Dept of Justice, Correctional Populations in the US, 2017-2018
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics August 2020, NCJ 252157 Laura M. Maruschak and Todd D. Minton, BJS Statisticians A n estimated 6,410,000 persons were held in prisons or jails or were on probation or parole in 2018, marking a 19-year low in the number of persons under the supervision of adult correctional systems in the United States (figure 1).1 This correctional population peaked at 7,339,600 in 2007 and has declined every year since. Between 2017 and 2018, the correctional population declined 2.1%, and between 2008 and 2018, it declined 12.3%. By the end of 2018, about 1 in 40 adult U.S. residents were under some form of correctional supervision, down from 1 in 32 a decade earlier. In 2018, 2,510 out of 100,000 adult U.S. residents were under the supervision of adult correctional systems in the U.S. (table 4). This marked a 26-year low in the adult correctionalsupervision rate. This report summarizes data from several Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) collections on populations that are supervised by adult correctional systems in the U.S. (See Methodology.) 1This includes a small number of persons age 17 or younger who were under adult correctional supervision. Figure 1 Persons under the supervision of adult correctional systems in the U.S., 2008-2018 Bul l etin Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018 Number (in millions) 8 Totala 7 6 5 Probation 4 3 2 1 0 •======= ’08 ’10 Prisonb Parole Local jail --------’15 ’18 Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Estimates may have been revised based on updated reporting and may differ from numbers in past reports. See table 1 for counts. aDetails may not sum to totals because the total correctionalpopulation counts were adjusted to exclude probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails. See table 5 and Methodology for more details. bOffenders who were under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Annual Survey of Jails, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2008-2018. HIGHLIGHTS The adult correctional-supervision rate (adults supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents) decreased 21% from 2008 to 2018, from 3,160 to 2,510 per 100,000 adult U.S. residents. The percentage of adult U.S. residents under correctional supervision was lower in 2018 than at any time since 1992. The adult incarceration rate (adults in prison or jail per 100,000 adult U.S. residents) has declined every year since 2008, and the rate in 2018 was the lowest since 1996. The portion of adult U.S. residents in prison or jails fell 17% from 2008 to 2018. The correctional population declined 2.1% from 2017 to 2018, due to decreases in both the community-supervision (down 2.4%) and incarcerated (down 1.4%) populations. The community-supervision population fell from 4,508,900 in 2017 to 4,399,000 in 2018. The incarcerated population decreased from 2,153,600 in 2017 to 2,123,100 in 2018. S T I CS Y E A R S O F S T AT I These systems supervise persons living in the community while on probation or parole, persons incarcerated under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons, and persons in the custody of local jails. (See Terms and definitions.) For more information on the correctional population, see Prisoners in 2018 (NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020), Probation and Parole in the United States, 2017-2018 (NCJ 252072, BJS, August 2020), and Jail Inmates in 2018 (NCJ 253044, BJS, March 2020). The community-supervision and incarcerated populations continued a steady decline The decline in the total correctional population, from 6,549,700 in 2017 to 6,410,000 in 2018, continued a downward trend that began in 2008 (table 1). Persons supervised in the community on either probation (3,540,000 persons) or parole (878,000) continued to make up the majority of the correctional population at year-end 2018. Nearly 7 in 10 persons in the correctional population were supervised in the community at year-end 2018 (4,399,000), while 3 in 10 were incarcerated in state or federal prisons or local jails (2,123,100).2 The 2.1% decrease in the correctional population from 2017 to 2018 was due to a 2.4% decline in the number of persons supervised in the community and a 1.4% decline in the incarcerated population. The decrease in the community-supervision population during 2018 accounted for 79% of the decline in the total correctional population. Between December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, the number of persons under supervision in the community decreased to 4,399,000 (down 109,900). The total community-supervision population decreased by 2.4% during 2018, as the probation population decreased 2.9% and the parole population increased 0.3%. At the end of 2018, the number of persons under 2The total correctional, community-supervision, and incarcerated populations exclude offenders with dual correctional statuses to avoid double-counting. Persons with dual correctional statuses include probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails. See table 5 and Methodology for more details. Table 1 Number of persons supervised by adult correctional systems in the U.S., by correctional status, 2008-2018 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018* Percent change 2008-2018 2017-2018 Total correctional populationa 7,312,600 7,239,100 7,089,000 6,994,500 6,949,800 6,899,700 6,856,900 6,740,300 6,616,200 6,549,700 6,410,000 -12.3% -2.1 Community supervision Probation 5,093,400 4,271,200 5,019,900 4,199,800 4,888,500 4,055,900 4,818,300 3,973,800 4,790,700 3,944,900 4,749,800 3,912,900 4,713,200 3,868,400 4,650,900 3,789,800 4,537,100 3,673,100 4,508,900 3,647,200 4,399,000 3,540,000 Totalc -13.6% -2.4 -17.1% -2.9 Parole 826,100 824,600 840,800 855,500 858,400 849,500 857,700 870,500 874,800 875,000 878,000 2,310,300 2,297,700 2,279,100 2,252,500 2,231,300 2,222,500 2,225,100 2,172,800 2,165,100 2,153,600 2,123,100 Incarceratedb Prison 1,608,300 1,615,500 1,613,800 1,599,000 1,570,400 1,577,000 1,562,300 1,526,600 1,508,100 1,489,200 1,465,200 6.3% 0.3 -8.1% -1.4 -8.9% -1.6 Totald Local jaile 785,500 † 767,400 † 748,700 735,600 744,500 731,200 744,600 727,400 740,700 745,200 738,400 -6.0% -0.9 Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100 and include estimates for non-responding jurisdictions. Estimates for 2016 and earlier may have been revised based on updated reporting and may differ from numbers in past reports. All probation, parole, and prison counts are for December 31, while jail counts are for the last weekday in June. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and because estimates were adjusted to exclude persons with dual correctional statuses (probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails). See table 5 and Methodology for more details. See the Key Statistics page on the BJS website for correctional-population statistics prior to 2008. Significance testing was conducted for local jail estimates because counts are based on a sample of jails in the Annual Survey of Jails. Other counts presented are based on a full census of the population. *Comparison year for local jail inmates only. