U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics

Bureau of Justice Statistics

BULLETIN
December 2009, NCJ 228307

HIV in Prisons, 2007-08
Laura M. Maruschak
BJS Statistician
Randy Beavers, BJS Intern

T

his report provides the number of state
and federal prisoners who were infected
with the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) or had confirmed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) at yearend 2007 and
2008. The numb er of HIV/AIDS cas es is
reported by gender and type of infection. Using
data from the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP), this report presents the number
of AIDS-related deaths in state prisons and a
profile of inmates who died in 2007.
In addition, data on federal inmates who died
from AIDS-related causes are included for both
2007 and 2008. The circumstances under which
federal inmates were tested for HIV in 2008 are
described in this report. General population
comparisons are provided on confirmed AIDS
cases and AIDS-related deaths.

HIV infection by region and state
A total of the 22,144 inmates held in state or federal prison on December 31, 2008, were HIV
positive or had confirmed AIDS. Among states
reporting data in both 2007 and 2008, HIV or
confirmed AIDS increased by145 inmates in

Table 1.
State or federal prison inmates reported to be HIV positive or to have
confirmed AIDS, 2006-2008
Total HIV/AIDS casesa
2006
2007
2008
U.S. total
Comparable reportingc
Reportedd
Federale
State

21,985
21,985
1,530
20,455

21,615
21,644
1,679
19,965

21,619
22,144
1,538
20,606

Percent of custody populationb
2006
2007
2008
:
1.7%
0.9
1.8

:
1.5%
0.9
1.6

:
1.5%
0.8
1.6

Note: For jurisdiction-level data see appendix table 1.
:Not calculated.
aCounts published in previous reports may have been revised.
bThe custody population is defined as all inmates held in state or federal public prison facilities,

inmates held in privately operated facilities, and inmates held in local jails regardless of length of
sentence and state holding jurisdiction.
c

Excludes data from Illinois, Indiana, Alaska, and Oregon for all 3 years due to incomplete reporting.

dExcludes inmates in jurisdictions that did not report data.
e

Counts for 2008 may not be comparable to previous year counts due to implementaion of a new
record-keeping system.

Highlights
• At yearend 2008, a reported 22,144 inmates held in state or
federal prisons were HIV positive or had confirmed AIDS,
accounting for 1.5% of the total custody population.
Among states that reported data for both 2007 and 2008,
the number of inmates with HIV/AIDS was unchanged.
• At yearend 2008, 1.5% (20,231) of male inmates and 1.9%
(1,913) of female inmates held in state or federal prisons
were HIV positive or had confirmed AIDS.
• Florida (3,626), New York (3,500), and Texas (2,450)
reported the largest number of prisoners who were HIV
positive or had confirmed AIDS. These three states account
for 24% of the total state custody population, but 46% of
the state custody population who were HIV positive or had
confirmed AIDS.

• New York reported the large decreases (down 450 from
2007 to 2008) in the number of prisoners who were HIV
positive or had confirmed AIDS.
• Between 2007 and 2008, California (up 246), Missouri (up
169), and Florida (up 166) reported the largest increases in
the number of prisoners who were HIV positive or had
confirmed AIDS.
• At yearend 2008 an estimated 5,672 state and federal prisoners had confirmed AIDS.
• During 2007, 130 state and federal prisoners died from
AIDS-related causes.
• Florida (14), New York (11), and Texas (10) reported 10 or
more AIDS-related deaths during 2007.

This publication is one in a series. For a list of all publications in this series go to http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbse&sid=7.

state prisons (table 1). Between 2007 and 2008,
the percent of the state custody population with
HIV or confirmed AIDS remained stable at
1.6%. States in the South held more than twice
the number of prisoners who were HIV positive
or had confirmed AIDS than those states in the
Northeast (11,003 compared to 5,484). When
comparing percentage distribution, 1.9% of the
custody population in Southern states were HIVpositive or had confirmed AIDS versus 3.2% in
Northeastern states (see appendix table 1).
Nine states (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alaska,
Montana, and Wyoming) held less than 20 prisoners who were HIV positive or had confirmed
AIDS. New York reported the largest percent of
custody population (5.8%) who were HIV posi-

Table 2.
Inmates in custody of state and federal prison authorities reported to be
HIV positive or to have confirmed AIDS, by gender, yearend 2007 and
2008
Male HIV/AIDS cases
2007
2008
Number Percent Number Percent
U.S. total
Comparable
reportinga
Reportedb
Federalc
State

19,534
19,534
1,576
17,958

:
1.5%
0.9
1.6

19,760
20,231
1,460
18,771

Female HIV/AIDS cases
2007
2008
Number Percent Number Percent

:
1.5%
0.8
1.6

2,110
2,110
103
2,007

:
2.1%
0.9
2.3

1,872
1,913
78
1,835

:
1.9%
0.7
2.0

Note: For jurisdiction-level data see appendix table 2.
:Not calculated.
aExcludes data from Illinois and Oregon for both years due to incomplete reporting.
bExcludes inmates in jurisdictions that did not report HIV/AIDS infection by gender.
cCounts for2008 may not be comparable to previous year counts due to implementaion of a new record-

keeping system.

