Dept of Justice, Mortality in Local Jails Statistical Tables, 2000 - 2018
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics April 2021, NCJ 256002 E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., BJS Statistician I n 2018, a total of 1,120 inmates died in local jails, an increase of nearly 2% from the 1,099 deaths reported in 2017. This was the highest number of deaths reported in local jails since the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) began collecting mortality data in 2000. From 2017 to 2018, the mortality rate—the annual number of deaths per 100,000 jail inmates—increased almost 2%, from 151 to 154 deaths per 100,000 jail inmates (figure 1). Slightly less than half of all deaths reported in local jails in 2018 were due to illnesses (46%), such as heart disease, liver disease, and cancer (figure 2). Suicide remained the single leading cause of death in local jails in 2018, accounting for almost 30% of deaths. Jail inmates had a lower overall mortality rate in 2018 (146 per 100,000 jail inmates) than the United States resident population adjusted for sex, race or ethnicity, and age (322 per 100,000 FIGURE 1 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Mortality rate 160 120 - All causes Illness* Suicide 80 40 0 Drug/alcohol intoxication ’00 ’02 ’04 ’06 ’08* ’10 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18 Note: Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population. See table 3 and appendix table 6 for rates. *In 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause of death information and were classified as other/unknown. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. Highlights From 2017 to 2018, the number of deaths in local jails increased 1.9% (from 1,099 to 1,120 deaths). Whites accounted for 59% of jail inmate deaths in 2018, similar to the percentage in 2017 (60%). On average, about half of all deaths in local jails from 2008 to 2018 were due to illnesses, such as heart disease, liver disease, and cancer. About 40% of inmate deaths in 2018 occurred within the first 7 days of admission to jail, while an additional 15% of deaths occurred among inmates serving 6 months or more. The number of deaths in local jails due to drug or alcohol intoxication has more than quadrupled between 2000 (37) and 2018 (178) (figure 3). Inmates in local jails were less likely to die in 2018 (146 deaths per 100,000 jail inmates) than were adults in the adjusted U.S. resident population (322 deaths per 100,000 adult U.S. residents). In 2018, females held in local jails had a higher rate of mortality (162 deaths per 100,000 female inmates) than males had (152 deaths per 100,000 male inmates). Similar to previous years, three-quarters (75%) of all inmates who died in local jails were unconvicted at the time of their death. The average annual suicide rate among white inmates (86 per 100,000) from 2000 to 2018 was more than three times the rate among Hispanic inmates (25 per 100,000) and five times the rate among black inmates and those of other racial groups (both 16 per 100,000). Bureau of Justice Statistics · Statistical Tables Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables U.S. residents age 18 or older).1 Jail inmates were less likely than adult U.S. residents to die from all causes of death except suicide and homicide in 2018 (figure 4). The mortality rate due to suicide among jail inmates (45 per 100,000) was more than twice the rate for adult U.S. residents (22 per 100,000). Most jail jurisdictions (78%) reported no deaths in 2018, similar to prior years. Almost 14% of jails reported one death of an inmate in 2018, and 8% reported two or more. Similar to other years, the mortality rate for inmates in 2018 was the highest in jails that held an average daily population (ADP) of fewer than 50 inmates (208 per 100,000 inmates). Four in 10 inmate deaths occurred within the first 7 days of admission to jail. Findings in this report are from BJS’s data collection on Mortality in Correctional Institutions (MCI; formerly the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program). The MCI is the only national statistical collection that obtains comprehensive information about deaths among prisoners and jail inmates in the custody of adult correctional facilities. This report describes deaths in local jails from 2000 to 2018, including cause of death, location of death, decedent characteristics, and the mortality rate of local jail inmates by state. FIGURE 2 Percent of deaths of local jail inmates due to illness, by type of illness, 2000, 2010, and 2018 Percent of deaths 30 ■ 2000 25 2010 ■ 2018 -------- ■ 20 15 10 5 0 Heart disease Cancer AIDS- Respiratory Liver All other relateda disease disease illnessesb Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See table 2 for data. aIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. bIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000, 2010, and 2018. Data on mortality in state and federal prisons are published in Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 20012018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021). FIGURE 3 Number of jail inmate deaths, 2000, 2010, and 2018 1The local jail population differs significantly from the U.S. resident Number of deaths population in sex, race or ethnicity, and age. To make direct comparisons between the two populations, BJS adjusted the U.S. resident population to resemble the sex, race or ethnicity, and age distribution of local jail inmates before calculating overall and cause-specific mortality rates. See Methodology. 1,200 ■ 2000 1,000 i--------- ■ 800 Other key findings Of the 1,120 deaths in local jails in 2018, a total of 335 were suicides, 290 were due to heart disease, and 178 were due to drug or alcohol intoxication (table 1) (figure 5). Deaths in local jails due to drug or alcohol intoxication increased almost 19% from 2017 (150) to 2018 (178), and 381% since 2000 (37). Homicide deaths, including by other inmates, incidental to use of force by staff, or due to injuries sustained before admission, accounted for approximately 2% of all deaths in local jails in 2018 (table 2). Adjusted for sex, race or ethnicity, and age, the mortality rate for adult U.S. residents in 2018 (322 deaths per 100,000 adult U.S. residents) was more than two times the rate for local jail inmates in 2018 (146 per 100,000 jail inmates) (table 4). Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 2010 ■ 2018 600 400 200 0 Total Naturala Type of death Unnaturalb Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology. aIncludes deaths due to illnesses, such as heart disease, cancer, liver disease, and AIDS-related deaths. bIncludes deaths due to external factors and causes, such as suicide, homicide, and accidental deaths. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000, 2010, and 2018. 2 ■ Jail inmates were twice as likely to commit suicide in 2018 (45 per 100,000 jail inmates) than adults in the adjusted U.S. resident population (22 per 100,000 adult U.S. residents). In 2018, adults in the adjusted U.S. resident population and local jail inmates had the same homicide mortality rate: 4 deaths per 100,000. While males accounted for the majority of local jail deaths in 2018, females had a higher mortality rate (162 per 100,000 female inmates) than males (152 per 100,000 male inmates) (tables 5 and 7). Jail inmates incarcerated for drug offenses had the lowest mortality rate in 2018 (105 per 100,000) compared to inmates serving time for other types of offenses. The mortality rate among violent offenders was 247 per 100,000 in 2018, a decline of less than 2% from when the rate peaked in 2017 (251 per 100,000). In 2018, about 25% of deceased local jail inmates were black, and 13% were Hispanic (table 6). From 2000 to 2018, three times as many jail inmates who were unconvicted (14,293) died in custody as convicted inmates (4,663 deaths) (table 9). About 46% of inmates who died of homicide from 2000 to 2018 were being held for a violent offense. Inmates who were age 55 or older had the highest mortality rate of all age groups across all causes of death from 2000 and 2018 (table 10). From 2000 to 2018, deceased jail inmates had served a median of 17 days before death, ranging from a median of one day for inmates who died of drug or alcohol intoxication to 137 days for those who died from cancer (table 11). Almost half of inmate deaths from 2000 to 2018 occurred in the jails’ medical unit (50%), while an additional 31% of deaths happened in general housing areas (table 13). From 2000 to 2018, jails with an ADP of fewer than 50 inmates had the highest mortality rates compared to jails of other sizes (table 16). Of the 2,805 jail jurisdictions that reported mortality data in 2018, a total of 605 (22%) reported at least one death (table 17). As of July 10, 2020, the preliminary number of deaths in 2019 reported by local jails was 1,088 (table 23). Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 FIGURE 4 Adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by cause of death, 2018 Mortality rate per 100,000 50 Adult U.S. residentsa 40 Jail inmates 30 20 10 0 Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accidentb Homicidec Note: Excludes persons younger than age 18 and federal prisoners. See table 4 for crude and adjusted rates. aTo allow for direct comparisons of mortality rates, BJS adjusted the U.S. resident population to resemble the sex, race or ethnicity, and age distribution of the local jail population. bExcludes causes of death that are unlikely to occur in a jail setting. cIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from injuries sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2011–2018, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2018, National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009, 2011, and 2012, Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC WONDER online database, Underlying Cause of Death 2018 (released in 2020). FIGURE 5 Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2010 and 2018 Number of deaths 600 ----- ■ 2010 2018 500 ■ 400 300 200 100 0 Illness Suicide Drug/alcohol Accident intoxication Homicidea Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology. See table 1 for data. aIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from injuries sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2010 and 2018. 3 ■ List of tables Table 1. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 2. Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 3. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 4. Crude and adjusted annual mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by cause of death, 2018 Table 5. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 6. Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 7. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 8. Number of deaths of local jail inmates and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Table 9. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death and decedent characteristics, 2000–2018 Table 10. Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death and decedent characteristics, 2000–2018 Table 11. Cause of death of local jail inmates, by time served before death, 2000–2018 Table 12. Offenses of decedents, by time served before death, 2000–2018 Table 13. Death location of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Table 14. Number of deaths and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by hold status, 2014–2018 Table 15. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 16. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 17. Number and percent of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by number of deaths reported each year, 2000–2018 Table 18. Number of local jail inmates held on an average day, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 19. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 20. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 21. Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 22. Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting one or more deaths to the Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 Table 23. Preliminary number and percent of deaths in local jails, by selected causes of death, 2019 Continued on next page Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 4 ■ List of figures Figure 1. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Figure 2. Percent of deaths of local jail inmates due to illness, by type of illness, 2000, 2010, and 2018 Figure 3. Number of jail inmate deaths, 2000, 2010, and 2018 Figure 4. Adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by cause of death, 2018 Figure 5. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2010 and 2018 List of appendix tables Appendix table 1. Estimated number of local jail inmates in custody on an average day, by inmate characteristics, 2000 and 2008–2018 Appendix table 2. Illness mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Appendix table 3. Heart disease mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Appendix table 4. Suicide mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Appendix table 5. Mortality rate from accidents, homicides, or drug or alcohol intoxication per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Appendix table 6. Rates for figure 1: Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 5 ■ TAbLE 1 Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000 and 2008–2018 Cause of death All causes Illness Heart disease AIDS-relatedb Cancer Respiratory disease Liver disease All other illnessesc Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accident Homicided Other/unknown Missing 2000 903 516 198 57 31 2008a 959 444 181 32 25 2009 961 490 208 27 47 2010 918 477 242 26 34 2011 888 425 236 13 32 2012 959 527 269 21 44 2013 985 482 260 20 40 2014 1,052 502 242 17 38 2015 1,093 518 256 10 41 2016 1,072 537 298 12 47 2017 1,099 522 281 13 41 2018 1,120 515 290 9 34 31 23 176 289 32 32 142 228 32 30 146 304 18 25 132 305 20 12 112 311 28 28 137 301 30 18 114 328 42 27 136 368 34 20 157 369 26 19 135 332 34 17 136 314 35 9 138 335 37 24 17 17 3 45 15 16 8 203 65 26 23 25 28 54 23 20 13 26 73 27 21 21 10 57 18 22 25 9 72 31 28 18 26 94 25 25 24 14 92 26 30 34 24 112 19 31 23 18 150 22 29 25 37 178 28 27 23 14 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology. aIn 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause-of-death information and were classified as missing. bIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. cIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. dIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. TAbLE 2 Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000 and 2008–2018 Cause of death All causes Illness Heart disease AIDS-relatedb Cancer Respiratory disease Liver disease All other illnessesc Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accident Homicided Other/unknown Missing 2000 100% 57.1% 21.9 6.3 3.4 2008a 100% 46.3% 18.9 3.3 2.6 2009 100% 51.0% 21.6 2.8 4.9 2010 100% 52.0% 26.4 2.8 3.7 2011 100% 47.9% 26.6 1.5 3.6 2012 100% 55.0% 28.1 2.2 4.6 2013 100% 48.9% 26.4 2.0 4.1 2014 100% 47.7% 23.0 1.6 3.6 2015 100% 47.4% 23.4 0.9 3.8 2016 100% 50.1% 27.8 1.1 4.4 2017 100% 47.5% 25.6 1.2 3.7 2018 100% 46.0% 25.9 0.8 3.0 3.4 2.5 19.5 32.0% 3.3 3.3 14.8 23.8% 3.3 3.1 15.2 31.6% 2.0 2.7 14.4 33.2% 2.3 1.4 12.6 35.0% 2.9 2.9 14.3 31.4% 3.0 1.8 11.6 33.3% 4.0 2.6 12.9 35.0% 3.1 1.8 14.4 33.8% 2.4 1.8 12.6 31.0% 3.1 1.5 12.4 28.6% 3.1 0.8 12.3 29.9% 4.1% 2.7% 1.9% 1.9% 0.3% 4.7% 1.6% 1.7% 0.8% 21.2% 6.8% 2.7% 2.4% 2.6% 2.9% 5.9% 2.5% 2.2% 1.4% 2.8% 8.2% 3.0% 2.4% 2.4% 1.1% 5.9% 1.9% 2.3% 2.6% 0.9% 7.3% 3.1% 2.8% 1.8% 2.6% 8.9% 2.4% 2.4% 2.3% 1.3% 8.4% 2.4% 2.7% 3.1% 2.2% 10.4% 1.8% 2.9% 2.1% 1.7% 13.6% 2.0% 2.6% 2.3% 3.4% 15.9% 2.5% 2.4% 2.1% 1.3% Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Methodology. aIn 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause-of-death information and were classified as missing. bIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. cIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. dIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 6 ■ TAbLE 3 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000 and 2008–2018 Cause of death All causes Illness Heart disease AIDS-relatedb Cancer Respiratory disease Liver disease All other illnessesc Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accident Homicided Other/unknown Missing 2000 151 86 33 10 5 2008a 123 57 23 4 3 2009 128 66 28 4 6 2010 125 65 33 4 5 2011 123 59 33 2 4 2012 129 71 36 3 6 2013 138 68 36 3 6 2014 144 69 33 2 5 2015 154 73 36 1 6 2016 149 75 42 2 7 2017 151 72 39 2 6 2018 154 71 40 1! 5 5 4 29 48 4 4 18 29 4 4 20 41 2 3 18 42 3 2 16 43 4 4 18 40 4 3 16 46 6 4 19 50 5 3 22 52 4 3 19 46 5 2 19 43 5 1! 19 46 6 2 2 1! 26 9 3 3 3 4 7 3 3 2 4 10 4 3 3 1 10 4 4 3 4 13 3 3 3 2 13 4 4 5 3 16 3 4 3 3 21 3 4 3 5 24 4 4 3 2 6 4 3 3 1! 8 2 3 3 1! Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. See Methodology. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. aIn 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause-of-death information and were classified as missing. bIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. cIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. dIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 7 ■ TAbLE 4 Crude and adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by cause of death, 2018 Cause of death All causes Illness Heart disease AIDS-relatedc Cancer Respiratory disease Liver disease All other illnessesd Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accidente Homicidef Crude rate per 100,000 adult U.S. residents 1,110 1,040 265 2 242 114 23 395 19 27 22 2 Adjusted rate per 100,000 adult U.S. residentsa 322 250 69 4 59 20 11 89 22 38 9 4 Rate per 100,000 local jail inmatesb 146 69 39 1! 4 5 1! 19 45 24 4 4 Note: Rates exclude persons age 17 or younger. U.S. general population mortality rate is per 100,000 adult U.S. residents and is based on death certificates from all U.S. residents in 2018, including incarcerated persons. The jail mortality rate is per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails and is based on the annual number of deaths and average daily population. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. aThe sex, race or ethnicity, and age composition of the U.S. resident population differs from that of local jail inmates. To allow for direct comparisons of mortality rates, BJS adjusted the U.S. resident population to resemble the sex, race or ethnicity, and age distribution of the local jail population. bMay differ from mortality rates presented elsewhere in this report due to the removal of local jail inmates who are age 17 or younger from both the numerator (deaths) and denominator (local jail population), and the exclusion of deaths for which cause of death was unknown or missing. These changes were made solely to table 4 to make the mortality rates comparable to those in the U.S. resident population. cIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. dIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. eBJS excluded causes of death that are unlikely to occur in a jail setting, including motor vehicle accidents; homicides due to explosives or firearms not related to law enforcement, motor vehicle assault, or neglect; and firearm discharges not related to law enforcement. fIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2011–2018, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2018, National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012, Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC WONDER online database, Underlying Cause of Death 2018 (released in 2020). Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 8 ■ TAbLE 5 Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000 and 2008–2018 Characteristic 2000 Total 903 Sex Male 813 Female 90 Race/ethnicity Whitea 452 Blacka 305 Hispanic 118 American Indian/ 9 Alaska Nativea Asian/Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander/ two or more racesa 8 Age 17 or younger 8 18–24 89 25–34 184 35–44 264 45–54 239 55 or older 115 Legal status Convictedb 258 Unconvictedc 627 Time served 7 days or less 328 8–30 167 31–60 111 61–120 115 121–180 56 181 or more 119 Offense Violent 355 Property 168 Drug 146 208 Public order/otherd 2008 959 2009 961 2010 918 2011 888 2012 959 2013 985 2014 1,052 2015 1,093 2016 1,072 2017 1,099 2018 1,120 840 119 852 109 804 114 778 110 837 122 858 127 900 152 939 154 919 153 933 165 940 180 512 310 107 534 274 109 516 265 90 525 234 105 555 270 100 523 278 145 622 273 118 656 256 141 624 263 137 651 271 131 660 276 149 11 22 11 6 13 12 13 14 18 15 14 16 10 12 13 12 10 19 12 17 11 14 3 86 167 246 275 178 3 87 175 235 259 193 3 80 187 201 253 172 2 81 206 198 227 171 2 83 189 198 273 209 3 75 215 213 259 202 2 87 229 231 263 233 2 80 251 230 269 247 2 79 240 218 261 258 3 82 258 235 243 259 0 68 236 281 229 301 201 753 247 694 232 664 221 662 255 698 229 739 258 787 266 814 256 799 266 810 282 829 349 164 106 122 68 128 365 167 99 118 51 145 345 176 91 92 58 133 346 172 97 90 55 125 350 200 99 115 58 132 390 163 87 124 45 157 425 218 106 96 51 145 444 209 112 112 59 143 428 188 107 117 68 149 441 209 101 113 67 147 450 227 88 118 63 169 301 185 165 241 348 180 130 243 341 170 122 224 349 152 113 234 350 185 151 235 346 196 132 252 386 202 161 271 376 226 176 265 368 210 167 268 411 215 146 265 404 213 179 289 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. See Methodology. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. cIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. dPublic order offenses include weapons offenses, DUI/DWI, court offenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency offenses. Other offenses include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation and parole violations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 9 ■ TAbLE 6 Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000 and 2008–2018 Characteristic Total Sex Male Female Race/ethnicity Whitea Blacka Hispanic American Indian/ Alaska Nativea Asian/Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander/ two or more racesa Age 17 or younger 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55 or older Legal status Convictedb Unconvictedc Time served 7 days or less 8–30 31–60 61–120 121–180 181 or more Offense Violent Property Drug Public order/otherd 2000 100% 2008 100% 2009 100% 2010 100% 2011 100% 2012 100% 2013 100% 2014 100% 2015 100% 2016 100% 2017 100% 2018 100% 90.0% 10.0 87.6% 12.4 88.7% 11.3 87.6% 12.4 87.6% 12.4 87.3% 12.7 87.1% 12.9 85.6% 14.4 85.9% 14.1 85.7% 14.3 85.0% 15.0 83.9% 16.1 50.7% 34.2 13.2 53.6% 32.4 11.2 56.3% 28.9 11.5 57.7% 29.6 10.1 59.5% 26.5 11.9 58.4% 28.4 10.5 54.0% 28.7 15.0 59.5% 26.1 11.3 60.8% 23.7 13.1 58.9% 24.8 12.9 60.3% 25.1 12.1 59.3% 24.8 13.4 1.0 1.2 2.3 1.2 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.3 0.9 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.3 0.9% 9.9 20.5 29.4 26.6 12.8 0.3% 9.0 17.5 25.8 28.8 18.6 0.3% 9.1 18.4 24.7 27.2 20.3 0.3% 8.9 20.9 22.4 28.2 19.2 0.2% 9.2 23.3 22.4 25.6 19.3 0.2% 8.7 19.8 20.8 28.6 21.9 0.3% 7.8 22.2 22.0 26.8 20.9 0.2% 8.3 21.9 22.1 25.2 22.3 0.2% 7.4 23.3 21.3 24.9 22.9 0.2% 7.5 22.7 20.6 24.7 24.4 0.3% 7.6 23.9 21.8 22.5 24.0 0.0% 6.1 21.2 25.2 20.5 27.0 29.2% 70.8 21.1% 78.9 26.2% 73.8 25.9% 74.1 25.0% 75.0 26.8% 73.2 23.7% 76.3 24.7% 75.3 24.6% 75.4 24.3% 75.7 24.7% 75.3 25.4% 74.6 36.6% 18.6 12.4 12.8 6.3 13.3 37.2% 17.5 11.3 13.0 7.3 13.7 38.6% 17.7 10.5 12.5 5.4 15.3 38.5% 19.7 10.2 10.3 6.5 14.9 39.1% 19.4 11.0 10.2 6.2 14.1 36.7% 21.0 10.4 12.1 6.1 13.8 40.4% 16.9 9.0 12.8 4.7 16.3 40.8% 20.9 10.2 9.2 4.9 13.9 41.1% 19.4 10.4 10.4 5.5 13.3 40.5% 17.8 10.1 11.1 6.4 14.1 40.9% 19.4 9.4 10.5 6.2 13.6 40.4% 20.4 7.9 10.6 5.7 15.2 40.5% 19.2 16.6 23.7 33.7% 20.7 18.5 27.0 38.6% 20.0 14.4 27.0 39.8% 19.8 14.2 26.1 41.2% 17.9 13.3 27.6 38.0% 20.1 16.4 25.5 37.4% 21.2 14.3 27.2 37.8% 19.8 15.8 26.6 36.0% 21.7 16.9 25.4 36.3% 20.7 16.5 26.5 39.6% 20.7 14.1 25.6 37.2% 19.6 16.5 26.6 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Percentages are based on non-missing data. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Methodology. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. cIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. dPublic order offenses include weapons offenses, DUI/DWI, court offenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency offenses. Other offenses include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation and parole violations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 10 ■ TAbLE 7 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2000 and 2008–2018 Characteristic 2000 Total 151 Sex Male 153 Female 132 Race/ethnicity Whitea 210 Blacka 127 Hispanic 107 52 Othera,b Age 17 or younger 109 ! 18–24 53 25–34 96 35–44 169 45–54 397 55 or older 871 Legal status 98 Convictedc Unconvictedd 187 Offense Violent 233 Property 115 Drug 99 Public order/othere 136 2008 123 2009 128 2010 125 2011 123 2012 129 2013 138 2014 144 2015 154 2016 149 2017 151 2018 154 124 120 130 119 126 124 124 121 130 123 140 128 144 146 154 149 150 143 151 149 152 162 185 109 70 41 202 101 71 55 203 102 58 36 212 94 67 28 221 108 60 33 213 131 91 23 239 118 75 39 251 114 95 33 240 119 87 44 236 123 85 34 242 130 96 33 39 ! 41 67 138 260 668 43 ! 43 72 142 257 705 41 ! 41 77 127 252 616 35 ! 43 84 129 226 597 37 ! 43 73 128 259 678 67 ! 41 87 144 256 685 49 ! 47 91 152 254 771 57 ! 44 102 155 266 837 53 ! 43 97 146 256 868 85 ! 44 102 155 235 857 0 36 94 185 222 998 70 154 87 149 81 148 78 152 87 155 84 168 95 172 100 183 102 171 103 172 115 172 171 100 85 108 211 102 69 111 210 96 68 105 216 86 65 112 209 99 87 109 216 109 79 122 235 110 94 128 235 126 106 129 228 116 99 129 251 117 86 126 247 116 105 137 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rate are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 one-day inmate population counts. See Methodology. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Due to the small number of deaths and local jail populations of American Indians and Alaska Natives and Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders, mortality rates for these populations are unstable and not shown. cIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. dIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. ePublic order offenses include weapons offenses, DUI/DWI, court offenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency offenses. Other offenses include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation and parole violations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000 and 2008–2018; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 11 ■ TAbLE 8 Number of deaths of local jail inmates and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Cause of death All causes Illness Heart disease AIDS-relateda Cancer Respiratory disease Liver disease All other illnessesb Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accident Homicidec Other/unknown Missing Number 19,180 9,701 4,544 613 698 553 461 2,832 5,853 1,554 490 444 650 488 Percent 100% 50.6% 23.7 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.4 14.8 30.5% 8.1% 2.6% 2.3% 3.4% 2.5% Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates 140 71 33 4 5 4 3 21 43 11 4 3 5 4 Note: Data may have been revised from previously statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 one-day inmate population counts. See Methodology. aIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. bIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. cIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 12 ■ TAbLE 9 Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death and decedent characteristics, 2000–2018 Characteristic All causesa Total 19,180 Sex Male 16,739 Female 2,434 Race/ethnicity Whitee 10,550 5,680 Blacke Hispanic 2,298 American Indian/ Alaska Nativee 242 Asian/Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islander/ two or more racese 216 Age 17 or younger 73 18–24 1,702 25–34 3,924 35–44 4,836 45–54 4,954 55 or older 3,528 Legal status 4,663 Convictedf Unconvictedg 14,293 Offense Violent 6,734 Property 3,720 Drug 3,020 Public order/otherh 4,814 Illness Heart AIDSRespiratory Liver All other disease relatedb Cancer disease disease illnessesc 4,544 613 698 553 461 2,832 Drug/alcohol Suicide intoxication Accident Homicided 5,853 1,554 490 444 4,034 510 540 73 634 64 452 101 416 45 2,300 531 5,311 541 1,214 340 441 49 438 6 2,202 1,843 395 109 422 79 319 279 83 262 212 67 249 99 103 1,293 1,071 393 4,172 776 692 974 332 208 291 126 59 170 179 82 46 1 5 7 6 26 112 23 4 3 43 2 10 2 3 35 84 11 9 8 2 123 454 967 1,522 1,470 1 13 104 236 199 57 0 12 45 94 223 324 1 25 75 132 155 163 0 3 26 85 227 119 5 145 429 697 901 651 53 978 1,835 1,661 960 357 5 177 524 464 294 87 1 51 104 134 122 77 2 82 113 91 89 66 1,356 3,165 160 448 211 485 165 383 133 328 751 2,069 1,046 4,784 363 1,184 141 348 103 334 1,402 850 760 1,330 156 193 137 112 333 112 101 133 171 110 112 133 127 85 77 158 809 610 543 735 2,807 1,092 593 1,155 277 295 427 501 133 89 75 172 197 83 51 95 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. See Methodology. aIncludes other causes not specified and missing and unknown causes. bIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. cIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. dIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. eExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). fIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. gIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. hPublic order offenses include weapons offenses, DUI/DWI, court offenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency offenses. Other offenses include holds and holds for jurisdiction and probation and parole violations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 13 ■ TAbLE 10 Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death and decedent characteristics, 2000–2018 Characteristic All causesa Total 140 Sex Male 141 Female 136 Race/ethnicity Whitee 216 118 Blacke Hispanic 84 Othere,f 38 Age 17 or younger 65 18–24 47 25–34 87 35–44 155 45–54 279 55 or older 756 Legal status Convictedg 89 Unconvictedh 169 Offense Violent 212 Property 111 Drug 91 Public order/otheri 126 Illness Heart AIDSRespiratory Liver All other disease relatedb Cancer disease disease illnessesc 33 5 5 4 3 21 Drug/alcohol Suicide intoxication Accident Homicided 43 11 4 3 34 29 5 4 5 4 4 6 4 3 19 30 45 30 10 19 4 3 4 <1 ! 45 38 14 7 2 9 3 <1 ! 7 6 3 1 5 4 2 <1 ! 5 2 4 <1 ! 27 22 14 5 86 16 25 16 20 7 8 3 6 3 2 1 4 4 3 <1 2! 3 10 31 86 315 <1 ! <1 2 8 11 12 0 <1 1 3 13 69 <1 ! <1 2 4 9 35 0 <1 ! <1 3 13 26 5! 4 10 22 51 139 47 27 41 53 54 77 5! 5 12 15 17 19 <1 ! 1 2 4 7 17 2! 2 3 3 5 14 26 38 3 5 4 6 3 5 3 4 14 25 20 57 7 14 3 4 2 4 44 25 23 35 5 6 4 3 11 3 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 3 2 4 26 18 16 19 88 33 18 30 9 9 13 13 4 3 2 5 6 3 2 3 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 one-day inmate population counts. See Methodology. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. aIncludes other causes not specified and missing and unknown causes. bIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. cIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. dIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. eExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). fIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Due to the small number of deaths and local jail populations of American Indians and Alaska Natives and Asians/Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders, mortality rates for these populations are unstable and not shown. gIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. hIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. iPublic order offenses include weapons offenses, DUI/DWI, court offenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency offenses. Other offenses include holds and holds for jurisdiction and probation and parole violations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 14 ■ TAbLE 11 Cause of death of local jail inmates, by time served before death, 2000–2018 Cause of death Total Illness Heart disease AIDS-relatedb Cancer Respiratory disease Liver disease All other illnessesc Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accident Homicided Number 19,180 9,701 4,544 613 698 553 461 2,832 5,853 1,554 490 444 Median time served (in days)a 17 33 25 82 137 40 47 22 9 1 10 29 Note: Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. See Methodology. aThe statistical median represents the value at which 50% of the values are larger and 50% are smaller in a sequence of numbers. bIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. cIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. dIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. TAbLE 12 Offenses of decedents, by time served before death, 2000–2018 Offense Total Violent Murderb Kidnapping Rape/sexual assault Robbery Assault Other Property Burglary Larceny/theft Motor vehicle theft Arson Fraud Drug Possession Trafficking Other/unknown Public order/other Weapons offense Obstruction of justice DUI/DWI Traffic offense excluding DUI/DWI Probation/parole violation and escape Other Percent 100% 36.8% 7.1 1.9 6.8 3.9 14.5 2.6 20.3% 5.2 10.4 0.9 0.5 3.2 16.5% 8.3 6.0 2.3 26.3% 1.2 5.0 3.9 Median time served (in days)a 17 40 134 44 77 51 16 13 16 32 11 13 42 16 13 8 33 7 8 13 7 6 501 2.7 4 1,472 986 8.0 5.4 12 4 Number 19,180 6,734 1,296 348 1,242 716 2,648 484 3,720 954 1,909 173 98 586 3,020 1,517 1,089 414 4,814 221 912 722 Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding or missing data. See Methodology. aThe statistical median represents the value at which 50% of the values are larger and 50% are smaller in a sequence of numbers. bIncludes non-negligent manslaughter. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 15 ■ TAbLE 13 Death location of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Location Total General housing Segregation unit Medical unitd Mental health unite In transit Elsewhere All 100% 30.6 10.7 49.6 1.6 1.1 6.4 Illness Heart AIDSRespiratory Liver All other disease relateda Cancer disease disease illnessesb 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 28.8 4.4 3.0 15.0 9.4 20.1 6.3 2.0 2.1 4.0 3.7 6.7 56.0 89.7 89.0 73.0 80.0 65.3 1.5 0.5 1.6 1.6 0.9 2.0 1.6 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.2 1.3 5.7 3.0 4.0 5.3 5.9 4.6 Drug/alcohol Suicide intoxication Accident Homicidec 100% 100% 100% 100% 46.3 36.0 17.2 32.0 20.6 9.8 5.3 4.8 25.5 40.3 53.4 49.7 1.7 0.9 2.7 4.1 0.5 1.3 3.7 1.4 5.5 11.7 17.8 8.0 Note: Percentages are based on non-missing data. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Methodology. aIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. bIncludes other specified illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, influenza, and other non-leading natural causes of death) and unspecified illnesses. cIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. dIncludes the special medical unit within the jail facility and outside medical centers. eIncludes the special mental health services unit within the jail facility and outside mental health centers. Mental health unit classification was not collected prior to 2009. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. TAbLE 14 Number of deaths and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by hold status, 2014–2018 Hold status Total Hold statusa U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Marshals Service Otherb No hold or unknown Number of deaths, 2014–18 5,436 582 33 125 431 4,854 Sum of annual Mortality rate per average daily 100,000 local jail inmates, populations, 2014–18 by hold status, 2014–18 3,614,768 150 636,534 91 77,261 138,459 420,814 2,978,234 43 90 102 163 Note: Average daily population was calculated for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the U.S. Marshals Service, and other authorities based on the proportion of the confined population held for each authority on December 31. aIncludes contractual, temporary, courtesy, or ad hoc holds for federal, local, or state authorities. A jail inmate may have multiple hold statuses. bIncludes state or federal prison, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, or any other jail jurisdiction. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2014–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 16 ■ TAbLE 15 Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000 and 2008–2018 Jail jurisdiction size (average daily population) Total 49 or fewer inmates 50–99 100–249 250–499 500–999 1,000–2,499 2,500 or more 2000 903 63 66 80 87 139 186 282 2008 959 47 46 108 111 121 238 286 2009 961 49 55 121 111 120 237 268 2010 918 60 45 122 95 121 237 234 2011 888 51 51 116 125 133 207 186 2012 959 66 60 89 144 148 234 217 2013 985 58 61 138 129 151 205 243 2014 1,052 68 70 115 153 158 263 225 2015 1,093 61 54 141 156 183 268 230 2016 1,072 59 59 150 150 177 264 213 2017 1,099 51 58 151 135 193 293 218 2018 1,120 40 62 156 176 190 295 201 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. In 2000, the average daily population was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 one-day inmate population counts. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. TAbLE 16 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000 and 2008–2018 Jail jurisdiction size (average daily population) Total 49 or fewer 50–99 100–249 250–499 500–999 1,000–2,499 2,500 or more 2000 151 229 170 105 115 142 154 175 2008 123 222 119 119 106 96 124 139 2009 128 236 146 132 108 99 132 138 2010 125 285 125 129 96 94 133 135 2011 123 241 144 123 123 105 121 109 2012 129 308 166 95 129 114 129 127 2013 138 289 172 149 126 118 120 148 2014 144 336 189 119 138 122 151 139 2015 154 295 147 142 145 144 156 156 2016 149 294 164 143 136 132 157 148 2017 151 257 160 147 116 142 169 151 2018 154 208 175 153 142 138 171 146 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 one-day inmate population counts. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 17 ■ TAbLE 17 Number and percent of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by number of deaths reported each year, 2000–2018 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Annual average, 2000–2018 Number of reporting jurisdictions 2,984 2,969 2,954 2,937 2,920 2,894 2,866 2,845 2,831 2,742 2,747 2,738 2,797 2,695 2,777 2,789 2,784 2,808 2,805 2,836 Number of jail jurisdictions reporting deaths 0 deaths 1 death 2 or more deaths Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 2,550 85.5% 288 9.7% 146 4.9% 2,485 83.7 331 11.1 153 5.2 2,470 83.6 331 11.2 153 5.2 2,427 82.6 349 11.9 161 5.5 2,402 82.3 367 12.6 151 5.2 2,372 82.0 362 12.5 160 5.5 2,327 81.2 368 12.8 171 6.0 2,312 81.3 349 12.3 184 6.5 2,329 82.3 346 12.2 156 5.5 2,239 81.7 332 12.1 171 6.2 2,245 81.7 342 12.4 160 5.8 2,217 81.0 350 12.8 171 6.2 2,258 80.7 373 13.3 166 5.9 2,152 79.9 370 13.7 173 6.4 2,197 79.1 398 14.3 182 6.6 2,199 78.8 398 14.3 192 6.9 2,213 79.5 374 13.4 197 7.1 2,231 79.5 377 13.4 200 7.1 2,200 78.4 383 13.7 222 7.9 2,307 81.3% 357 12.6% 172 6.1% Median jail jurisdiction daily population, by number of deaths reported* 0 deaths 1 death 2 or more deaths 41 146 1,076 45 151 995 50 167 1,208 52 166 1,125 55 231 1,246 58 211 1,167 60 191 1,324 60 218 1,190 63 246 1,353 63 219 1,269 64 197 1,278 62 228 1,137 64 253 1,121 64 207 1,048 65 195 1,056 62 232 986 67 204 955 66 220 1,022 63 220 945 58 205 1,121 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Includes all jails that reported data on populations or deaths. See Methodology. *Median is calculated using the average daily population of all jails with that number of deaths. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 18 ■ TAbLE 18 Number of local jail inmates held on an average day, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 State Total Alabama Alaska* Arizona Arkansas California Colorado District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 597,908 778,716 747,932 732,013 720,879 745,238 712,678 729,141 711,625 717,456 728,968 727,578 12,951 16,156 13,868 15,054 15,333 14,944 13,333 13,502 13,393 14,074 15,150 16,162 60 52 70 64 73 104 82 85 76 72 72 57 10,859 17,844 15,043 13,242 13,467 14,542 14,355 13,961 13,764 13,154 13,237 12,991 5,271 7,373 7,453 7,420 7,189 7,447 6,750 7,824 8,098 8,183 8,802 9,034 72,508 83,493 81,629 74,808 71,759 79,491 81,696 82,116 75,180 76,131 76,650 75,570 9,179 13,111 13,207 12,703 11,779 12,396 12,323 11,947 12,121 12,910 12,574 13,393 1,656 2,987 3,089 3,037 3,011 2,455 2,288 1,969 1,814 1,858 1,836 2,047 49,358 66,250 61,070 58,313 57,330 56,412 52,710 53,401 53,739 52,544 54,681 55,958 33,332 47,343 46,125 46,811 44,034 44,322 36,633 40,974 38,140 40,376 41,997 39,650 2,668 3,938 3,750 3,529 3,718 3,728 3,535 3,744 3,722 3,803 4,154 4,288 17,452 20,966 19,601 20,224 20,666 21,376 22,173 19,954 18,791 18,456 17,272 16,115 12,760 17,811 18,302 17,703 17,342 17,533 16,146 16,765 16,306 18,278 19,439 20,641 3,046 4,085 3,891 3,993 4,099 4,264 4,051 4,243 4,477 4,427 4,899 4,871 7,544 7,579 8,095 5,093 7,668 6,992 7,692 7,236 6,961 7,100 7,453 7,279 11,492 18,070 17,803 17,460 18,252 19,537 17,995 20,602 20,776 22,735 23,789 24,877 22,744 29,060 29,572 32,199 31,022 32,651 27,151 29,667 29,181 29,192 29,177 29,781 1,297 1,598 1,571 1,062 1,322 1,299 1,073 1,371 1,343 1,352 1,278 1,685 10,471 13,577 12,205 12,398 12,423 12,233 12,063 11,164 9,804 8,879 9,587 8,992 9,427 13,309 13,184 10,724 10,326 9,616 10,471 10,238 10,543 10,775 10,454 9,060 15,869 17,676 17,001 16,457 16,541 17,089 17,203 16,898 15,480 16,476 16,496 16,519 4,958 7,105 6,651 6,733 6,468 6,423 6,524 6,827 7,188 7,145 7,293 7,135 9,885 11,057 9,732 10,501 10,601 12,620 11,575 12,669 14,239 14,368 12,923 12,975 7,588 11,653 11,503 10,646 11,500 12,375 11,757 11,259 11,431 11,754 13,013 12,886 1,291 1,781 1,718 1,950 1,032 1,968 2,795 2,317 2,473 2,511 2,580 2,516 2,140 3,135 3,427 3,391 3,406 3,442 3,530 3,459 3,560 3,669 3,900 4,001 5,216 7,531 7,737 7,410 7,083 6,922 6,902 7,070 6,841 7,004 7,189 7,738 887 2,024 2,108 2,103 2,063 2,143 2,012 2,200 1,830 1,868 1,799 1,539 15,102 17,824 16,426 15,955 15,280 16,193 16,398 14,997 14,333 13,601 10,655 9,628 5,918 9,089 8,273 8,886 8,297 8,408 8,474 8,256 8,370 7,338 6,713 6,162 27,403 30,304 29,877 30,122 29,793 28,259 26,959 25,946 25,540 22,345 20,800 21,637 12,276 19,382 16,470 18,601 18,288 19,168 18,825 18,964 18,107 18,818 19,920 20,342 619 962 897 947 1,111 1,190 1,088 1,418 1,449 1,382 1,697 1,445 16,118 19,254 19,944 17,454 17,788 18,704 18,384 19,110 18,612 17,576 20,385 20,892 7,228 10,062 10,493 8,632 8,654 9,544 9,447 12,484 12,455 12,593 10,207 9,579 6,685 6,304 5,803 5,890 5,872 7,844 5,678 5,985 5,887 5,887 7,846 5,758 28,248 37,350 38,010 35,444 36,290 37,519 37,334 37,765 36,278 35,086 34,767 32,760 8,752 13,634 12,654 12,236 11,970 12,232 11,592 11,569 11,256 10,086 11,706 11,794 1,163 1,417 1,626 1,572 1,505 1,746 1,845 1,732 1,768 1,880 2,033 2,147 20,168 26,446 25,708 22,875 23,521 24,292 24,882 24,553 26,989 28,239 29,110 29,920 57,999 69,392 67,513 67,297 66,599 67,815 63,724 64,614 64,835 67,156 66,506 68,445 5,378 6,929 6,928 7,267 7,194 7,288 6,446 7,441 7,110 7,137 7,695 7,460 20,021 28,824 28,276 29,003 27,313 30,013 27,783 29,984 26,782 27,910 28,965 28,294 8,638 13,461 13,076 12,350 12,988 12,008 10,920 12,264 11,832 12,034 12,654 12,253 2,824 4,336 3,879 4,145 3,882 4,351 4,466 4,292 4,290 4,356 4,690 5,251 12,986 15,401 12,157 14,143 13,965 12,835 12,625 12,501 12,621 12,932 13,464 13,795 924 1,694 1,620 1,567 1,494 1,536 1,582 1,587 1,522 1,562 1,335 1,440 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison/jail system. For inmate population data, see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021). See Methodology. *Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only data for 15 locally operated jails and exclude data for state-operated prisons and jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 19 ■ TAbLE 19 Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 State Total Alabama Alaska* Arizona Arkansas California Colorado District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2000 903 24 0 15 9 109 13 4 82 38 3 31 21 2 9 16 10 2 22 5 23 6 9 16 3 5 15 3 31 15 57 15 1 23 15 10 38 17 4 28 97 6 34 8 2 7 0 2008 959 19 0 12 15 106 21 7 77 55 1 29 11 2 12 22 34 1 25 17 12 4 14 17 2 5 8 2 27 11 32 19 1 23 17 15 44 19 2 37 86 6 49 17 6 17 1 2009 961 20 0 11 5 138 14 8 88 45 6 29 16 6 11 18 22 2 20 18 20 3 13 20 6 7 14 5 25 11 37 23 2 26 18 7 37 15 2 32 76 12 39 14 7 11 2 2010 918 28 0 16 7 121 20 4 57 48 3 23 22 3 10 21 26 3 24 16 18 10 14 21 3 6 8 1 29 17 37 24 2 23 18 9 31 19 0 20 84 8 29 16 5 13 1 2011 888 18 1 9 16 92 12 7 66 46 5 21 21 8 10 16 20 7 21 5 24 6 14 12 8 5 13 4 20 23 36 17 1 28 12 8 46 7 1 39 69 14 42 16 7 14 1 2012 959 18 1 10 10 113 9 2 69 47 4 23 19 4 11 22 42 0 17 14 17 7 9 27 3 4 12 3 25 16 40 25 3 33 13 3 58 22 0 34 72 11 40 20 10 13 4 2013 985 19 0 14 15 129 19 6 68 47 6 33 18 9 17 13 37 1 21 14 21 5 15 19 5 7 10 1 23 10 40 21 5 30 16 4 41 21 2 27 98 16 28 16 6 10 2 2014 1,052 21 0 17 17 146 20 3 83 42 6 30 27 6 10 20 38 4 14 18 34 9 18 17 2 8 10 1 32 10 37 23 3 29 19 9 47 15 1 29 73 19 48 19 8 7 3 2015 1,093 24 0 24 13 135 25 1 83 40 3 29 21 6 14 23 35 1 17 12 21 8 19 21 6 3 18 0 26 15 32 33 2 31 16 14 53 18 6 36 98 11 43 28 10 13 6 2016 1,072 23 0 20 11 122 26 5 82 48 4 28 19 12 19 16 35 3 19 13 21 10 17 18 3 5 14 7 25 18 33 21 2 29 32 6 47 14 8 43 87 22 34 16 11 21 3 2017 1,099 18 0 29 11 133 27 7 98 45 4 24 26 3 11 16 44 2 20 18 23 14 9 23 4 12 12 4 18 11 17 36 1 40 9 13 49 29 0 42 92 7 44 19 10 24 1 2018 1,120 23 0 26 17 121 21 2 104 46 6 20 20 3 17 30 42 3 16 13 24 9 13 28 6 8 12 4 18 7 29 32 6 48 15 11 59 19 1 47 85 7 42 30 11 18 1 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison/jail system. For mortality data, see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021). See Methodology. *Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only deaths in 15 locally operated jails and exclude deaths in state-operated prisons and jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 20 ■ TAbLE 20 Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 State Total Alabama Alaska* Arizona Arkansas California Colorado District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2000 151 185 0 138 171 ! 