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. aEstimates were adjusted to exclude persons with dual correctional statuses (probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails). See table 5 and Methodology for more details. bOffenders who were under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or were held in local jails. cEstimates were adjusted to exclude parolees who were also on probation. See table 5 and Methodology for more details. dEstimates were adjusted to exclude prisoners who were held in local jails. See table 5 and Methodology for more details. eThe Annual Survey of Jails is a nationally representative sample of local jails rather than a full census. See appendix table 5 for standard errors. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Annual Survey of Jails, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2008-2018. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 2 community supervision was the lowest since 1998, when they numbered 4,122,400 (not shown in tables). On December 31, 2018, an estimated 2,123,100 persons were either under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or in the custody of local jails, which was 30,500 fewer persons than in 2017. By year-end 2018, the number of persons incarcerated in state or federal prisons or local jails fell to the lowest level since 2003, when 2,086,500 persons were incarcerated (not shown in tables). During 2018, the prison population decreased 1.6%, while the jail population remained relatively stable. The prison population at year-end 2018 (1,465,200) was at its lowest level since 2002 (1,440,100; not shown in tables). The total incarcerated population was 1.4% lower in 2018 than in 2017. The probation, prison, and jail populations decreased, while the parole population increased After peaking in 2007 at 7,339,600 (not shown in tables), the total correctional population declined annually through 2018. The composition of the population remained generally unchanged despite the decreasing probation population during that time. Probationers accounted for the majority of offenders under correctional supervision in 2008 (58%) and 2018 (55%) (table 2). Prisoners represented less than a quarter of the correctional population in 2008 (22%) and 2018 (23%). Parolees (11% in 2008 and 14% in 2018) and jail inmates (11% in 2008 and 12% in 2018) were the smallest groups of persons under correctional supervision between year-end 2008 and year-end 2018. From 2008 to 2018, decreases in probation (down 731,300 persons), prison (down 143,100), and jail (down 47,100) populations accounted for the overall decline in the total correctional population (table 3). The decrease in the probation population caused 81% of the total decline in the correctional population, as probationers made up the largest portion of the total population under correctional supervision. The parole population was the only population to increase during this time (up 51,900). Table 3 Change in the number of persons supervised by adult correctional systems in the U.S., 2008-2018 Correctional population Total changea Probationb Prisonb,c Paroleb Local jaild 2008-2018 Change in Percent of population total change -902,700 100% -731,300 81.0 -143,100 15.9 51,900 -5.7 -47,100 5.2 Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100 and include estimates for non-responding jurisdictions. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and because counts used to calculate change in each correctional population included persons with dual correctional statuses (probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails). See table 5 and Methodology for more details. aReflects the change in probation, prison, parole, and local jail populations, minus the change in offenders with dual correctional statuses, to avoid double-counting. From 2008 to 2018, the number of offenders with dual correctional statuses increased by 33,000. See table 5 and Methodology for more details. bPopulation as of December 31. cOffenders who were under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons. dPopulation as of the last weekday in June. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Annual Survey of Jails, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2008 and 2018. Table 2 Number of persons supervised by adult correctional systems in the U.S., by correctional status, 2008 and 2018 Correctional population Totala Probationb Prisonb,c Paroleb Local jaild Population 7,312,600 4,271,200 1,608,300 826,100 785,500 2008 Percent of total population 100% 58.4 22.0 11.3 10.7 Population 6,410,000 3,540,000 1,465,200 878,000 738,400 2018 Percent of total population 100% 55.2 22.9 13.7 11.5 Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100 and include estimates for non-responding jurisdictions. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and because estimates were adjusted to exclude persons with dual correctional statuses (probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails). See table 5 and Methodology for more details. aReflects probation, prison, parole, and local jail counts, minus offenders with dual correctional statuses, to avoid double-counting. There were 178,500 offenders in 2008 and 211,500 offenders in 2018 with dual correctional statuses. See table 5 and Methodology for more details. bPopulation as of December 31. cOffenders who were under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons. dPopulation as of the last weekday in June. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Annual Survey of Jails, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2008 and 2018. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 3 The rate of persons under correctional supervision decreased for the eleventh consecutive year Since peaking at 3,210 offenders per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older in 2007 (not shown in tables), the correctional-supervision rate has trended downward, falling to 2,510 per 100,000 at year-end 2018 (table 4). Changes in both the correctional population and the U.S. population affected the rate. More than half (58%) of the decrease in the correctional-supervision rate from 2008 to 2018 was attributed to the decrease in the number of offenders under correctional supervision. The remainder (42%) of the decline was attributed to the increase in the U.S. resident population age 18 or older (not shown in tables). The correctional-supervision rate at year-end 2018 was the lowest it had been since 1992 (2,490 per 100,000; not shown in tables). At year-end 2018, an estimated 1,730 offenders per 100,000 adult U.S. residents were on probation or parole. This was similar to the rate in 1990, when the community-supervision population was smaller by about 1.2 million offenders and the adult U.S. resident population was smaller by almost 69 million persons (not shown in tables). Like the correctional-supervision rate, the community-supervision rate has declined for 11 consecutive years since peaking in 2007 (2,240 per 100,000; not shown in tables). In 2018, about 830 persons per 100,000 adult U.S. residents were under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or in the custody of local jails. This incarceration rate has declined since reaching a high of 1,000 per 100,000 adult U.S. residents from 2006 to 2008. The incarceration rate is currently at its lowest point since 1996 (830 per 100,000; not shown in tables). Table 4 Rate of persons