Table 3.

Number
2007
5,762
5,449
682
4,767

Confirmed AIDS cases
Percent of custody population
2008
2007
2008
5,672
5,113
613
4,500

:
0.4%
0.4
0.4

:
0.4%
0.3
0.4

Note: For jurisdiction-level data see appendix table 3.
:Not calculated.
a

In states that did not report confirmed AIDS cases, estimates were made by applying to the total the percentages by type of HIV infection from the most recent year
for which data were available. For each year, estimates do not include data from
states that did not report sufficient data on HIV/AIDS cases.
bExcludes inmates in jurisdictions that did not report type of HIV/AIDS infection.
cCounts for 2008 may not be comparable to previous year counts due to the implementaion of a new record-keeping system.

2

At yearend 2008, 1,538 federal prisoners were
HIV positive or had confirmed AIDS. While
there appears to be a decrease from the 1,679
reported HIV/AIDS cases in 2007, a comparison
between years should not be made due to the
implementation of a new record-keeping system.

HIV infection by gender
At yearend 2008, 20,231 men and 1,913 women
held in state or federal prisons were HIV positive
or had confirmed AIDS (table 2). In comparable
reporting jurisdictions the number of males with
HIV/AIDS increased by 226 between 2007 and
2008, the percent of male inmates with HIV/
AIDS remained stable at 1.5%. Between 2007
and 2008 the number of female inmates with
HIV/AIDS decreased (down 238), and the percent of females who were HIV positive or had
confirmed AIDS decreased as well (from 2.1% to
1.9%).
Florida (3,292), New York (3,200), and Texas
(2,201) reported more than 2,000 male inmates
with HIV/AIDS (see appendix table 2). Florida
(334) reported the largest number of female
inmates with HIV/AIDS, followed by New York
(300), and Texas (249). Six states reported having
zero female inmates with HIV/AIDS. New York
was the only state to report more than 5% of its
male custody population and more than 10% of
its female custody population with HIV or confirmed AIDS. Among persons being held in federal prison, 1,460 male and 78 female inmates
were HIV positive or had confirmed AIDS cases.

Confirmed AIDS cases

Inmates in custody of state or federal prison authorities and
reported to have confirmed AIDS, yearend 2007 and 2008

U.S. total
Estimateda
Reportedb
Federalc
State

tive or had confirmed AIDS, followed by Florida
(3.6%), Maryland (2.5%), Massachusetts (2.4%),
North Carolina (2.1%), and New Jersey (2.1%).

HIV in Prisons, 2007-08

At yearend 2008, a reported 5,113 inmates in
state (4,500) and federal (613) prisons had confirmed AIDS (table 3). Confirmed AIDS cases
made up 0.4% of inmates in state prison and
0.3% of inmates in federal prison. Confirmed
AIDS cases accounted for nearly a quarter (23%)
of all HIV/AIDS cases in state and federal
prison.
For states that did not provide a breakdown of
the number of HIV cases by type of infection,
estimates of the number of confirmed AIDS
cases were made to provide comparable year-toyear data. Based on yearly estimates, the number
of confirmed AIDS cases decreased from 5,762
in 2007 to 5,672 in 2008.

Louisiana (2.2%) and New York (1.2%) reported
the highest percentage of confirmed AIDS cases
in 2008 (see appendix table 3). Five states—
Maine, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, and
Idaho—reported zero cases of confirmed AIDS.
At yearend 2008, a total of 613 federal inmates
had confirmed AIDS. While there appears to be
a decrease from the 682 reported confirmed
AIDS cases in 2007, a comparison between years
should not be made due to the implementation
of a new record-keeping system.
In 2007, the most recent year for which general
population data are available, the overall rate of
estimated confirmed AIDS among the state and
federal prison population (0.43%) was 2.5 times
the rate in the general population (0.17%)
(table 4).1