150 142 242 ! 166 114 112 ! 178 165 66 ! 177 ! 139 44 154 ! 210 53 ! 145 121 ! 91 ! 211 232 ! 234 ! 288 338 ! 205 253 208 122 162 ! 143 208 150 135 194 344 ! 139 167 112 ! 170 93 ! 71 ! 54 ! 0 2008 123 118 0 67 203 127 160 234 ! 116 116 25 ! 138 62 49 ! 156 122 117 63 ! 184 128 68 56 ! 127 146 112 ! 159 ! 106 ! 99 ! 151 121 106 98 104 ! 119 169 238 118 139 141 ! 140 124 87 ! 170 126 138 ! 110 59 ! 2009 128 144 0 73 67 ! 169 106 259 ! 144 98 160 ! 148 87 154 ! 157 101 74 127 ! 164 137 118 45 ! 134 174 349 ! 204 ! 181 237 ! 152 133 124 140 223 ! 130 172 121 ! 97 119 123 ! 124 113 173 138 107 180 ! 90 123 ! 2010 125 186 0 121 94 ! 162 157 132 ! 98 103 85 ! 114 124 75 ! 130 120 81 282 ! 194 149 109 149 133 197 154 ! 177 ! 108 ! 48 ! 182 191 123 129 211 ! 132 209 153 ! 87 155 0 87 125 110 ! 100 130 121 ! 92 64 ! 2011 123 117 1,370 ! 67 ! 223 128 102 232 ! 115 104 134 ! 102 121 195 ! 138 88 64 530 ! 169 48 ! 145 93 ! 132 104 775 ! 147 ! 184 194 ! 131 277 121 93 90 ! 157 139 136 ! 127 58 ! 66 ! 166 104 195 154 123 180 ! 100 67 ! 2012 129 120 962 ! 69 134 142 73 ! 81 ! 122 106 107 ! 108 108 94 ! 158 113 129 0 139 146 99 109 ! 71 ! 218 152 ! 116 ! 173 140 ! 154 190 142 130 252 ! 176 136 38 ! 155 180 0 140 106 151 133 167 230 101 260 ! 2013 138 143 0 98 222 158 154 262 ! 129 128 170 ! 149 111 222 ! 239 72 136 93 ! 174 134 122 77 ! 130 162 179 ! 198 ! 145 50 ! 140 118 148 112 460 ! 163 169 70 ! 110 181 108 ! 109 154 248 101 147 134 ! 79 126 ! 2014 144 156 0 122 217 178 167 152 ! 155 103 160 ! 150 161 141 ! 134 97 128 292 ! 125 176 201 132 ! 142 151 86 ! 231 ! 141 45 ! 213 121 143 121 212 ! 152 152 150 ! 124 130 58 ! 118 113 255 160 155 186 ! 56 ! 189 ! 2015 154 179 0 174 161 180 206 55 ! 154 105 81 ! 154 129 134 ! 192 111 120 74 ! 173 114 136 111 ! 133 184 243 ! 84 ! 263 0 181 179 125 182 138 ! 167 128 238 146 160 339 ! 133 151 155 161 237 233 103 394 ! 2016 149 163 0 152 134 160 201 269 ! 156 119 105 ! 152 104 271 252 70 120 222 ! 214 121 127 140 118 153 119 ! 136 ! 200 375 ! 184 245 148 112 145 ! 165 254 102 ! 134 139 426 ! 152 130 308 122 133 253 162 192 ! 2017 151 119 0 219 125 174 215 381 ! 179 107 96 ! 139 134 61 ! 145 67 151 156 ! 209 172 139 192 70 ! 177 155 ! 308 167 222 ! 169 164 82 181 59 ! 196 88 ! 166 141 248 0 144 138 91 ! 152 150 213 178 75 ! 2018 154 142 0 200 188 160 157 98 ! 186 116 140 ! 124 97 62 ! 210 121 141 178 ! 178 143 145 126 ! 100 217 238 ! 200 ! 155 260 ! 187 114 ! 134 157 415 ! 230 157 191 180 161 47 ! 157 124 94 ! 148 245 209 130 69 ! Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 one-day inmate population counts. Mortality rates are not adjusted for demographic differences among states. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison/jail system. For mortality data, see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021). See Methodology. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. *Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only deaths in 15 locally operated jails and exclude deaths in state-operated prisons and jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 21 ■ TAbLE 21 Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 State Total Alabama Alaskab Arizona Arkansas California Colorado District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2000 2,984 151 15 16 85 65 55 1 68 176 39 90 90 94 95 80 87 15 24 13 83 71 91 124 41 64 20 10 21 34 58 96 23 97 100 33 63 46 28 97 248 26 73 58 28 70 22 2008 2,831 125 15 15 81 62 53 1 67 159 37 90 90 93 93 74 84 14 24 13 81 70 83 118 40 62 20 10 21 32 58 93 21 91 93 32 63 45 28 94 236 26 64 56 12 70 22 2009 2,742 115 14 15 76 61 53 1 65 151 35 90 89 92 90 70 79 14 23 13 81 69 80 110 36 61 20 10 20 29 57 89 22 91 88 31 63 45 26 89 230 26 65 56 11 69 22 2010 2,747 117 15 15 71 61 52 1 66 152 34 90 89 90 92 72 82 11 24 13 81 71 77 113 38 61 20 10 21 29 57 92 22 90 90 31 63 42 27 88 227 26 66 55 11 70 22 2011 2,738 115 15 15 73 60 50 1 66 153 34 88 90 93 90 73 75 12 24 13 80 70 77 113 37 60 20 10 21 31 58 93 22 93 88 30 63 44 25 88 226 25 66 55 10 70 23 2012 2,797 122 15 15 77 61 52 1 67 157 35 90 90 93 93 75 83 12 24 13 81 71 83 114 37 61 20 10 21 31 56 93 22 93 89 31 63 45 27 94 232 26 63 55 11 70 23 2013a 2,695 116 15 15 66 60 54 1 64 144 36 89 88 92 95 74 76 11 24 11 79 77 67 107 35 60 18 10 21 31 55 90 22 98 79 32 60 44 27 89 223 24 59 55 11 68 23 2014 2,777 122 14 16 75 60 54 1 67 152 36 87 90 92 94 76 81 12 24 12 80 78 76 110 36 61 18 10 20 32 54 92 23 98 90 34 62 45 26 93 228 26 62 55 11 69 23 2015 2,789 123 15 16 73 61 54 1 67 153 36 91 90 96 95 75 82 12 24 13 78 77 80 109 36 62 19 10 20 31 56 91 23 97 88 34 60 45 27 92 233 25 59 56 11 71 22 2016 2,784 125 15 16 71 59 55 1 67 148 36 91 91 95 96 77 80 12 23 13 80 77 80 110 36 61 19 10 19 31 53 93 23 97 90 34 60 44 25 93 233 26 59 56 11 71 22 2017 2,808 125 15 16 72 60 55 1 67 147 36 87 90 95 94 76 82 12 24 13 80 77 73 113 36 61 19 10 18 30 53 93 24 131 88 34 61 45 26 94 231 26 59 55 11 71 22 2018 2,805 125 15 16 70 62 56 1 66 147 35 89 91 94 95 75 88 13 23 12 77 77 78 108 36 62 19 10 18 28 55 93 22 128 91 36 62 45 26 92 230 25 58 53 11 71 21 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison/jail system. For details on these states, see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021). See Methodology. aIn 2013, the response rate for Mortality in Correctional Institutions decreased to 94.2% due to a lengthened data-collection form. The response rate was 99.7% in 2012. bPrisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only data for 15 locally operated jails and exclude data for state-operated prisons and jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 22 ■ TAbLE 22 Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting one or more deaths to the Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by state, 2000 and 2008–2018 State Total Alabama Alaska* Arizona Arkansas California Colorado District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 2000 434 15 0 5 7 30 6 1 23 24 3 7 11 2 8 11 5 2 7 3 12 5 8 10 3 5 7 3 12 9 12 13 1 13 10 4 15 11 4 16 50 3 21 8 2 7 0 2008 502 15 0 5 11 30 13 1 25 29 1 13 10 2 11 15 24 1 7 8 12 4 13 12 2 5 6 2 12 6 9 14 1 16 9 9 16 15 2 22 37 2 27 10 5 12 1 2009 503 17 0 5 4 33 6 1 31 27 6 9 11 5 7 16 16 2 10 9 10 2 11 16 6 3 6 4 11 4 18 18 2 16 12 5 19 10 2 19 43 6 20 9 5 9 2 2010 502 24 0 6 6 28 11 1 23 30 2 12 15 3 6 19 16 3 9 8 12 8 11 19 2 5 5 1 12 10 11 19 2 15 13 5 15 12 0 14 41 5 18 10 4 10 1 2011 521 16 1 4 13 28 7 1 28 30 4 14 16 7 9 15 13 5 11 3 13 6 12 10 6 4 5 4 10 12 18 12 1 18 9 5 21 6 1 21 43 8 22 12 5 11 1 2012 539 17 1 3 8 29 7 1 27 35 4 15 15 4 8 16 25 0 9 5 12 5 8 20 2 2 6 2 13 9 14 23 1 22 12 3 23 17 0 20 40 4 21 9 8 12 2 2013 543 18 0 4 11 36 11 1 32 30 6 12 14 7 11 10 23 1 9 7 12 5 10 15 4 6 7 1 10 8 15 19 5 21 10 4 21 14 2 11 51 6 19 10 4 8 2 2014 580 19 0 6 10 38 17 1 30 27 5 15 18 6 9 15 24 4 8 10 17 7 16 15 2 7 5 1 12 8 20 18 3 18 10 7 21 13 1 18 40 6 27 11 5 7 3 2015 590 20 0 6 9 37 10 1 33 26 3 15 15 6 8 17 24 1 10 5 12 8 18 16 5 3 5 0 12 8 15 24 2 22 11 10 22 13 4 24 45 7 23 15 5 10 5 2016 571 18 0 6 10 32 13 1 35 29 3 17 14 10 12 15 24 3 10 5 13 10 15 10 3 3 5 4 10 11 12 18 2 19 15 5 19 11 6 21 39 11 19 11 9 11 2 2017 577 16 0 9 9 31 16 1 28 30 4 11 19 3 9 16 24 2 9 8 15 10 7 18 4 5 5 3 12 8 8 27 1 27 6 9 27 13 0 24 44 4 21 12 6 15 1 2018 605 17 0 9 12 32 11 1 35 24 5 16 15 2 13 20 22 3 10 6 12 7 11 19 5 8 4 3 9 4 15 22 6 29 13 11 24 12 1 25 47 4 24 14 8 14 1 Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison/jail system. For details on these states, see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021). See Methodology. *Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only deaths in 15 locally operated jails and exclude deaths in state-operated prisons and jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 23 ■ TAbLE 23 Preliminary number and percent of deaths in local jails, by selected causes of death, 2019 Cause of death All causes Illnessa AIDS-relatedb Suicide Drug/alcohol intoxication Accident Homicidec Other/unknown Missing Number 1,088 440 8 318 153 21 15 66 67 Percent 100% 40.4 0.7 29.2 14.1 1.9 1.4 6.1 6.2 Note: Counts and percentages are preliminary and based on data submitted to the Mortality in Correctional Institutions as of July 10, 2020. Detailed 2019 death data will be published in 2021, and estimates are likely to change. See Methodology. aExcludes AIDS-related deaths. bIncludes persons who died of illness and were identified as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death. cIncludes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by staff, or resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2019. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 24 ■ Methodology Data collection coverage The Mortality in Correctional Institutions (MCI), formerly the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP), is an annual Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) data collection. The MCI obtains national-, state-, and incident-level data on adults who died while in the physical custody of the 50 state departments of corrections (DOCs) or in the physical custody of the approximately 2,800 local jail jurisdictions with adult populations nationwide. This methodology pertains to the local jail portion of the MCI collection only. BJS defines a jail as a locally operated correctional facility that confines persons before or after adjudication for more than 72 hours, excluding temporary lockups. See Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021) for data and the methodology on deaths in prisons. The DCRP began in 2000 in response to the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (DICRA; P.L. 106-297) and was the only national statistical collection providing comprehensive information about deaths in adult correctional facilities. Starting in 2000, BJS has annually collected data directly from the approximately 2,800 jail jurisdictions in the U.S. and maintained an average annual response rate of 98%. BJS uses these data to track national trends in the number and causes or manners of deaths occurring in local jails. In 2017, BJS changed the name from the DCRP to MCI to more accurately describe the data collection. BJS will cease collection of mortality data in state and local correctional facilities after the 2019 data year. When DICRA was reauthorized in 2014 (P.L. 113-242), it included additional enforcement and reporting compliance requirements that are incompatible with BJS’s authorizing statute as a federal statistical agency. The U.S Department of Justice (DOJ) determined it would be more appropriate for the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) to administer the program and collect mortality data for the DOJ starting with quarter 1 of fiscal year 2019 (October to December