supervised by adult correctional systems in the U.S., by correctional status, 2008-2018 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total correctional populationa Adults U.S. adult supervised Adults supervised residents under per 100,000 per 100,000 U.S. correctional U.S. residents adult residentsc supervision of all agesd 3,160 1 in 32 2,390 3,100 1 in 32 2,350 3,000 1 in 33 2,280 2,930 1 in 34 2,240 2,880 1 in 35 2,210 2,830 1 in 35 2,170 2,780 1 in 36 2,140 2,710 1 in 37 2,090 2,640 1 in 38 2,040 2,590 1 in 39 2,010 2,510 1 in 40 1,950 Community-supervision population Adults on probation/parole Adults on probation/ per 100,000 parole per 100,000 U.S. residents U.S. adult residentsc of all agesd 2,200 1,670 2,150 1,630 2,070 1,570 2,020 1,540 1,520 1,980 1,950 1,490 1,910 1,470 1,870 1,440 1,810 1,400 1,780 1,380 1,730 1,340 Incarcerated populationb Adults in Adults in prison/ prison/local jail local jail per per 100,000 100,000 U.S. adult U.S. residents residentsc of all agesd 1,000 760 980 750 960 730 940 720 920 710 910 700 900 690 870 680 860 670 850 660 830 650 Note: Rates are estimated to the nearest 10. Rates include a small number of persons age 17 or younger who were under adult correctional supervision. Estimates may have been revised based on updated reporting and may differ from numbers in past reports. See the Key Statistics page on the BJS website for correctional-population statistics prior to 2008. aOffenders who were supervised in the community by probation or parole agencies, were under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons, or were in the custody of local jails. bOffenders who were under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or were held in local jails. cRates were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the U.S. resident population of persons age 18 or older for January 1 of the following year. dRates were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the U.S. resident population of persons of all ages for January 1 of the following year. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Annual Survey of Jails, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2008-2018; and U.S. Census Bureau, post-censal estimated resident populations for January 1 of each year, 2009-2019. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 4 Terms and definitions Adult—a person subject to the jurisdiction of an adult criminal court or correctional agency. Adults are age 18 or older in most jurisdictions. Persons age 17 or younger who were prosecuted in criminal court as if they were adults, or who were confined in local jails but not sentenced, are counted as adults. Persons age 17 or younger who were under the jurisdiction of a juvenile court or agency are excluded. (See Methodology for more details on prisoners and local jail inmates age 17 or younger.) Community-supervision population—estimated number of adults living in the community while supervised on probation or parole. Community-supervision rate—estimated number of adults living in the community while supervised on probation or parole per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages (i.e., total community-supervision rate) or U.S. residents age 18 or older (i.e., adult community-supervision rate). Correctional population—estimated number of adults living in the community while supervised on probation or parole and adults under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or in the custody of local jails. Correctional-supervision rate—estimated number of adults supervised in the community on probation or parole and adults under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or in the custody of local jails per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages (i.e., total correctionalsupervision rate) or U.S. residents age 18 or older (i.e., adult correctional-supervision rate). Imprisonment rate—estimated number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than one year per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages (i.e., total imprisonment rate) or U.S. residents age 18 or older (i.e., adult imprisonment rate). This statistic does not appear in this report. (See Prisoners in 2018, NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020.) Incarcerated population—estimated number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons and inmates in the custody of local jails. Incarceration rate—estimated number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons and inmates in the custody of local jails per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages (i.e., total incarceration rate) or U.S. residents age 18 or older (i.e., adult incarceration rate). Indian-country jail population—estimated number of inmates held in correctional facilities operated by tribal authorities or the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), U.S. Department of the Interior. These facilities include confinement facilities, detention centers, jails, and other facilities operated by tribal authorities or the BIA. (See Jails in Indian Country, 2016, NCJ 250981, BJS, December 2017.) Local jail population—estimated number of inmates held in confinement facilities operated under the authority of a sheriff, police chief, or city or county administrator. Facilities are intended for adults but may hold juveniles before or after they are adjudicated. Facilities include jails, detention centers, city or county correctional centers, special jail facilities (such as medical or treatment centers and pre-release centers) and temporary holding or lockup facilities that are part of the jail’s combined function. Inmates sentenced to jail facilities usually have a sentence of one year or less. (See Jail Inmates in 2018, NCJ 253044, BJS, March 2020.) Military prison population—estimated number of service personnel incarcerated under the jurisdiction of U.S. military correctional authorities. (See appendix table 3.) Parole population—estimated number of parolees who are on conditional release in the community following a prison term while under the control, supervision, or care of a state or federal correctional agency. Violations of the conditions of supervision during this period may result in a new sentence of confinement or a return to confinement for a technical violation. Parolees include adults released through discretionary or mandatory supervised release from prison. Prison population—estimated number of prisoners incarcerated in a long-term confinement facility run by a state or the federal government and typically holding felons and other offenders with sentences of more than one year, although sentence length may vary by jurisdiction. Prison jurisdiction population—estimated number of prisoners under the jurisdiction or legal authority of state or federal correctional officials, regardless of where the prisoner is held. This population represents BJS’s official measure of the prison population and includes prisoners held in public or private prisons, penitentiaries, correctional facilities, halfway houses, boot camps, farms, training or treatment centers, and hospitals. Counts also include prisoners who were temporarily absent (less than CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 5 30 days); in court or on work release; housed in privately operated facilities, local jails, or other