AIDS-related deaths
During 2007, the most recent year for which data
on inmates deaths are available for state prisons,
120 state inmates died from AIDS-related causes,
down from an estimated 155 in 2006 (see appendix table 4). In 2006, counts of inmate deaths
were based on a combination of data from the
National Prisoners Statistics (NPS-1) collection
and the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program
(DCRP). Because BJS no longer collects data on
deaths in the NPS-1, deaths in 2007 were based
solely on individual reports submitted to the
DCRP. When comparing 2006 and 2007 AIDSrelated deaths reported in the DCRP (131), a
decline- while smaller-was still observed during
the period.
Whether using reported or estimated data from
multiple data collections, there has been a downward trend in the number of AIDS-related
deaths over the past 12 years (figure 1). The rate
of AIDS deaths per 100,000 prisoners decreased
from 11 deaths in 2006 to 9 in 2007. Florida (14)
reported the largest number of AIDS-related
deaths, followed by New York (11) and Texas
(10).

Table 4.
Percent with confirmed AIDS among state and federal
prisoners and the U.S. general population, 1999-2008

Yearend
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

Percent of population estimated to
have confirmed AIDS
Ratio of AIDS cases in
prisons to cases in U.S.
State and federal U.S. general
general populationb
prisoners
populationa
0.58%
0.12%
4.8
0.51
0.13
3.9
0.50
0.14
3.6
0.45
0.14
3.2
0.47
0.15
3.1
0.46
0.15
3.1
0.43
0.16
2.7
0.46
0.17
2.7
0.43
0.17
2.5
0.39
...
...

Note: See Methodology for data sources and calculations.
aBased on persons age 13 or older in 1999 and persons age 15 or older
thereafter. Excludes confirmed AIDS cases reported in state and federal
prisons.
b

Calculation based on percent of AIDS cases in state prisons divided by
percent in U.S. general population.
...Not available.

Figure 1.
AIDS-related deaths in state prisons, 1995-2007
Number of AIDS-related deaths in state prisons
1,200
1,000
800

In NPS-1

600
400

In DCRP

NPS-1 and DCRP

200
0
1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

1Data to adjust for composition differences in the populations are not available.

November 2009

3

Of the 120 AIDS-related deaths among state
inmate in 2007, 112 were males and 8 were
females (table 5). Nearly three-quarters (73%) of
state prisoners who died of AIDS-related illness
were ages 35 to 54. Nearly two-thirds (65%) of

AIDS-related deaths were among black, nonHispanic inmates.
Between 1995 and 2001, AIDS-related deaths as
a percentage of all deaths in state prisons
decreased from 34.2% to 10.3% (table 6). Over

Table 5.
Profile of inmates who died from AIDS-related causes in state prisons,
2005-2007

Characteristic
State total
Gender
Male
Female
Age
19 or younger
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55 or older
Race/Hispanic origin
Whitec
Blackc
Hispanic

Number of AIDS-related deathsa
2005
2006
2007
176
155
120

Rate of AIDS-related deaths per
100,000 inmatesb
2005
2006
2007
13
11
9

166
10

148
7

112
8

14
12

12
8

9
8

0
0
25
82
55
14

1
2
18
62
58
14

0
1
13
43
45
18

0
0
6
21
31
22

5
1
4
16
32
22

0
0
3
11
24
27

33
120
21

29
114
12

28
78
14

8
24
9

6
21
5

5
14
7

aFor 2005 and 2006, estimates of the number of AIDS-related deaths by gender, age, and race/Hispanic origin were made by applying the percentages based on DCRP data to the estimated total number of AIDS-related deaths. For 2007, the number of AIDS-related deaths by gender, age, and race/
Hispanic origin were based on DCRP data.
b

To calculate the age rates, the number of state prisoners by age was first estimated by applying the
age distribution reported in the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities to the 20052007 midyear custody counts in NPS-1.

c

Excludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin.

Table 6.
Percent of AIDS-related deaths among all deaths in state prisons
and the U.S. general population

Year
1995
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Percent of deaths
U.S. general population
State prisonsa,b ages 15 to 54c
34.2%
12.9%
10.3
4.3
9.1
4.1
8.0
4.2
5.6
4.3
5.3
3.8
4.6
3.4
3.5
...

Ratio of state prison deaths to
deaths in U.S. general populationd
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.3
1.4
1.4
:

...Not available.
:Not calculated.
aPercentages were based on the number of inmate deaths, excluding those in jurisdictions not reporting AIDS-related deaths.
bFor 2007, the number of AIDS-related deaths used to calculate the percent was based on individual
reports submitted to the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP). For 2001-2006 AIDSrelated deaths were based on a combination of National Prisoner Statistics (NPS-1) data. For 1995,
AIDS-related deaths were based on data submitted in the NPS-1.
c

Excludes deaths reported in state prisons. See Methodology for data sources.

d

Calculation based on percent of state prison deaths divided by percent deaths in the U.S. general
population ages 15 to 54.

