Content warning: This report contains disturbing details related to human subject research conducted on incarcerated individuals by
UCSF faculty and may be harmful and/or traumatizing, particularly for individuals who have personal experiences with oppression.

Program for Historical Reconciliation - The Case of Howard I. Maibach
December 12, 2022
Executive Report
Introduction
In January 2022, the UCSF Program for Historical Reconciliation (PHR) began addressing a
request from EVCP Dr. Lowenstein to investigate past research practices conducted by certain
UCSF faculty at the California Medical Facility (CMF), a state prison medical facility located in
Vacaville, CA. Upon learning that two doctors at UCSF, Dr. Howard Maibach and Dr. William
Epstein, had earlier trained with Dr. Albert Kligman, whose unethical experiments on prisoners
in the 1950s-1970s at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia have been well documented, concerns
were raised about possible unethical research in the 1960s and 1970s at CMF.
Aware that federal, state, and institutional policies were then being developed to protect
vulnerable populations from medical experimentation, the PHR sought to establish whether
human subjects research review protocols were followed and whether the research
methodologies used were justified and appropriate. The PHR research team have identified,
digitized, and assessed approximately 7,000 archival documents, medical journal articles,
interviews, documentaries, and books. The file titled “Maibach_database” serves as a database
of our findings. This database features three spreadsheets: (1) journal articles featuring human
subjects research conducted in prisons, 1960-1980; (2) journal articles on race; (3) archival
research.
As of November 2022, the findings presented in this report are limited by the amount of material
the PHR team has been able to assess. Further analysis of primary documents is necessary to
provide a more comprehensive picture of the scope of medical research that was conducted at
CMF, to determine the extent of medical harm done to incarcerated individuals, and for the
institution to ascertain the steps that should be taken toward full historical reconciliation.
Knowing that Drs. Kligman and Epstein (both now deceased) went on record to defend their
research, and being aware that Dr. Maibach is currently still an active member of the UCSF
faculty, the PHR welcomed the opportunity to include Dr. Maibach’s replies to the PHR’s
findings in this report.
Howard I. Maibach has had a prolific career in the field of dermatology. He has been involved in
human research for over 60 years, has published over 2500 journal articles, has served on the
editorial board of more than 30 scientific journals, and has won numerous awards. Maibach has
had leadership roles in scientific societies including President of the San Francisco
Dermatological Society (1970-71). The American Contact Dermatitis Society has a travel grant
named in his honor. He has served as a consultant to various entities including the State of
California Department of Public Health, Sonoma State Hospital, and the International Society for
Bioengineering and the Skin Standardization Committee. 1 Maibach has been a faculty member
in UCSF’s Dermatology Department since 1961, a position he currently still holds. 2
While Maibach has had an accomplished career, aspects of his research raise ethical concerns.
Maibach was involved in human subjects research of incarcerated individuals until it was halted
by the state of California in 1977. 3 He began conducting human subjects research on
incarcerated individuals during his fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania, under the
supervision of Albert Kligman. 4 When Maibach joined UCSF in 1961, he took Kligman’s model
and adapted it for his use at the California Medical Facility (CMF), a prison hospital located in

1

Vacaville, California. Throughout his tenure at UCSF, Maibach experimented on at least 2600
individuals who were incarcerated at CMF. His research was nontherapeutic, meaning
incarcerated individuals were not suffering from any diseases or conditions that the research
was intended to treat. Research conducted ranged in invasiveness and purpose. The use of
CMF as a site for human subjects research predates Maibach’s arrival to UCSF and, according
to Maibach, “its availability was part of the recruitment process.” 5
Publications on Human Subjects Research Conducted at CMF
To best document the involvement of incarcerated individuals in human subjects research, the
PHR reviewed 222 publications from 1960-1980 and identified thirty-four articles featuring
human subjects research. Twenty-four of these articles are believed to be referencing research
conducted at CMF.
Fourteen publications specifically referenced CMF either by name or names of collaborators,
Drs. William C. Keating, Jr and Lester A. Pope. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Out of these
fourteen articles, one article references a study that predates the establishment of the first
internal review board (1966). 6 Only one of the remaining thirteen publications indicated that
informed consent was obtained from its seven human subjects and that the study had been
approved by UCSF’s Committee for Human Research (CHR). 19
Published articles referencing human subjects research conducted at CMF and mention of UCSF internal review
Article
CMF Reference

