 91,807 117,647 111,744 118,592 Colorado 42,687 50,460 56,438 63,032 3,024 5,500 8,196 9,551 Hawaii 12,957 15,525 16,825 18,598 1,689 2,504 2,119 2,316 Idahob,d 5,308 35,103 43,712 48,609 619 1,409 2,482 2,732 Montanab 4,318 6,108 8,316 8,770 744 621 703 844 Nevada 8,634 12,189 12,616 13,208 2,863 4,056 3,518 3,824 New Mexico 8,524 10,461 14,982 16,493 1,366 1,670 2,831 2,922 Oregon 39,725 46,023 43,606 45,250 15,019 17,579 21,189 22,396 Utah 8,562 9,800 10,083 10,426 2,700 3,231 3,242 3,374 Washingtona,b 120,466 154,466 103,882 108,076 875 160 11,568 12,611 Wyoming 3,654 4,115 4,826 5,225 403 514 609 674 Note: Counts for 1995, 2000, and 2005 are for January 1 and may have been updated from previously published yearend counts. **Not known. aDue to a change in recordkeeping procedures, probation and parole counts for 2005 and 2006 are not comparable to previous years. bDue to expanded coverage, probation counts for 2000, 2005, and 2006 are not comparable to 1995. c Probation counts for 2000, 2005, and 2006 include private agency cases and may overstate the number under supervision. dProbation counts for 2000, 2005, and 2006 include estimates for misdemeanors based on admissions. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 11 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics *NCJ~220218* PRESORTED STANDARD POSTAGE & FEES PAID DOJ/BJS Permit No. G-91 Washington, DC 20531 Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 This report in portable document format (includes an appendix table) and in ASCII and its related statistical data are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: <http://www. ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/ppus06.htm> Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jeffrey L. Sedgwick is the director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs. This Bulletin was written by Lauren E. Glaze and Thomas P. Bonczar. William J. Sabol and Heather Couture provided statistical verification. Christopher J. Mumola provided statistical review. Tina Dorsey edited the report, under the supervision of Doris J. James. Jayne E. Robinson prepared the report for final printing. December 2007, NCJ 220218 12 Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006