4

HIV in Prisons, 2007-08

the next 6 years (between 2001 and 2007) the
percentage dropped to 3.5%. Between 1995 and
2001, the percent of AIDS-related deaths in the
general population fell from 12.9% to 4.3%. That
percent had fallen to 3.4% by 2006.
The rate of AIDS-related deaths in state prisons
and in the U.S. general population ages 15 to 54
has continued to decline (table 7). Between 1995
and 2001 the rate in the state prison population
fell from 100 per 100,000 inmates to 25 per
100,000 inmates, while the rate in the U.S general
population ages 15 to 54 fell from 29 per 100,000
persons to 9 per 100,000 persons. By 2007 the
rate had fallen to 9 per 100,000 state prison
inmates and to 6 per 100,000 persons in the general population.
Among federal inmates, 13 died from AIDSrelated causes in 2008, up from 10 in 2007. The
AIDS-related death rate among federal inmates
was 5 per 100,000 in 2007 and 6 per 100,000 in
2008 (table 8).

Table 7.
Ratio of AIDS-related deaths in state prisons and the U.S. general
population

Year
1995
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Ratio of deaths in state
prisons to deaths in U.S.
general populationc
3.5
2.9
2.6
2.4
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.5

a
For 2007, the number of AIDS-related deaths used to calculate the rate was based on individual reports submitted to the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP). For 20012006 AIDS-related deaths were based on a combination of National Prisoner Statistics (NPS1) data. For 1995, AIDS-related deaths were based on data submitted in the NPS-1.
bExcludes deaths reported in state prisons. See Methodology for data sources.
cCalculation based on rate of deaths in state prisons divided by rate in the U.S. general population, ages 15 to 54.

HIV testing in prisons
During 2008, a total of 24 states reported testing
all inmates for HIV at admission or sometime
during custody (appendix table 5). Among these
24 states, 23 tested prisoners at admission, 5
tested while in custody, and 6 tested upon
release. All fifty states and the federal system
tested inmates if they had clinical indication of
HIV infection or if they requested an HIV test.
Forty-two states and the federal system tested
inmates after they were involved in an incident
in which an inmate was exposed to a possible
HIV transmission, and 18 states and the federal
system tested inmates who belonged to specific
“high-risk” groups.

Rate per 100,000 persons
U.S. general population
ages 15 to 54b
State prisonsa
100
29
25
9
22
9
21
9
14
9
13
8
11
6
9
6

Table 8.
Inmate deaths in federal prisons by cause, 2007 and 2008

Cause of death
Total
Natural causes other
than AIDS
AIDS-related
Suicide
Accidentc
Execution
By another person
Other/unspecified

Deaths of federal inmates
Number of deathsa
Rate per 100,000 inmatesb
2007
2008
2007
2008
368
399
185
198
313
10
18
0
0
12
15

345
13
21
6
0
13
1

157
5
9
0
0
6
8

172
6
10
3
0
6
0

a
Deaths are from federal agency-managed institutions only. Deaths in private
facilities or Residential Reentry Center (RRC's) are not included.
b

Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

c

Three of the six accidental deaths in 2008 were labeled drug or alcohol
intoxication.

November 2009

5

Methodology
National Prisoner Statistics
The National Prisoner Statistics collection (NPS1), which primarily measures prison population
movement, began in 1926. The NPS-1 includes
yearend counts of prisoners by jurisdiction, gender, race, Hispanic origin, and admissions and
releases during the year. The series consists of
reports from the departments of corrections in
the 50 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
In 1991 BJS began collecting data on HIV and
confirmed AIDS in prisons in NPS-1. BJS
respondents have indicated the circumstances
under which inmates are tested for HIV and
have provided the number of HIV-infected
inmates in their custody.
Deaths in Custody Reporting Program
To implement the data collection required by the
Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (PL
106-297), BJS developed four quarterly data collections of death records from local jails (begun
in 2000), state prisons (2001), state juvenile correctional agencies (2002), and state and local law
enforcement agencies (2003). Records include
data on the deceased's characteristics (such as
age, gender, race, and Hispanic origin), criminal
background (such as legal status, offenses, and
time in custody), and the death itself (such as
cause, time, location, and medical conditions
and treatment).
Estimation of HIV and confirmed AIDS cases in
New York State
New York estimates the number of HIV and confirmed AIDS cases based on data from blind
seroprevalence studies conducted biennially by
the New York State Department of Health. Blood
samples are taken from all inmates entering New
York State prisons. Every other year an extra
sample from 1,000 sequential admissions at
reception in four reception centers is tested for
various diseases, including HIV. The percentage
with HIV infection is applied to the total inmate
population, and then adjusted for length of stay
and data from other studies. Projections for
interim years are made without blind studies.