state or federal facilities; and serving concurrent sentences for more than one correctional authority. Prison custody population—estimated number of prisoners held in the physical custody of state or federal prisons regardless of sentence length or the authority having jurisdiction. This population includes prisoners housed for other correctional facilities but excludes prisoners in the custody of local jails, held in other jurisdictions, out to court, or in transit from one jurisdiction of legal authority to the custody of a confinement facility outside that jurisdiction. Prisoners based in private facilities are excluded from custody counts unless otherwise specified. (See appendix table 4.) Probation population—estimated number of probationers who are on a court-ordered period of supervision in the community while under the control, supervision, or care of a correctional agency. The probation conditions form a contract with the court by which the person must abide to remain in the community, generally in lieu of incarceration. In some cases, probation may be a combined sentence of incarceration followed by a period of community supervision. Often, probation entails monitoring or surveillance by a correctional agency. In some instances, probation may not involve any reporting requirements. Territorial prison population—estimated number of prisoners in the custody of correctional facilities operated by departments of corrections in U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) and U.S. commonwealths (the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico). (See appendix table 3.) CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 6 Methodology in Custody Reporting Program). The MCI provides the number of local jail inmates confined as of December 31. Sources of data Mortality in Correctional Institutions (formerly Deaths in Custody Reporting Program). The MCI is an annual collection that provides national-, state-, and incident-level data on persons who died while in the physical custody of the 50 state departments of corrections (DOCs) or the approximately 2,800 adult local-jail jurisdictions nationwide. The statistics presented in this report include data from various Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) data collections. Each collection relies on the voluntary participation of federal, state, and local respondents. For more information about the following data collections, see the Data Collections page on the BJS website. Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey. BJS’s Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, which began in 1980, collect data from probation and parole agencies in the U.S. that supervise adults. These data collections define adults as persons subject to the jurisdiction of an adult court or correctional agency. Juveniles sentenced as adults in a criminal court are considered adults. Juveniles under the jurisdiction of a juvenile court or correctional agency are excluded. The two surveys collect data on the number of adults supervised in the community on January 1 and December 31 each year, the number of entries to and exits from supervision during the reporting year, and characteristics of the population at year-end. (See appendix tables 1 and 2.) Both surveys cover the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal system. BJS depends on the voluntary participation of state central reporters and separate state, county, and court agencies for these data. Annual Survey of Jails. The Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ) has collected data from a nationally representative sample of local jails each year since 1982, except 1983, 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2005, when complete censuses of local jails in the U.S. were conducted. Jails are confinement facilities usually administered by a local law enforcement agency that primarily are intended to hold adults but may also hold youth age 17 or younger before or after they are adjudicated. The 2017 and 2018 ASJ were stratified probability samples of 871 active jail jurisdictions nationwide. ASJ data used in this report include inmates age 17 or younger who were held either before or after they were adjudicated (about 3,600 persons at midyear 2017 and 3,400 at midyear 2018). Because the ASJ is designed to produce only nationallevel estimates, tables and figures in this report that include jurisdiction-level counts of the incarcerated population and the total correctional population were based on jail data collected through the Mortality in Correctional Institutions (MCI) (formerly the Deaths The MCI began in 2000 in response to the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-297) and is the only national statistical collection to obtain comprehensive information about deaths in adult correctional facilities. In addition to the death count, BJS requests that jails provide summary statistics about their population and facility admissions. All jails, including those with no deaths to report (about 80% of jails in any given year), are asked to complete the annual summary form. In appendix tables 1 and 2, BJS uses the local jail counts from the 2017 and 2018 MCI to generate jurisdictionlevel estimates of the total incarcerated and correctional populations. Because of this, the total correctional and incarcerated populations in appendix tables 1 and 2 do not match the totals reported in other tables and figures in this report. National Prisoner Statistics Program. The National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program began in 1926 under a mandate from Congress and is conducted annually. It collects data from the nation’s 50 state DOCs and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). The NPS distinguishes between prisoners in custody and prisoners under the jurisdiction of correctional authorities. To have custody of a prisoner, a state or the BOP must physically hold that prisoner in one of its facilities. To have jurisdiction over a prisoner, the state or BOP must have legal authority over that prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is incarcerated or supervised. Some states were unable to provide counts that distinguish between custody and jurisdiction.3 The NPS prisoner counts included in figure 1, tables 1 through 4, and appendix tables 1 and 2 are consistent with the jurisdiction counts and findings reported in Prisoners in 2018 (NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020). The NPS jurisdiction counts represent BJS’s official measure 3To determine which states did not distinguish between custody and jurisdiction counts, see the Jurisdiction notes for Prisoners in 2018 (NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020) at https://www.bjs.gov/index. cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6846. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 7 of the prison population and include persons held in prisons, penitentiaries, correctional facilities, halfway houses, boot camps, farms, training or treatment centers, and hospitals. Also included in the jurisdiction counts are prisoners who were temporarily absent (less than 30 days), in court, or on work release; housed in privately operated facilities, local jails, or other state or federal facilities; or serving concurrent sentences for more than one correctional authority. The NPS prisoner custody counts are reported only in appendix table 4 and include all prisoners held within state and federal facilities, including those housed for other correctional facilities, prisoners held in privately operated facilities, prisoners age 17 or younger who were serving time in a state or federal correctional facility after being sentenced in criminal court as if they were adults. Also included in the prisoner custody count are persons in the six states in which prisons and jails form an integrated system, including persons age 17 or younger who may have been held before or after adjudication. Through the annual NPS collection, BJS has obtained year-end counts of prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities from the Department of Defense Corrections Council since 1994. In 1994, the council, comprising representatives from each branch of military service, adopted a standardized form (DD Form 2720) that obtains data on prisoners held in U.S. military confinement facilities inside and outside of the continental U.S. (See appendix table 3.) Since 1995, through the annual NPS collection, BJS has collected year-end counts of prisoners from DOCs in the U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) and U.S. commonwealths (the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico). These data represent all prisoners in the custody of prison facilities in the U.S. territories and commonwealths. (See appendix table 3.) See Prisoners in 2018 (NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020) for more statistics and information, including non-response. Survey of Jails in Indian Country. The Annual Survey of Jails in Indian Country (SJIC) has been conducted annually since 1998, except in 2005 and 2006. The SJIC collects detailed information on all adult and juvenile confinement facilities, detention centers, jails, and other facilities operated by tribal authorities or the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Indian Affairs. (See appendix table 3.) See Jails in Indian Country, 2016 (NCJ 250981, BJS, December 2017) for more statistics and information. Counts adjusted for offenders with dual correctional statuses Offenders under correctional supervision may have dual correctional statuses for several reasons: probation and parole agencies may not always be notified immediately of new arrests, jail admissions, or prison admissions absconders included in a probation or parole agency’s population in one jurisdiction may actually be incarcerated in another jurisdiction persons may be admitted to jail or prison before formal revocation hearings and potential discharge by a probation or parole agency persons may be serving separate probation and parole sentences concurrently state and federal prisons may hold prisoners in county facilities or local jails to reduce crowding in their prisons. In 1998, through the Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, BJS began collecting data on the number of probationers and parolees with dual correctional statuses, and BJS has since expanded the information collected. In 1999, BJS began collecting data through the NPS on the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons who were held in county facilities or local jails (table 5). Table 5 includes adjustments that were made to the total correctional population, the total community-supervision population, and all estimates of the total incarcerated population presented in this report to exclude offenders with dual correctional statuses to avoid double-counting. The estimates from the Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey are based on data reported by the probation and parole agencies that provided the information for the reporting year. Because some probation and parole agencies did not provide data on individuals with dual statuses, the total number of offenders who had dual correctional statuses may be underestimated. Due to these adjustments, the sum of correctional statuses in figure 1, tables 1 through 4, and appendix tables 1 and 2 do not equal the total correctional population, without subtracting out the offenders with dual correctional statuses. In addition, the sum of the probation and parole populations do not yield the total community-supervision population, because the total was adjusted for parolees who were also on probation. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 8 Table 5 Number of offenders with dual correctional statuses at year-end, 2008-2018 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total 178,500 168,100 170,300 169,300 168,400 170,800 176,100 174,000 180,500 206,800 211,500 Prisoners in local jail 83,500 85,200 83,400 82,100 83,600 85,700 81,800 81,200 83,700 80,800 80,500 In local jail 23,800 21,400 21,300 21,100 21,200 22,400 23,500 24,400 24,400 37,100 38,700 Probationers— In state/federal prison 32,400 23,100 21,500 22,300 21,700 16,700 24,600 28,200 24,000 34,900 34,900 In local jail 19,300 19,100 21,400 18,000 18,500 21,800 21,800 19,600 24,500 26,400 24,500 Parolees— In state/federal prison 15,600 14,300 14,400 14,900 10,700 11,800 11,600 11,200 13,000 14,400 14,100 On probation 3,900 5,000 8,300 11,000 12,700 12,500 12,900 9,400 10,800 13,300 18,900 Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Estimates for 2016 and earlier may have been revised based on updated reporting and may differ from numbers in past reports. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2008-2018. Also, the sum of the prison and local jail populations do not equal the total incarcerated population because prisoners held in local jails were excluded from the total. Decomposing the decline in the correctionalsupervision rate To decompose the decline in the correctionalsupervision rate discussed in this report, the following formula was used: ΔR = [P1 × (1/GP1)] − [P0 × (1/GP0)] = [P1 × ((1/GP1) − (1/GP0))] + [(1/GP0) × (P1 − P0)] = [(1/GP1) × (P1 − P0)] + [P0 × ((1/GP1) − (1/GP0)] In this formula, ΔR is the change in the correctionalsupervision rate, P1 is the total correctional population for the most recent year, P0 is the total correctional population for the earlier year, GP1 is the adult U.S. resident population for the most recent year, and GP0 is the adult U.S. resident population for the earlier year. The components [(1/GP0) × (P1 − P0)] and [(1/GP1) × (P1 − P0)] provide the change in the correctional-supervision rate due to the change in the total correctional population. These two components were summed, and the average was used to estimate the amount of change in the correctional-supervision rate attributed to the change in the total correctional population during that period. The components [P1 × ((1/GP1) − (1/GP0))] and [P0 × ((1/GP1) − (1/GP0))] provide the change due to the adult U.S. resident population. These two components were summed, and the average was used to estimate the amount of change in the correctional- supervision rate attributed to the change in the adult U.S. resident population during the period. Non-response adjustments to estimate population counts Probation, parole, prison, and jail populations Probation, parole, prison, and jail population counts were adjusted to account for non-response across data collections. The methods varied and depended on the type of collection, type of respondent, and availability of information. For more information on the non-response adjustments implemented to generate national- and jurisdiction-level estimates of the probation, parole, and prison populations, see Prisoners in 2018 (NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020) and Probation and Parole in the United States, 2017-2018 (NCJ 252072, BJS, August 2020). For more information on the non-response adjustments implemented to generate national counts of the jail population in the tables and figures in this report that include national estimates, see Jail Inmates in 2018 (NCJ 253044, BJS, March 2020). Jail population—jurisdiction-level estimates Non-response in the 2018 MCI was minimal. The unit response rate was 97.8% at the time of this report. Because the MCI data collection used a census design (no sampling), each jail was initially self-representing and had a design weight of one. To reduce non-response bias, post-stratification was used to adjust the weight of responding jails so their responses represented non-responding jails. The weighting used in 2018 is described below. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 9 Control totals for the 2018 confined jail population from the MCI were estimated at the state level as follows: Comparability of jurisdiction-level estimates over time The All jurisdiction-level estimates included in this report are based on data reported within the reference year. Some jurisdictions update their population counts after submitting their data to BJS. Updated population counts usually include data that were not entered into the information system before the survey was submitted or data that were not fully processed by year-end. year-to-year change in the confined jail population among 2017 and 2018 MCI respondents was computed within each state. Estimated 2018 values were calculated by multiplying the yearly change rate and the 2017 MCI estimate of the confined population for jails that did not respond to the 2018 MCI. The sum of reported, item-imputed, and MCI-estimated values for the 2018 confined jail population for each state served as the control totals for the post-stratification procedure. The post-stratification weight-adjustment factor was identical for all jails within a state and was computed as the ratio of the control total for state i to the sum of the reported and item-imputed 2018 MCI confined jail-population values for state i: PSAdji = ∑ Control totali ni Reported confined + Item imputed confined i j j=1 The final analysis weight was the product of the design weight and the post-stratification adjustment factor. Because the design weight was one for all jails, the analysis weight was equal to the adjustment factor. This same method was used in 2017, using 2016 data to estimate for 2017. Also, some jurisdictions have experienced reporting changes for one or more correctional-population collections over time. These changes may result from making administrative changes (such as consolidating databases or implementing new information systems that result in data review and cleanup), reconciling offender records, reclassifying offenders (including changes from probation to parole and offenders with dual community-supervision statuses), and including certain subpopulations that were not previously reported. For these reasons, comparisons between jurisdictions and comparisons between years for the same jurisdiction over time may not be valid. More detailed information about updates and reporting changes that affect the ability to make jurisdiction-level comparisons over time may be found in the source reports for each of the four correctional populations, such as the Probation and Parole in the United States series or the Prisoners series, for the particular reference year. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 10 A Jurisdiction Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbiae Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey Total correctional population Total Adults supervised Adults supervised correctional per 100,000 per 100,000 population, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2018a age 18 or olderb all agesb 302,100 120 90 6,083,300 2,390 1,850 99,200 2,600 2,030 7,800 1,410 1,060 136,800 2,450 1,890 74,700 3,220 2,470 513,100 1,670 1,290 122,600 2,740 2,140 54,800 1,930 1,530 20,600 2,680 2,120 9,500 1,640 1,340 357,400 2,080 1,670 495,200 6,140 4,680 27,200 2,440 1,920 51,800 3,910 2,920 171,900 1,740 1,350 164,700 3,200 2,450 47,600 1,960 1,500 39,000 1,770 1,340 99,600 2,870 2,230 104,000 2,920 2,230 10,300 950 770 96,600 2,050 1,600 71,200 1,280 1,030 219,200 2,790 2,190 122,900 2,840 2,180 63,600 2,790 2,130 106,100 2,230 1,730 16,700 2,000 1,570 25,100 1,720 1,300 40,300 1,700 1,310 10,400 940 760 173,700 2,490 1,950 Community-supervision population Adults on Adults on Adults on probation/parole probation/parole probation/ per 100,000 per 100,000 parole, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2018c age 18 or olderb all agesb 122,800 50 40 4,276,200 1,680 1,300 1,240 60,900 1,600 3,400 620 460 84,300 1,510 1,170 53,800 2,320 1,780 312,400 1,020 790 91,300 2,040 1,590 43,100 1,520 1,210 14,500 1,890 1,490 8,600 1,480 1,210 209,400 1,220 980 433,200 5,370 4,100 21,900 1,960 1,540 39,700 3,000 2,240 116,100 1,180 910 118,400 2,300 1,760 35,600 1,460 1,120 21,900 990 750 62,800 1,810 1,400 62,300 1,750 1,340 6,800 620 500 80,600 1,710 1,330 53,700 970 780 164,800 2,100 1,650 1,910 107,500 2,480 37,200 1,630 1,240 63,100 1,330 1,030 11,400 1,360 1,070 15,900 1,090 820 19,800 830 640 6,300 570 460 146,300 2,100 1,640 Incarcerated population Adults in Adults in prison/ prison/local jail Adults in local jail per 100,000 per 100,000 prison/local jail, U.S. residents age 18 U.S. residents 12/31/2018d or olderb of all ages 179,200 70 50 1,919,200 750 580 40,400 1,060 820 4,400 790 600 54,600 980 750 24,700 1,070 820 200,700 650 510 32,700 730 570 13,700 480 380 6,100 790 620 1,800 310 260 150,500 870 700 89,700 1,110 850 5,400 480 380 12,100 920 690 55,800 560 440 46,300 900 690 14,000 580 440 18,000 820 620 37,500 1,080 840 45,700 1,280 980 4,000 370 300 27,600 580 460 17,600 320 250 54,500 690 540 15,900 370 280 27,500 1,210 920 43,000 900 700 6,200 740 580 9,300 640 480 20,500 860 670 4,100 370 300 28,700 410 320 Continued on next page CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 11 APPENDIX Jurisdiction New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total correctional population Total Adults supervised Adults supervised correctional per 100,000 per 100,000 population, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2018a age 18 or olderb all agesb 26,800 1,660 1,280 202,300 1,310 1,040 148,600 1,830 1,420 10,100 1,730 1,320 322,500 3,540 2,760 81,800 2,730 2,070 81,000 2,430 1,920 360,200 3,540 2,810 22,000 2,570 2,080 67,000 1,670 1,310 15,100 2,270 1,710 117,400 2,220 1,730 672,400 3,130 2,330 26,800 1,190 840 6,500 1,260 1,030 122,000 1,830 1,430 115,200 1,950 1,520 21,500 1,490 1,190 100,600 2,210 1,730 9,900 2,240 1,720 Community-supervision population Adults on Adults on Adults on probation/parole probation/parole probation/ per 100,000 per 100,000 parole, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2018c age 18 or olderb all agesb 13,700 850 660 139,700 900 720 94,100 1,160 900 7,000 1,200 920 253,900 2,780 2,170 43,300 1,450 1,100 59,900 1,790 