of 2019). State departments of corrections and local jails will now report their death information on a quarterly basis to centralized state agencies, which will compile and submit this to BJA to comply with all applicable requirements in P.L. 113-242. Mortality data measured by the MCI include the location and type of facility where the inmate died, decedent characteristics (sex, race or ethnicity, Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 and age), admission date, conviction status, and admission offense. The MCI also collects data on the circumstances surrounding the death (the cause, time, and location of death), whether an autopsy was conducted, and the availability of autopsy results to the respondent. Statistics for 2000 to 2018 presented in this report are current as of September 14, 2020. For more information on mortality in correctional settings, see— Assessing Inmate Cause of Death: Deaths in Custody Reporting Program and National Death Index (NCJ 249568, BJS, April 2016) Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS April 2021) Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2016 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 251921, BJS, February 2020) Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2016 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 251920, BJS, February 2020) Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails (NCJ 210036, BJS, August 2005). The MCI instruments for collecting jail data are administered annually to local jails. Respondents provide an aggregate count of the number of deaths that occurred during the referenced calendar year (CJ-9A/CJ-10A) and provide forms describing individual deaths (CJ-9). The jail survey instruments are available on the BJS website. Respondents can submit individual records on decedents at any time during a collection cycle through a BJS web-based collection system. In addition to the death count, jails are asked to provide summary statistics about their population and admissions. All jails, including those with no reportable deaths (about 80% of jails in any given year), are asked to complete the annual summary form. Nonresponse The jail universe includes all jails currently operating and those BJS contacted for the MCI that have closed, consolidated, or otherwise eliminated operations. This universe allows BJS to determine jail participation in the MCI. The most recent jail universe identified 2,925 jurisdictions that represented 3,130 jail facilities. Of these, 2,858 jurisdictions (98%) participated in the MCI. A jail jurisdiction is a legal entity that manages jail facilities. Jail jurisdictions typically operate at the 25 ■ county level, and a sheriff ’s office or jail administrator usually manages the local facilities. MCI data identify the jail facility where an inmate died, but data are summarized at the jail jurisdiction level. However, even if summary counts and individual reports are reconciled, duplicate records may exist if multiple reporting units within a jurisdiction provide reconciled data. Determining eligibility for reporting to the Mortality in Correctional Institutions Duplicate records occur primarily in reports from jail jurisdictions that have multiple reporting entities. To identify duplicate records, records are compared based on an inmate’s name, date of birth, date of death, and date of admission into a correctional facility. After the aggregate count review, deaths reported to both the jail and prison MCI collections are identified, which most commonly occur when a local jail is housing an inmate for the state DOC. The death is counted under the facility that had custody of the inmate at the time of death, and the duplicate record is deleted. In the MCI, custody refers to the physical holding of a person in a facility or to the period during which a correctional authority maintains a chain of custody over an inmate. For instance, if a jail transports an ill inmate to a hospital for medical services and that inmate dies in the hospital while in the chain of custody of the jail, then that death is counted as a death in custody. A death that occurs when an inmate is not in the custody of a correctional authority is considered beyond the scope of the MCI. Deaths were considered out of scope for inmates who were on escape status or under the supervision of community corrections, such as on probation, parole, or home electronic monitoring. Local jail officials were asked to determine whether the inmate was in the physical custody of the jurisdiction at the time of death, regardless of the reason the inmate was being held. Custody is further complicated by the functions of some sheriffs’ offices, including dual law enforcement and jail administration. As a result, some deaths that respondents reported as jail deaths occurred before the jail had custody of the decedent. Deaths that occurred in the process of arrest were identified by BJS and excluded by using information about the circumstances surrounding the death. Identifying and excluding duplicate records Duplicate and out-of-scope records are excluded from analysis in this report. Duplicate death records may occur in the MCI due to overlapping correctional populations or overlapping duties within correctional facilities. For example, a state prison system may report the death of an inmate who was transferred to a local jail while serving a prison sentence. This death would be counted by the local jail that had custody of the inmate at the time of death. The duplicate record from the prison would be deleted. To identify duplicate records, BJS reconciles the aggregate summary counts of deaths that occurred during a calendar year with the number of individual records of death that were obtained from a reporting jurisdiction. When discrepancies are identified, reporting jurisdictions are contacted for clarification. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 Information on cause of death MCI respondents are instructed to report on the cause of death as determined by autopsy or another official medical investigation. For this collection, deaths due to accidental intoxication, accidents, suicides, and homicides are considered discrete causes of death. Although the manner and cause of death are distinct from one another, no such distinction is made in the MCI. When reporting a death due to illness, accident, suicide, intoxication, or homicide, BJS requests that respondents describe the events surrounding these deaths. Clinical data specialists convert text entries that describe illness-related deaths into standard medical codes from the World Health Organization’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Homicides include all types of intentional homicide and involuntary manslaughter as determined by a medical examiner or pathologist at autopsy. Homicide counts include legal intervention homicides committed while the inmate was trying to escape. Homicides encompass cases that are ruled a homicide at autopsy when events that led to the death occurred prior to incarceration, such as an inmate who was shot outside of custody and who later died from complications of the gunshot wound while in custody. Other BJS sources of correctional mortality data BJS collects other data reported to the MCI on jail mortality. These other collections include— the Census of Jails (COJ), which is conducted every 5 to 6 years and provides counts of inmate deaths in local jails. Further discussion of the COJ is available on the BJS website. 26 ■ the Survey of Jails in Indian Country (SJIC), which provides aggregate counts of deaths in all known correctional facilities in Indian country that are operated by tribal authorities or the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Indian Affairs. Further discussion of the SJIC is available on the BJS website. Reported statistics Mortality data in this report include the number of deaths and mortality rates by year, the cause of death, selected decedent characteristics, and the state where the death occurred. Inmate mortality rates are calculated per 100,000 local jail inmates, with the denominators providing estimates of the number of person-years of exposure in custody in institutional corrections (person-years combines time in jail with the number of inmates to measure actual exposure to a jail setting). The mortality rate in jails is calculated as the number of deaths per year divided by the inmate average daily population (ADP), with the resulting quotient multiplied by 100,000. The ADP for jails is defined as the average daily number of inmates held in a jail jurisdiction during a calendar year, from January 1 through December 31. The ADP is used as the denominator for mortality rates to accommodate the high turnover and daily fluctuation in local jail populations. Compared to a single-day inmate count, the ADP is a better indicator of the number of days per year that an inmate is exposed to the risk of death. Jail populations have a much higher turnover than prison populations. Mean length of stay is about 26 days in local jails, compared to 2 years in state prisons. The jail ADP reflects the annual number of admissions and mean length of stay, and it can be expressed as the product of these two values. When mean length of stay is expressed in years, the ADP is equivalent to the number of person-years spent by inmates during a given year. ADP data are received directly from jails through the MCI using the summary form CJ-9A. Starting in 2002, BJS collected the ADP directly from respondents. Prior to 2002, the jail ADP was calculated by taking the average of the January 1 count from the prior year and the December 31 count from the reference year. Both denominators provide for annualized mortality rates, which are calculated separately by group or characteristic. The annualized mortality rates in state prisons and local jails are comparable to annual crude, Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 or unadjusted, mortality rates reported by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The NCHS calculates crude mortality rates as the number of events for a period divided by the population estimate at the midpoint of the period. For general-population mortality statistics, the NCHS uses the midyear population to approximate the average population that was exposed to risk of death during any given year.2 Like the mortality rates reported by the NCHS, the mortality rates of jail inmates reported in the MCI annual statistical tables are crude, or unadjusted. The composition of the general population differs by sex, race or ethnicity, and age from the population in local jails, which in turn differs from the population in state or federal prisons. In 2018, BJS adjusted the general population in table 4 to reflect the sex, race or ethnicity, and age distribution of local jails to permit direct comparisons. For details on this adjustment, see Comparison of jail mortality rates to the U.S. resident population in 2018 below. Records on individual inmates that were collected annually are included in the national death count. Independent and jail-specific counts are collected in the annual summary form (CJ-9A/CJ-10A) and serve as control death totals. If the death count in the summary form file is greater than the count in the file on individual inmates, the summary file count is used to calculate the jail mortality rate. Estimating population characteristics of inmates to calculate mortality rates by demographic subgroups To estimate ADP distributions of inmate demographic characteristics, data from several data collections were used to generate distributions of sex, race or ethnicity, and age. These collections were chosen because they were conducted closest in time to the 2018 reference year. These distributions were then applied to the ADP. These data collections include two types of data: (1) in-person survey data, where jail inmates are asked directly to identify their date of birth, sex at birth, race, and Hispanic origin, and (2) administrative data, which is derived from the official operational records maintained by the jail facility, and may differ from how an inmate would self-identify, especially in terms of race and ethnicity, if given the chance. BJS’s administrative data collections on jails include— 2See Siegel, J. S., & Swanson, D. A. (Eds.). (2004). The methods and materials of demography (2nd ed., p. 269). Elsevier Academic Press. 