AIDS in the U.S. resident population
The number of persons with confirmed AIDS in
the U.S. general population (age 13 and older)
was derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HIV/ AIDS Surveillance Report, yearend editions 1999 to 2007. For
6

HIV in Prisons, 2007-08

each year the number of active AIDS cases in the
United States was calculated by taking the cumulative number of total AIDS cases for persons age
13 or older at yearend (from the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report), minus estimated confirmed
AIDS cases in state and federal prisons, and subtracting the cumulative number of AIDS deaths
for people age 15 or older at yearend, minus estimated number of AIDS-related deaths in state
and federal prisons. The rate of confirmed AIDS
cases in the U.S. general population was calculated by dividing the annual total number of
individuals with AIDS by the estimated U.S. general population (age 13 or older before 2000; age
15 or older since 2000) minus the state and federal custody population.
AIDS-related deaths in the United States
The number of AIDS-related deaths for persons
ages 15 to 54 was based on the CDC, HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report, yearend editions. Deaths in
the U.S. population for persons ages 15 to 54
were taken from the CDC, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 45, No. 11(S). Also, deaths were
taken from the CDC, National Vital Statistics
Report, Vol. 52, No. 3; Vol. 53, No. 5; Vol. 53, No.
15; Vol. 54, No. 19; and Vol. 57, No. 14. For 2005,
U.S. general population deaths can be found in
National Center for Health Statistics, Deaths:
Preliminary Data for 2005. For 2001 to 2006,
AIDS-related deaths were calculated as a percent
of all deaths among persons ages 15 to 54 in the
U.S. general population. The difference of the
national estimate of AIDS deaths of persons ages
15 to 54 minus AIDS-related deaths of persons
ages 15 to 54 in state prisons was divided by the
national mortality estimates of persons ages 15
to 54 minus total deaths in state prisons.
For 2001 through 2006, the rates of AIDS-related
deaths in the general population were calculated
by taking the difference of the national estimate
of AIDS-related deaths for persons ages 15 to 54
minus AIDS-related deaths for those ages 15 to
54 in state prisons, and dividing it by the U.S.
general population estimate minus the state
prison population ages 15 to 54.
Because data on AIDS-related deaths by age in
state prisons were not collected prior to 2001, the
total number of AIDS-related deaths in state
prison was subtracted from the national estimate
of AIDS-related deaths for the 1995 rate calculations.

Appendix Table 1.
Inmates in custody of state or federal prison authorities and reported to be HIV postitive
or to have confirmed AIDS, by jurisdiction 2006-2008
Total HIV/AIDS casesa
2006
2007
2008