1,420 288,000 2,830 2,250 20,900 2,450 1,980 36,700 920 720 9,200 1,380 1,040 72,100 1,360 1,060 474,600 2,210 1,640 16,600 740 520 940 770 4,800 65,000 970 760 88,900 1,500 1,170 10,900 760 600 63,900 1,400 1,100 6,300 1,430 1,090 Incarcerated population Adults in Adults in prison/ prison/local jail Adults in local jail per 100,000 per 100,000 prison/local jail, U.S. residents age 18 U.S. residents 12/31/2018d or olderb of all ages 13,100 810 620 67,700 440 350 54,600 670 520 3,100 530 400 70,500 770 600 38,500 1,290 970 21,100 630 500 77,900 770 610 2,800 320 260 30,300 760 590 6,100 910 680 49,300 930 730 218,000 1,010 750 12,500 550 390 1,700 320 260 57,100 850 670 30,900 520 410 10,600 740 590 36,700 810 630 4,000 910 700 Note: The federal count plus the state count differs from national estimates in other tables and figures in this report because they include local jail counts for December 31, 2018, which are used to produce jurisdiction-level estimates. These local jail counts are not used to produce national estimates of the total correctional or incarcerated populations, as BJS's official sources of data to generate national estimates are the Annual Survey of Jails and Census of Jails. Counts were rounded to the nearest 100 and include estimates for non-responding jurisdictions. Rates were estimated to the nearest 10. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and because estimates were adjusted to exclude persons with dual correctional statuses (probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails). See table 5 and Methodology for more details. aExcludes, by jurisdiction, an estimated 80,500 prisoners held in jail, 34,900 probationers in prison, 38,700 probationers in jail, 24,500 parolees in jail, 14,100 parolees in prison, and 18,900 parolees on probation. See table 5. bRates were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the U.S. adult resident population of persons age 18 or older and persons of all ages within the jurisdiction on January 1, 2019. cExcludes, by jurisdiction, an estimated 18,900 parolees on probation. See table 5. dExcludes, by jurisdiction, an estimated 80,500 prisoners held in jail. See table 5. eAfter 2001, responsibility for sentenced prisoners from the District of Columbia was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2018; and U.S. Census Bureau, post-censal estimated resident population for January 1, 2019. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 12 A Jurisdiction Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbiae Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey Total correctional population Total Adults supervised Adults supervised correctional per 100,000 per 100,000 population, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2017a age 18 or olderb all agesb 310,400 120 100 6,212,700 2,460 1,900 99,000 2,610 2,030 12,600 2,270 1,710 137,200 2,510 1,930 73,100 3,170 2,430 532,000 1,750 1,350 122,600 2,790 2,170 56,000 1,980 1,570 21,800 2,880 2,270 9,900 1,720 1,410 361,600 2,140 1,710 502,700 6,320 4,800 27,100 2,430 1,910 50,300 3,890 2,890 189,000 1,910 1,480 163,500 3,200 2,450 47,000 1,950 1,490 38,900 1,760 1,330 2,310 103,000 2,980 111,300 3,120 2,380 10,400 950 780 98,400 2,100 1,630 77,400 1,400 1,120 228,100 2,920 2,280 121,900 2,840 2,180 61,300 2,690 2,050 105,400 2,220 1,720 15,500 1,880 1,470 24,200 1,670 1,260 39,300 1,690 1,310 10,700 980 790 184,000 2,650 2,070 Community-supervision population Adults on Adults on Adults on probation/parole probation/parole probation/ per 100,000 per 100,000 parole, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2017c age 18 or olderb all agesb 128,200 50 40 4,380,700 1,730 1,340 60,700 1,600 1,240 8,200 1,480 1,110 84,600 1,550 1,190 52,200 2,260 1,730 328,200 1,080 830 91,300 2,080 1,610 43,900 1,550 1,230 15,400 2,030 1,600 9,000 1,580 1,290 214,200 1,270 1,010 435,800 5,480 4,160 21,500 1,920 1,510 38,100 2,950 2,190 129,000 1,300 1,010 118,500 2,320 1,770 35,500 1,470 1,130 22,200 1,010 760 67,400 1,950 1,510 70,800 1,990 1,520 6,800 630 510 81,700 1,740 1,350 59,100 1,070 860 173,200 2,220 1,730 105,900 2,470 1,890 37,200 1,630 1,250 60,500 1,280 990 10,700 1,290 1,010 15,200 1,050 790 18,700 800 620 6,400 580 470 154,500 2,230 1,740 Incarcerated population Adults in prison/ Adults in local jail per 100,000 prison/local jail, U.S. residents age 18 12/31/2017d or olderb 182,200 70 1,944,900 770 40,400 1,070 4,400 800 54,700 1,000 24,500 1,060 203,900 670 32,500 740 14,000 500 6,400 850 1,800 320 149,800 890 93,400 1,170 5,600 500 12,200 940 60,000 610 45,000 880 13,400 560 17,600 800 36,300 1,050 44,600 1,250 4,100 370 28,600 610 18,400 330 55,100 700 16,700 390 27,800 1,220 44,900 950 5,600 670 9,000 620 890 20,600 4,300 400 30,700 440 Adults in prison/local jail per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages 60 600 830 600 770 810 520 580 390 670 260 710 890 400 700 470 670 430 600 810 960 300 470 270 550 300 930 730 530 470 690 320 350 Continued on next page CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 13 APPENDIX Jurisdiction New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total correctional population Total Adults supervised Adults supervised correctional per 100,000 per 100,000 population, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2017a age 18 or olderb all agesb 28,700 1,780 1,370 208,700 1,350 1,070 151,400 1,890 1,470 10,300 1,780 1,360 334,400 3,680 2,860 83,500 2,800 2,120 84,900 2,580 2,040 367,300 3,620 2,870 23,400 2,750 2,210 68,000 1,720 1,350 14,500 2,200 1,650 119,600 2,290 1,770 677,100 3,200 2,370 26,200 1,190 840 6,800 1,330 1,080 120,800 1,820 1,420 120,800 2,070 1,610 20,900 1,440 1,150 100,800 2,230 1,740 10,000 2,250 1,720 Community-supervision population Adults on Adults on Adults on probation/parole probation/parole probation/ per 100,000 per 100,000 parole, U.S. residents U.S. residents of 12/31/2017c age 18 or olderb all agesb 15,200 950 730 140,900 910 720 96,000 1,200 930 7,200 1,240 950 265,100 2,920 2,270 43,800 1,470 1,110 63,900 1,940 1,530 292,100 2,880 2,280 22,400 2,640 2,120 37,500 950 740 8,700 1,320 990 72,800 1,390 1,080 478,500 2,260 1,680 16,300 740 520 1,020 830 5,200 64,200 970 760 94,500 1,620 1,260 9,900 680 550 64,400 1,420 1,110 5,900 1,340 1,030 Incarcerated population Adults in prison/ Adults in local jail per 100,000 prison/local jail, U.S. residents age 18 12/31/2017d or olderb 13,400 840 72,700 470 55,400 690 3,100 540 70,900 780 39,700 1,330 21,000 640 81,600 800 2,900 340 30,500 770 5,900 900 50,700 970 217,800 1,030 12,300 560 1,500 300 56,600 860 31,000 530 11,000 760 36,400 800 4,000 910 Adults in prison/local jail per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages 640 370 540 410 610 1,010 500 640 270 600 670 750 760 390 250 670 410 610 630 690 Note: The federal count plus the state count differs from national estimates in other tables and figures in this report because they include local jail counts for December 31, 2017, which are used to produce jurisdiction-level estimates. These local jail counts are not used to produce national estimates of the total correctional or incarcerated populations, as BJS's official sources of data to generate national estimates are the Annual Survey of Jails and Census of Jails. Counts were rounded to the nearest 100 and include estimates for non-responding jurisdictions. Rates were estimated to the nearest 10. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding and because estimates were adjusted to exclude persons with dual correctional statuses (probationers and parolees held in prisons or local jails, parolees who were also on probation, and prisoners who were held in local jails). See table 5 and Methodology for more details. aExcludes, by jurisdiction, an estimated 80,800 prisoners held in jail, 34,900 probationers in prison, 37,100 probationers in jail, 26,400 parolees in jail, 14,400 parolees in prison, and 13,300 parolees on probation. See table 5. bRates were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the U.S. adult resident population of persons age 18 or older and persons of all ages within the jurisdiction on January 1, 2018. cExcludes, by jurisdiction, an estimated 13,300 parolees on probation. See table 5. dExcludes, by jurisdiction, an estimated 80,800 prisoners held in jail. See table 5. eAfter 2001, responsibility for sentenced prisoners from the District of Columbia was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2017; and U.S. Census Bureau, post-censal estimated resident population for January 1, 2018. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 14 A Other adult correctional systems Total Territorial prisonsa Jails in Indian countryb Military facilitiesc Number of persons 2008 2017 2018 17,170 14,900 14,200 13,600 11,000 10,200 1,920 2,680 2,680 1,650 1,270 1,290 Percent change 2008-2018 2017-2018 -17.4% -4.8% -24.8 -6.7 -22.0 0.0 39.3 1.5 Note: Counts of persons in these facilities are excluded from estimates of the incarcerated populations in figure 1 and tables 1 through 4, as these persons are not under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or held in confinement facilities operated under the authority of a sheriff, police chief, or city or county administrator. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. aThe 2017 and 2018 totals include population counts that were estimated for some territories due to non-response. Estimates are based on the number of persons held on December 31 and are rounded to the nearest 100. See Prisoners in 2018 (NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020) for more details. bEstimates are based on the number of persons held on the last weekday in June and are rounded to the nearest 10. The 2017 and 2018 estimates are based on preliminary data. See Jails in Indian Country, 2016 (NCJ 250981, BJS, December 2017) for more details. cEstimates are based on the number of persons held on December 31 and are rounded to the nearest 10. See Prisoners in 2018 (NCJ 253516, BJS, April 2020) for more details. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics program and Survey of Jails in Indian Country, 2008, 2017, and 2018; and U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary for Defense for Personnel and Readiness, 2008, 2017, and 2018. A Type of facility Total custody populationa Federalb Prisons Federal facilities Privately operated facilities Community corrections centersc State prisons State facilitiesd Privately operated facilities Local jails Incarceration ratee Adult incarceration ratef Number of persons in custody 2008 2017 2018* 2,308,400 2,134,000 2,094,000 198,400 182,100 179,200 189,800 172,700 169,600 165,300 154,600 151,500 24,500 18,100 18,200 8,600 9,500 9,600 1,324,400 1,206,700 1,176,400 1,228,100 1,112,800 1,085,700 96,300 93,900 90,700 785,500 † 745,200 738,400 760 1,000 650 840 640 820 Percent change 2008-2018 2017-2018 -9.3% -1.9% -9.7% -1.6% -10.6 -1.8 -8.3 -2.0 -25.7 0.6 11.6 1.1 -11.2% -2.5% -11.6 -2.4 -5.8 -3.4 -6.0% -0.9% -15.8% -18.0 -1.5% -2.4 Note: Custody counts of prisoners are presented in this table and differ from the jurisdiction counts presented in other tables in this report. Counts are rounded to the nearest 100 and include estimates for non-responding jurisdictions. Estimates may have been revised based on updated reporting and may differ from numbers in past reports. See Methodology. Rates are rounded to the nearest 10. Details may not to sum to totals due to rounding. Prison counts are for December 31, while jail counts are for the last weekday in June. See Methodology for sources of incarceration data and Terms and definitions for an explanation of the differences between the custody prison population reported in this table and jurisdiction prison population reported in all other tables and figures in this report. Significance testing was conducted for local jail estimates because counts are based on a sample of jails in the Annual Survey of Jails. Other counts presented are based on a full census of the population. *Comparison year for local jail inmates only. †Difference with comparison year is significant at the 95% confidence level. aAll persons in the custody of state or federal prisons, privately operated facilities, or local jails. Excludes persons held in U.S. territories (appendix table 3), military facilities (appendix table 3), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement facilities, jails in Indian country (appendix table 3), or juvenile facilities. bAfter 2001, responsibility for sentenced prisoners from the District of Columbia was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. cNon-secure, privately operated community corrections centers. dExcludes prisoners held in local jails in Georgia for 2010, 2017, and 2018 to avoid double-counting. eRates are based on the total number of persons in the custody of state or federal prisons, privately operated facilities, or local jails and were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the U.S. resident population of persons of all ages for January 1 of the following year. fRates are based on the total number in the custody of state or federal prisons, privately operated facilities, or local jails and were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the U.S. resident population of persons age 18 or older for January 1 of the following year. An estimated 10,420 persons age 17 or younger were in the custody of state prisons or local jails in 2008; 9,900 in 2010; 4,490 in 2017; and 4,140 in 2018. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails and National Prisoner Statistics program, 2008, 2017, and 2018; and U.S. Census Bureau, post-censal estimated resident populations for January 1 of each year, 2009, 2018, and 2019. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 15 A Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Standard error 4,020 4,230 5,430 6,010 7,680 8,040 8,380 7,190 5,940 6,610 7,120 Note: Standard errors are rounded to the nearest 10. See table 1 for counts of local jail inmates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2008-2018. CO R R E C T I O N A L P O P U L AT I O N S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S , 2017 - 2018 | AU G U S T 2020 16 The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. Jeffrey H. Anderson is the director. This report was written by Laura M. Maruschak and Todd D. Minton. Danielle Kaeble and Stephanie Mueller verified the report. Eric Hendrixson and Jill Thomas edited the report. Carrie Epps produced the report. August 2020, NCJ 252157 YEARS OF STATISTICS I III II IIIII III111111111111111111 NCJ 252157 Office of Justice Programs Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice www.ojp.gov