UCSF Internal
Review Board
Reference
Predates
establishment of
first board (1966)

Abdul A Khan, Howard I Maibach, Walter G
Strauss, and William R Fenley, "Screening
Humans for Degrees of Attractiveness to
Mosquitoes," Journal of Economic Entomology
58 no 4 (August 1965): 694-697.

“We also acknowledge with gratitude the assistance of
William C. Keating, Jr, MD and Lester A Pope, MD, of the
State of California Department of Corrections”

A. A Khan et al., “Increased Attractiveness of
Man to Mosquitoes with Induced Eccrine
Sweating,” Nature 223, no. 5208 (1969): 859–
860.
Robert J. Feldmann and Howard I Maibach,
"Absorption of Some Organic Compounds
Through The Skin in Man," The Journal of
Investigative Dermatology 54, no. 5 (1970):399404.
Raza Aly, Howard I Maibach, Walter G. Strauss,
and Henry R. Shinefield, "Effects of a Systemic
Antibiotic on Nasal Bacterial Ecology in Man,"
Applied Microbiology 20, no 2 (Aug 1970): 240244.
Howard I Maibach, Robert J Feldmann, Thomas
H Milby, and William F Serat, "Regional Variation
in Percutaneous Penetration in Man," Archives of
Environmental Health: An International Journal
23:3 (1971): 208-211.
A A Khan, Howard I Maibach, and Walter G
Strauss, "A Quantitative Study of Variation in
Mosquito Response and Host Attractiveness," J
Med Ent 8, no 1 (March 1971): 41-43.

“We thank Drs. Lester Pope and Eugene Prout and the
inmates of the California Medical Facility, Vacaville,
California, for assistance.”

None

“We appreciate the cooperation and assistance of Drs.
Lester Pope and Eugene Prout of the California Medical
Facility, State of California, Department of Corrections,
Vacaville, California.”

None

“Sixty male volunteers at the California Medical Facility,
Vacaville, Calif.,” ….”Lester Pope and Eugene Prout of the
California State Department of Corrections cooperated
greatly in this investigation.”

None

“Drs. Lester Pope and Eugene Prout, California
Department of Corrections, made the arrangements,
provided medical consultation, and contributed to the
project design for this study.”

None

“We acknowledge with gratitude the assistance of Drs.
Lester Pope and Eugene Prout and the inmates of the
California Medical Facility at Vacaville, California.”

None

Louis B Fisher and Howard I Maibach, “The
Effect of Corticosteroids on Human Epidermal
Mitotic Activity,” Arch Dermatol 103, no. 1 (1971):
39–44.
Howard L Johnson and Howard I Maibach, “Drug
Excretion in Human Eccrine Sweat.” J Invest
Dermatol 56, no. 3 (1971):182–188.

“Lester Pope, MD, and Eugene Prout, MD, California
Department of Corrections, cooperated in this study.”

None

“We wish to express our appreciation to Drs. Lester Pope
and Eugene Prout of the State Department of Corrections”

None

2

Raza Aly, Howard I Maibach, Henry R.
Shinefield, and Walter G. Strauss, " Survival of
Pathogenic Microorganisms on Human Skin,"
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 58, no.
4 (1972): 205-210.
Llewellyn Phillips II, Marshall Steinberg, Howard I
Maibach, and William A Akers, "A Comparison of
Rabbit and Human Skin Response to Certain
Irritants," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
21 (1972): 369-382.
Louis B Fisher and Howard I Maibach, “Physical
Occlusion Controlling Epidermal Mitosis,” J
Invest Dermatol 59, no. 1 (1972): 106–108.

“and Drs. Lester Pope and Eugene Prout of the California
Medica Facility, State of California, Department of
Corrections, at Vacaville, California for their cooperation in
this investigation.”