HIV/AIDS cases as a percent of custody
population
2006
2007
2008

Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Comparable reportingb
21,985
21,615
21,619
:
:
:
Reportedc
21,985
21,644
22,144
1.7%
1.5%
1.5%
1,530
1,679
1,538
0.9
0.9
0.8
Federald
State
20,455
19,965
20,606
1.8
1.6
1.6
Northeast
6,099
5,940
5,484
3.6%
3.4%
3.2%
Connecticut
423
415
380
2.2
2.1
2.0
Maine
13
10
9
0.6
0.5
0.4
Massachusetts
268
219
264
2.5
2.0
2.4
New Hampshire
16
18
16
0.6
0.7
0.6
New Jersey
612
550
520
2.7
2.2
2.1
New York
4,000
3,950
3,500
6.3
6.3
5.8
Pennsylvania
697
689
727
1.6
1.5
1.6
Rhode Island
58
67
54
1.6
1.8
1.4
Vermont
12
22
14
0.7
1.0
0.7
Midwest
1,574
1,337
1,971
0.9%
0.7%
0.8%
Illinois
/
/
457
/
/
1.0
Indiana
/
/
/
/
/
/
Iowa
42
56
41
0.5
0.6
0.5
Kansas
61
22
46
0.7
0.3
0.5
Michigan
490
359
341
1.0
0.7
0.7
Minnesota
47
45
44
0.6
0.5
0.5
Missouri
301
292
461
1.0
1.0
1.5
Nebraska
17
14
16
0.4
0.3
0.4
North Dakota
3
4
6
0.2
0.3
0.4
Ohio
447
377
414
1.0
0.8
0.8
South Dakota
14
14
13
0.4
0.4
0.4
Wisconsin
152
154
132
0.7
0.7
0.6
South
10,953
10,784
11,003
2.1%
1.9%
1.9%
Alabama
297
292
275
1.2
1.2
1.1
Arkansas
101
121
118
0.8
0.9
0.9
Delaware
108
119
132
1.5
1.7
1.9
Florida
3,412
3,460
3,626
4.1
3.6
3.6
Georgia
944
970
961
1.8
1.8
1.8
Kentucky
104
103
131
0.8
0.8
0.9
Louisiana
525
512
458
2.5
2.5
2.2
Maryland
612
636
588
2.7
2.7
2.5
Mississippi
279
246
246
2.4
1.4
1.4
North Carolina
688
722
824
1.8
1.9
2.1
Oklahoma
163
148
139
0.9
0.6
0.6
South Carolina
454
438
409
2.0
1.9
1.7
Tennessee
190
187
188
1.3
1.0
1.0
Texas
2,693
2,458
2,450
1.9
1.6
1.5
Virginia
368
358
433
1.3
1.1
1.3
West Virginia
15
14
25
0.3
0.3
0.5
West
1,829
1,904
2,148
0.7%
0.6%
0.7%
Alaska
/
29
13
/
0.6
0.3
Arizona
169
178
179
0.6
0.5
0.5
California
1,155
1,156
1,402
0.7
0.7
0.8
Colorado
165
150
173
1.0
0.7
0.7
Hawaii
15
26
23
0.4
0.5
0.4
Idaho
22
24
28
0.5
0.3
0.4
Montana
6
4
6
0.3
0.1
0.2
Nevada
126
165
116
1.0
1.2
0.9
New Mexico
36
38
33
0.5
0.6
0.5
/
/
55
/
/
0.4
Oregone
Utah
44
33
36
0.9
0.6
0.7
Washington
84
93
79
0.5
0.5
0.4
Wyoming
7
8
5
0.6
0.4
0.3
/Not reported.
:Not calculated.
aCounts published in previous reports may have been revised.
b
Excludes data from Illinois, Indiana, Alaska, and Oregon for all 3 years due to incomplete reporting.
c
Excludes inmates in jurisdictions that did not report data.
d
Counts for 2008 may not be comparable to previous year counts due to the implementation of a new record-keeping system.
e
The number of HIV/AIDS cases in Oregon was based on a 3/9/09 count.

November 2009

7

Appendix Table 2.
Inmates in custody of state and federal prison authorities reported to be HIV positive or to
have confirmed AIDS, by jurisdiction and gender, yearend 2007 and 2008
Male HIV/AIDS cases
2007
2008
Number
Percent
Number
Percent

Female HIV/AIDS cases
2007
2008
Number
Percent
Number
Percent

Jurisdiction
U.S. total
Comparable reportinga
19,534
:
19,760
:
2,110
:
1,872
Reportedb
19,534
1.5%
20,231
1.5%
2,110
2.1%
1,913
Federalc
1,576
0.9
1,460
0.8
103
0.9
78
State
17,958
1.6
18,771
1.6
2,007
2.3
1,835
Northeast
5,383
3.3%
4,988
3.1%
557
6.0%
496
Connecticut
365
2.0
328
1.9
50
3.9
52
Maine
10
0.5
8
0.4
0
0
1
Massachusetts
202
2.0
242
2.3
17
2.1
22
New Hampshire
18
0.7
16
0.6
0
0
0
New Jersey
487
2.0
468
2.0
63
4.7
52
New York
3,600
6.0
3,200
5.6
350
12.7
300
Pennsylvania
624
1.4
664
1.6
65
2.7
63
Rhode Island
59
1.7
48
1.4
8
3.6
6
Vermont
18
0.9
14
0.7
4
2.5
0
Midwest
1,251
0.7%
1,844
0.8%
86
0.7%
127
Illinois
/
/
419
1.0
/
/
38
Indiana
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Iowa
50
0.6
37
0.5
6
0.8
4
Kansas
19
0.2
39
0.5
3
0.5
7
Michigan
344
0.7
326
0.7
15
0.7
15
Minnesota
42
0.5
41
0.5
3
0.5
3
Missouri
272
1.0
445
1.6
20
0.8
16
Nebraska
13
0.3
16
0.4
1
0.3
0
North Dakota
3
0.2
6
0.5
1
0.7
0
Ohio
351
0.8
385
0.8
26
0.7
29
South Dakota
11
0.4
12
0.4
3
0.8
1
Wisconsin
146
0.7
118
0.6
8
0.5
14
South
9,589
1.8%
9,991
1.9%
1,195
2.9%
1,012
Alabama
275
1.2
260
1.1
17
1.1
15
Arkansas
110
0.9
106
0.9
11
1.1
12
Delaware
108
1.6
108
1.7
11
2.0
24
Florida
3,059
3.5
3,292
3.5
401
6.0
334
Georgia
882
1.7
871
1.8
88
2.5
90
Kentucky
94
0.8
118
0.9
9
1.1
13
Louisiana
475
2.5
406
2.1
37
3.2
52
Maryland
518
2.4
544
2.5
118
10.1
44
Mississippi
158
1.0
212
1.3
88
5.0
34
North Carolina
664
1.9
771
2.1
58
2.1
53
Oklahoma
134
0.6
129
0.6
14
0.6
10
South Carolina
400
1.8
380
1.7
38
2.4
29
Tennessee
178
1.0
172
0.9
9
0.8
16
Texas
2,199
1.5
2,201
1.5
259
2.1
249
Virginia
322
1.1
398
1.3
36
1.5
35
West Virginia
13
0.3
23
0.5
1
0.2
2
West
1,735
0.6%
1,948
0.7%
169
0.7%
200
Alaska
23
0.5
11
0.2
6
1.1
2
Arizona
164
0.5
159
0.4
14
0.4
20
California
1,076
0.7
1,308
0.8
80
0.7
94
Colorado
129
0.6
149
0.7
21
0.9
24
Hawaii
24
0.5
18
0.4
2
0.3
5
Idaho
24
0.4
23
0.4
0
0
5
Montana
4
0.2
6
0.2
0
0
0
Nevada
140
1.2
89
0.7
25
2.1
27
New Mexico (m-33 f-3)
38
0.6
33
0.6
0
0
0
Oregon
/
/
52
0.4
/
/
3
Utah
30
0.6
28
0.6
3
0.6
8
Washington
78
0.5
68
0.4
15
1.0
11
Wyoming
5
0.3
4
0.3
3
1.2
1
/Not reported.
:Not calculated.
aExcludes data from Illinois and Oregon for both years due to incomplete reporting.
bExcludes inmates in jurisdictions that did not report HIV/AIDS infection by gender.
cCounts for 2008 may not be comparable to previous year counts due to the implementation of a new record-keeping system.