27 ■ the MCI, conducted annually the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ), conducted annually the COJ, conducted every 5 to 6 years, including in 2013 and 2019. BJS’s in-person inmate survey data on jails include— the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ), last conducted in 2002 the National Inmate Survey (NIS), conducted in 2006, 2007 to 2009, and 2012. Prior to 2010, the ASJ provided estimates of inmates by sex for each year of MCI collection. The ASJ percentages were applied to each year’s ADP from the MCI to estimate the ADP of male and female inmates. Starting in 2010, sex-specific data on ADP from MCI were used to calculate the denominators for mortality rates for males and females. Data from the SILJ, NIS, and COJ were used to estimate the relative distribution of adults by race or ethnicity for different periods. Because the SILJ (2002), NIS (2007 to 2009), and COJ (2013) are not fielded annually, the population estimates were smoothed before being applied to MCI data for specific time periods. The SILJ estimates were used to cover the period from 2000 to 2004, the NIS estimates to cover years 2005 to 2012, and the COJ estimates to cover years 2013 to 2018. In all cases, the percentages associated with the distribution of race or ethnicity were applied to the jail ADP. To estimate the distribution of the inmate population by age, BJS first obtained an estimate of the number of inmates age 17 or younger from the ASJ (2000 to 2012, and 2014 to 2016) and the 2013 COJ data collection. An estimate of the ADP of inmates age 17 or younger was obtained by applying the annual percentage of inmates age 17 or younger from the ASJ and COJ, to the annual ADP collected in MCI. To estimate the distribution of adult inmates by age, data from the SILJ for 2000 to 2006 and the NIS for 2007 to 2016 were used to estimate the relative distribution of adults by age for specific periods. Estimates were directly available from these sources for 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2012. The age distribution for 2002 (SILJ) was applied to MCI data for 2000 and 2001, and the distribution from 2012 (NIS) was used for 2013 to 2018. Estimates were smoothed to account for gaps in reference years when age estimates were not available (2003 to 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011). Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 Comparison of jail mortality rates to the U.S. resident population in 2018 The jail population differs substantially from the U.S. resident population in terms of age, race or ethnicity, and sex distributions. These differences preclude direct comparison of mortality rates between jail inmates and the U.S. resident population. To allow for direct comparisons, BJS adjusted the U.S. resident population’s mortality rates to the age-by-sex-by-race/ethnicity (ASR) distribution of jails in 2018. BJS does not collect individual-level data on all jail inmates on an annual basis, instead obtaining annual univariate aggregate counts of the jail population by sex and by race or ethnicity through the ASJ. BJS can calculate the ASR 3-way cross distributions for the jail population only for those years in which it conducts an in-person inmate survey, the most recent of which was in 2012, the third iteration of NIS. BJS can use the ratio of administrative age or race or ethnicity data to in-person survey data to determine how disparate administrative records are from a representative sample of jail inmates. The sex distribution of administrative data is assumed to be accurate because they represent official records of facilities, and typically, BJS’s in-person survey data are weighted to reflect the sex distribution of the administrative data. Because the ASR distribution in jails may have changed between 2012 and 2018, BJS did not simply impose the ASR distributions observed in the 2012 NIS on the 2018 jail population administrative data. Instead, BJS used other existing administrative data to make several educated assumptions and separate comparisons for sex, race or ethnicity, and age to estimate a combined ASR distribution for jail inmates for 2018. 1. As previously stated, the sex distribution of administrative data is assumed to be accurate because they represent official records of facilities, and in-person survey data are weighted to reflect the sex distribution of the administrative data. Using the ratio of males and females from the 2012 NIS to the 2011 ASJ, BJS adjusted the 2018 ASJ sex distribution. 2. To obtain an updated age distribution for jail inmates, BJS compared sex-specific age distributions of arrestees from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program in 2009 and 2012 to calculate the ratios of these distributions to the 2009 and 2012 NIS in-person survey results. These two distributions of age ratios were averaged and applied to the ASJ control totals by sex from 2015 to 2017 to obtain 28 ■ percent distributions of ages for males and females in the jail population for those years. An average of the 2015 to 2017 distributions was then applied to the adjusted 2018 ASJ sex totals to obtain the final 2018 age-by-sex distribution. 3. BJS does not obtain an annual sex-specific distribution of race or ethnicity through ASJ or MCI. BJS made the assumption that the race/ethnicity distribution of jail inmates in 2018 had not changed markedly from that reported in the 2011 ASJ. Additionally, BJS assumed the race/ethnicity distributions of jail inmates in the 2011 ASJ did not differ between the sexes. This allowed BJS to use the 2012 NIS-3 distributions of sex-specific race or ethnicity to adjust the counts of 2018 jail inmates. a. Because the assumption of both male and female jail inmates having the same race/ethnicity distribution could be questioned, BJS repeated this step under a different assumption. The 2011 ASJ female race/ethnicity distribution was set equal to that of females observed in the 2012 NIS survey, and the distribution for males was calculated as the difference between the race/ethnicity distribution for males in the 2011 ASJ and the new female race/ethnicity distribution. Ultimately, there were no differences in the resulting mortality rates once the adult U.S. resident population was adjusted to these two methods of calculating the sex-by-race/ethnicity distribution. 4. BJS applied the sex-by-race/ethnicity distributions (assumption 3, above) to the age-by-sex distributions (assumption 2) to create an ASR table. BJS then raked the sex-specific counts so that the marginal totals for sex-specific race/ethnicity (assumption 3) and sex-specific age (assumption 2) matched the control totals of the bivariate crosstabulations of the characteristics. U.S. resident population mortality data were obtained from the WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiological Research) Underlying Cause of Death database (https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10. html), created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because local jails hold fewer than 800 persons age 17 or younger, BJS limited the WONDER death data query to residents who had a known age at death and were age 18 or older in 2018. In addition, BJS excluded causes of death that are unlikely to occur in a jail setting, including motorvehicle accidents; homicides due to explosives or firearms not related to law enforcement, motor vehicle Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 assault, or neglect; and firearm discharges not related to law enforcement. For each cause of death, BJS parsed the WONDER death data to match ASR categories from the MCI, and calculated crude mortality rates for the resident population for each ASR category. Next, the total jail inmate population was divided into the same ASR categories using the process described above. The crude mortality rates for the adult U.S. resident population were then multiplied by the total local jail population by weighted ASR category. This approach allowed BJS to generate a cause-specific expected count of deaths that, when summed, gave the total number of expected deaths in the U.S. resident population due to that cause for 2018, if the demographic distribution of the U.S. population resembled that of the local jail population. To obtain the adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 shown in table 4, BJS divided these cause-specific mortality rates by the total jail inmate population, and multiplied by 100,000. Rolling averages Rolling averages were computed to examine trends for certain causes of death in local jails while smoothing short-term fluctuations. Data were divided into 10 overlapping 3-year periods spanning 12 years. The rolling averages in this report describe some changes in cause-specific mortality rates over time, such as whether the overall rise in the mortality rate for cancer was steady, or the increase in unnatural deaths was recent. Rolling averages were not computed for all causes of death in custody due to small cell sizes. Interpreting rates among small populations MCI data on deaths in local jails are not subject to sampling error because the data represent a full enumeration of deaths. However, according to Brillinger and NCHS, mortality data from a complete enumeration may be subject to random error because “the number of deaths that actually occurred may be considered as one of a large series of possible results that could have arisen under the same set of circumstances.”3,4 The random variation can be large when the number of deaths is small. Therefore, caution is warranted when interpreting statistics that are based on small numbers of deaths. 3See Brillinger, D. R. (1986). The natural variability of vital rates and associated statistics. Biometrics, 42(4), 693-734. 4See Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., & Tejada-Vera, B. (2010). Deaths: Final data for 2007 (National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 58, No. 19). National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf 29 ■ Continuing to use the NCHS and Brillinger methods, BJS quantified random variation by assuming that the appropriate underlying probability distribution for the number of deaths was a Poisson distribution. This provided a simple and reasonable approach for estimating variances in mortality statistics when the probability of dying is low. Variances were calculated based on the assumption of a Poisson process. From these variances, estimates of relative random error were calculated. These estimates are comparable Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 to the relative standard error because the relative random error is the ratio of random error derived from the Poisson variance to the number of deaths. Following NCHS practice, when the relative random error exceeded 30%, estimated mortality rates were flagged with an “!” symbol to show the instability of the rate. (Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%.) 30 ■ AppEndIx TAbLE 1 Estimated number of local jail inmates in custody on an average day, by inmate characteristics, 2000–2018 Characteristic Total Sex Male Female Race/ethnicity Whitea Blacka Hispanic Othera,b Age 17 or younger 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55 or older Legal status Convictedc Unconvictedd Jail sizee 49 or fewer inmates 50–99 100–249 250–499 500–999 1,000 or more Custody population, 2000–2018 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 13,653,600 597,900 778,700 747,900 732,000 720,900 745,200 712,700 729,100 711,600 717,500 729,000 727,600 11,863,500 529,700 679,800 656,700 640,200 629,900 645,800 613,800 625,400 608,600 610,800 618,400 616,600 1,790,200 68,200 98,900 91,200 91,800 91,000 99,400 98,900 103,800 103,000 106,700 110,500 111,000 4,879,200 215,000 276,500 264,200 254,800 247,200 251,700 245,700 260,600 261,100 260,300 275,800 273,300 4,806,100 239,600 284,400 271,100 258,800 248,500 250,300 212,300 231,000 224,600 220,600 220,900 213,000 2,750,800 110,600 151,900 154,000 155,100 157,000 166,700 159,800 156,500 147,800 157,800 154,700 155,300 1,217,500 32,700 65,900 58,600 63,300 68,200 76,600 94,900 81,000 78,200 78,800 77,500 86,000 112,000 7,300 7,600 7,000 7,400 3,653,000 169,300 210,500 204,000 195,300 4,520,800 191,700 249,300 243,500 242,900 3,125,900 156,200 178,800 165,200 158,300 1,775,200 60,200 105,900 100,900 100,300 466,800 13,200 26,700 27,400 27,900 5,800 188,600 244,300 153,000 100,500 28,700 5,400 190,900 257,500 155,000 105,600 30,800 4,500 182,700 246,500 148,400 101,100 29,500 4,100 187,000 252,400 151,900 103,500 30,200 3,500 182,700 246,500 148,400 101,100 29,500 3,800 184,100 248,400 149,500 101,900 29,700 3,500 187,200 252,500 152,000 103,500 30,200 3,400 186,800 252,100 151,700 103,400 30,200 5,217,900 263,100 288,900 282,700 284,800 284,000 293,600 271,500 271,300 267,100 250,400 257,500 244,900 8,435,200 334,800 489,800 465,200 447,300 436,900 451,600 441,200 457,800 444,500 467,000 471,500 482,800 420,000 27,500 21,200 20,800 21,000 21,100 21,400 20,100 20,200 20,700 20,100 716,500 38,800 38,600 37,600 36,100 35,300 36,100 35,500 37,000 36,700 36,000 1,763,300 75,900 90,800 91,400 94,900 94,400 93,600 92,300 96,600 99,300 104,700 1,937,000 75,500 104,800 102,800 98,900 101,400 112,000 102,500 110,800 107,800 110,000 2,306,500 97,600 125,900 121,100 128,900 127,100 129,400 128,400 129,000 127,300 134,600 6,510,200 282,600 397,500 374,300 352,200 341,500 352,700 334,000 335,500 319,900 312,200 19,800 36,200 102,800 116,300 136,000 317,800 19,200 35,300 101,800 123,700 137,500 309,900 Note: Data are rounded to the nearest 100. Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Subpopulation estimates, such as sex, race or ethnicity, and age, were based on the reported proportion of the subpopulation in comparison to the total average daily population (ADP). Subpopulations for legal status were estimated using data from the Annual Survey of Jails. Subpopulations for sex and jail size were based on total counts as reported to the Mortality in Correctional Institutions. See Methodology. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. cIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. dIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. eJail size is based on the ADP. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000 and 2008–2018; National Inmate Survey, 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2012; and Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 31 ■ AppEndIx TAbLE 2 Illness mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Characteristic Total Sex Male Female Race/ethnicity Whitea Blacka Hispanic Othera,b Age 17 or younger 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55 or older Legal status Convictedc Unconvictedd 2008 71 2009 67 2010 62 2011 63 2012 65 2013 66 2014 69 2015 70 2016 72 2017 73 2018 72 70 78 66 72 62 67 63 67 64 70 66 67 69 72 70 70 71 77 73 74 72 75 82 88 41 18 82 79 38 17 80 72 33 15 88 71 30 11 92 75 28 11 94 77 32 10 96 82 37 13 97 80 42 14 102 78 41 19 103 79 42 18 101 81 40 17 5! 8 24 75 191 550 5! 7 22 66 176 534 9! 8 20 57 165 508 15 ! 9 22 56 159 517 11 ! 8 22 53 167 518 6! 7 23 56 164 520 0 7 23 60 167 557 0 8 25 62 154 582 0 9 27 58 151 645 0 11 26 60 145 676 0 11 26 59 133 707 46 85 47 78 47 71 48 72 50 75 50 76 56 77 55 79 57 81 57 82 58 80 Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2006–2008 is shown as 2008). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population. See Methodology. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Due to the small number of deaths and local jail populations of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs), mortality rates for AIANs are unstable and not shown. cIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. dIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2018; and Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2006–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 32 ■ AppEndIx TAbLE 3 Heart disease mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Characteristic Total Sex Male Female Race/ethnicity Whitea Blacka Hispanic Other a,b Age 17 or younger 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55 or older Legal status Convictedc Unconvictedd 2008 28 2009 27 2010 28 2011 31 2012 34 2013 35 2014 35 2015 35 2016 37 2017 39 2018 40 29 24 27 24 28 27 32 28 34 32 36 31 36 33 36 30 38 31 40 30 41 34 34 35 12 8 35 31 13 7 38 31 14 6 47 34 11 6 51 40 10 6 52 44 10 5 50 46 13 6 48 45 15 7 51 44 16 11 54 45 17 10 55 49 18 8 0 2 8 30 73 255 0 3 7 27 68 247 0 3 7 25 72 253 0 3 9 27 81 273 0 3 10 29 86 293 0 4 10 30 88 296 0 4 10 29 85 307 0 3 11 29 85 306 0 3 12 28 84 344 0 4 12 31 84 368 0 5 12 31 76 412 20 33 20 30 22 31 25 35 26 39 27 40 28 40 28 39 30 41 30 43 32 44 Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2006–2008 is shown as 2008). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population. See Methodology. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Due to the small number of deaths and local jail populations of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs), mortality rates for AIANs are unstable and not shown. cIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. dIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2018; and Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2006–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 33 ■ AppEndIx TAbLE 4 Suicide mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Characteristic Total Sex Male Female Race/ethnicity Whitea Blacka Hispanic Othera,b Age 17 or younger 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55 or older Legal status Convictedc Unconvictedd 2008 34 2009 35 2010 37 2011 42 2012 42 2013 43 2014 46 2015 49 2016 50 2017 47 2018 45 36 19 37 24 38 28 43 32 44 28 45 28 48 32 52 36 52 37 49 35 47 36 65 14 20 17 71 14 18 20 76 13 19 20 87 15 22 17 89 15 22 14 89 18 25 12 93 20 24 15 100 21 28 13 100 18 27 14 94 17 27 12 89 16 26 13 39 ! 23 29 44 44 53 28 ! 25 30 46 47 54 23 ! 23 35 46 50 57 20 ! 26 41 52 56 56 27 ! 26 40 53 53 64 32 ! 27 42 53 50 79 43 ! 27 43 58 54 93 41 ! 26 47 62 63 104 35 ! 25 46 62 70 97 46 ! 22 46 58 68 87 38 ! 19 42 60 62 100 14 45 16 47 18 49 20 55 19 56 19 59 20 61 23 66 25 64 26 59 26 55 Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2006–2008 is shown as 2008). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population. See Methodology. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Due to the small number of deaths and local jail populations of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs), mortality rates for AIANs are unstable and not shown. cIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. dIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2018; and Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2006–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 34 ■ AppEndIx TAbLE 5 Mortality rate from accidents, homicides, or drug or alcohol intoxication per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2008–2018 (3-year rolling averages) Characteristic Total Sex Male Female Race/ethnicity Whitea Blacka Hispanic Othera,b Age 17 or younger 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55 or older Legal status Convictedc Unconvictedd 2008 15 2009 13 2010 13 2011 15 2012 14 2013 16 2014 17 2015 20 2016 21 2017 24 2018 27 15 14 14 11 13 12 15 17 14 17 15 20 16 22 18 27 20 25 23 29 27 32 22 13 12 2! 21 10 10 3! 21 9 7 4! 25 10 10 8 26 9 9 5 27 11 11 5 30 13 11 2! 32 16 14 4 34 16 14 6 37 19 17 7 42 22 19 6 5! 9 14 18 20 27 9! 6 12 17 20 35 5! 6 10 17 20 41 5! 6 12 20 24 46 0 7 13 17 21 40 6! 7 14 19 24 43 7! 8 15 20 27 46 17 ! 9 17 23 31 58 18 ! 9 19 25 30 64 18 ! 9 23 28 31 72 9! 9 26 36 35 84 9 19 7 17 8 16 11 17 11 16 12 19 11 21 13 24 15 25 16 28 20 31 Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2006–2008 is shown as 2008). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population. See Methodology. ! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases, or coefficient of variation is greater than 50%. See Methodology – Interpreting rates among small populations, p. 29. aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). bIncludes Asians, Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of two or more races. Due to the small number of deaths and local jail populations of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs), mortality rates for AIANs are unstable and not shown. cIncludes inmates who returned on a probation or parole violation. dIncludes inmates whose status was marked as other or was unspecified. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2018; and Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2006–2018. AppEndIx TAbLE 6 Rates for figure 1: Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2018 Cause of death 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008* 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All causes 151 148 145 146 143 141 142 141 123 128 125 123 129 138 144 154 149 151 154 Illness 86 76 76 74 74 68 78 78 57 66 65 59 71 68 69 73 75 72 71 Suicide 48 49 47 43 42 39 36 36 29 41 42 43 40 46 50 52 46 43 46 Drug/alcohol intoxication 6 9 8 13 11 11 11 10 6 9 7 10 8 10 13 13 16 21 24 Note: Mortality rates are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population. *In 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause of death information and were classified as other/unknown. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2018. Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2018 – Statistical Tables | April 2021 35 ■ The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. Doris J. James is the acting director. This report was written by E. Ann Carson. Stephanie Mueller and Zhen Zeng verified the report. Eric Hendrixson edited the report. Carrie Epps-Carey produced the report. April 2021, NCJ 256002 11111111111111111m1111111111 NCJ 256002 Office of Justice Programs Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice www.ojp.gov