8

HIV in Prisons, 2007-08

:
1.9%
0.7
2.0
5.3%
4.1
0.7
2.9
0
4.2
11.6
2.3
3.1
0
0.8%
1.4
/
0.5
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.7
0
0
0.8
0.3
1.0
2.4%
1.0
1.2
4.5
4.8
2.4
0.9
4.5
4.2
2.0
1.9
0.4
1.8
1.4
2.0
1.5
0.4
0.8%
0.4
0.5
0.8
1.1
0.8
0.7
0
2.7
0
0.3
1.5
0.8
0.5

Appendix Table 3.
Inmates in custody of state or federal prison authorities and reported to have confirmed AIDS,
by jurisdiction, yearend 2007 and 2008
Number

Confirmed AIDS cases
Percent of custody population
2008
2007
2008

Jurisdiction
2007
U.S. total
Estimateda,b
5,762
5,672
:
:
Reportedc
5,449
5,113
0.4%
0.4%
Federald
682
613
0.4
0.3
State
4,767
4,500
0.4
0.4
Northeast
1,421
1,065
0.8%
0.9%
Connecticut
166
156
0.9
0.8
Maine
0
0
0
0
Massachusetts
106
95
1.0
0.9
New Hampshire
/
5
/
0.2
New Jersey
134
107
0.5
0.4
New York
800
700
1.3
1.2
Pennsylvania
205
/
0.5
/
Rhode Island
/
/
/
/
Vermont
10
2
0.5
0.1
Midwest
411
477
0.3%
0.2%
Illinois
/
64
/
0.1
Indiana
/
/
/
/
Iowa
20
0
0.2
0
Kansas
3
6
-0.1
Michigan
184
178
0.4
0.4
Minnesota
18
18
0.2
0.2
Missouri
/
26
/
0.1
Nebraska
7
6
0.2
0.1
North Dakota
1
0
0.1
0
Ohio
122
139
0.2
0.3
South Dakota
0
0
0
0
Wisconsin
56
40
0.2
0.2
South
2,695
2,752
0.6%
0.6%
Alabama
87
92
0.3
0.4
Arkansas
41
40
0.3
0.3
Delaware
30
47
0.4
0.7
Florida
368
362
0.4
0.4
Georgia
/
/
/
/
Kentucky
15
20
0.1
0.1
Louisiana
512
458
2.5
2.2
Maryland
167
130
0.7
0.6
Mississippi
35
48
0.2
0.3
North Carolina
406
436
1.1
1.1
Oklahoma
/
/
/
/
South Carolina
189
202
0.8
0.9
Tennessee
30
31
0.2
0.2
Texas
812
883
0.5
0.6
Virginia
/
/
/
/
West Virginia
3
3
0.1
0.1
West
240
206
0.1%
0.1%
Alaska
10
5
0.2
0.1
Arizona
0
25
0
0.1
California
/
/
/
/
Colorado
35
21
0.2
0.1
Hawaii
/
/
/
/
Idaho
0
0
0
0
Montana
4
1
0.1
-Nevada
75
43
0.6
0.3
New Mexico
21
14
0.3
0.2
Oregon
/
/
/
/
Utah
24
24
0.5
0.5
Washington
69
68
0.4
0.4
Wyoming
2
5
0.1
0.3
/Not reported.
:Not calculated.
--Less than .05%.
aIncludes estimates of the number of inmates with confirmed AIDS for Georgia, Oklahoma, Virginia, California, and Hawaii in
2007 and 2008, for New Hampshire and Missouri in 2007, and for Pennsylvania and Oregon in 2008.
b
In states that did not report confirmed AIDS cases, estimates were made by applying to the total the percentages by type of HIV
infection from the most recent year for which data were available. For each year, estimates do not include data from states that did
not report sufficient data on HIV/AIDS cases.
cExcludes inmates in jurisdictions that did not report type of HIV/AIDS infection.
dCounts for 2008 may not be comparable to previous year counts due to the implementation of a new record-keeping system.

November 2009

9

Appendix Table 4.
AIDS-related deaths among state prison inmates reported to the
Deaths in Custody Reporting Program, 2007
AIDS-related deaths
Jurisdiction
All deaths
Number
Rate per 100,000 inmates
State total
3,388
120
9
Northeast
441
26
15
Connecticut
27
1
5
Maine
1
0
0
Massachusetts
39
0
0
New Hampshire
6
1
34
New Jersey
60
7
27
New York
148
11
17
Pennsylvania
150
5
11
Rhode Island
9
1
26
Vermont
1
0
0
Midwest
589
18
7
Illinois
104
6
13
Indiana
54
2
8
Iowa
17
0
0
Kansas
20
0
0
Michigan
117
4
8
Minnesota
13
0
0
Missouri
78
2
7
Nebraska
12
0
0
North Dakota
0
0
0
Ohio
123
3
6
South Dakota
8
0
0
Wisconsin
43
1
4
South
1,667
65
11
Alabama
54
2
8
Arkansas
46
3
23
Delaware
15
0
0
Florida
249
14
15
Georgia
143
6
11
Kentucky
46
2
13
Louisiana
82
1
5
Maryland
57
8
35
Mississippi
76
2
12
North Carolina
99
5
13
Oklahoma
98
1
4
South Carolina
72
4
17
Tennessee
73
3
15
Texas
435
10
6
Virginia
103
3
9
West Virginia
19
1
22
West
691
11
3
Alaska
10
0
0
Arizona
61
3
8
California
395
3
2
Colorado
42
0
0
Hawaii
13
1
18
Idaho
14
0
0
Montana
5
0
0
Nevada
39
2
15
New Mexico
22
0
0
Oregon
36
0
0
Utah
7
0
0
Washington
39
2
11
Wyoming
8
0
0
Note: Based on individual reports submitted to the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program
(DCRP).

10

HIV in Prisons, 2007-08

Appendix Table 5.
Circumstances under which inmates were tested for the antibody to HIV, by jurisdiction, 2008
All inmates
Entering
Federal
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
Midwest
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
Ohio
South Dakota
Wisconsin
South
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
West Virginia
West
Alaska
Arizona
California
Colorado
Hawaii
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Washington
Wyoming

Upon
In custody release

Random

Inmate
High-risk request
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X

Clinical
Involvement
Court order indication in incident
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

Other

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

November 2009 11

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics

*NCJ~228307*

PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
DOJ/BJS
Permit No. G-91

Washington, DC 20531

Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300

The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistics agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Michael D. Sinclair is acting director.
BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs.
The Bulletin was written by Laura M. Maruschak and Randy Beavers. Todd Minton verified the report and provided statistical
support. Steve Simoncini carried out the data collection and processing under the supervision of Charlene M. Sebold,
Governments Division, Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. Duane H. Cavanaugh provided technical assistance.
Catherine Bird and Jill Duncan edited the report. Tina Dorsey produced the report. Jayne E. Robinson prepared the report for final
printing under the supervision of Doris J. James.
December 2009, NCJ 228307
This report in portable document format and in ASCII and its related statistical data and tables are available at the BJS World Wide
Web Internet site: <http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=1747>.

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12

HIV in Prisons, 2007-08