None

“The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Drs.
Lester Pope and Eugene Prout and Mr. Leo Heidel, State
Department of Corrections, Vacaville, California.”

None

“Drs. Lester Pope and Eugene Prout, California
Department of Corrections, cooperated in this study.”

None

Louis B Fisher and Howard I Maibach, “Topical
Antipsoriatic Agents and Epidermal Mitosis in
Man.” Arch Dermatol 108, no. 3 (1973): 374–377.

“Lester Pope, MD, and Eugene Prout, MD, California
Department of Corrections, cooperated in this study.”

None

Robert J. Feldman and Howard I Maibach,
"Percutaneous Penetration of some Pesticides
and Herbicides in Man," Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology 28, no. 1 (1974): 126-132.

“Drs. Lester Pope, Eugene Prout, and R. Clannon of the
State of California Department of Corrections cooperated in
these studies,”

None

Jerrold A Kram, Henry R Bourne, Howard I
Maibach, and Kenneth L Melon, "Cutaneous
immediate hypersensitivity in man: Effects of
systemically administered adrenergic drugs," J
Allergy Clin Immunol 56, no 5 (November 1975):
387-392.

“We wish to acknowledge the invaluable assistance given
by Mr. George Rubald, of the California Medical Faciltiy in
Vacaville, California, in screening the patients and in
carrying out the studies.”

“All subjects gave
written informed
consent to the
experimental
protocol which
was approved by
Committee on
Human
Experimentation
of the Academic
Senate of UCSF”

There were also ten articles that we believe referenced studies conducted at CMF, though they
did not mention prison collaborators by name. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Three articles reference
studies predating the establishment of the first review board at UCSF. An additional article
based on research conducted at CMF is published the same year the first board was
established. Only one of these articles reported on a study receiving consent by subjects and/or
CHR. 29 The search for documentation of CHR approval for the other studies is ongoing.
Published articles possibly referencing human subjects research conducted at CMF and mention of UCSF internal review
Article
Human Subjects Reference
UCSF Internal Review Board
Reference
William L Epstein and Howard I
30 patients with psoriasis being treated; 11
Predates establishment of first
Maibach, “Immunologic Competence of
"healthy untreated male volunteers varying in
board
Patients With Psoriasis Receiving
age from 22 to 55 years"; 11 "healthy
Cytotoxic Drug Therapy.” Arch Dermatol
nonpsoriatic male subjects" being treated; and
91, no. 6 (1965): 599–606.
6 untreated psoriatic patients- (believed
healthy nonpsoriatic males could be from
CMF)
Howard I Maibach and William L
Described using language often referencing
Predates establishment of first
Epstein, “Immunologic Responses of
those at CMF,
board
Healthy Volunteers Receiving
“healthy, adult, male volunteers”
Azathioprine (Imuran),” Int Arch Allergy
Immunol 27, no. 2 (1965) 102–109.
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I
"hydrocortisone alcohol with diluted acetone
Predates establishment of first
Maibach, “Penetration of 14C
given intravenously or intradermally. Urine
board
Hydrocortisone Through Normal Skin:
was tracked." Study similar to those conducted
The Effect of Stripping and Occlusion,”
at CMF based on our research.
Arch Dermatol 91, no. 6 (1965): 661–
666.
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I
2 steroids - hydrocortisone and testosterone
Same year as the establishment of
Maibach, “Percutaneous Penetration of
was applied in 5 chemicals used as vehicles first board and announcement to
14C Hydrocortisone in Man: II. Effect of
mineral oil, propylene glycol (PG), dimethyl

3

Certain Bases and Pretreatments,” Arch
Dermatol 94, no. 5 (1966): 649–651.
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I
Maibach, “Regional Variation in
Percutaneous Penetration of 14C
Cortisol in Man,” J Invest Dermatol 48,
no. 2 (1967): 181–183.
Howard I Maibach, et al., “Screening for
Drug Toxicity by Wave Lengths Greater
Than 3,100 A.” Arch Dermatol 95, no. 1
(1967): 12–15.
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I
Maibach, "Percutaneous Absorption of
Steroids," Journal of Investigative
Dermatology 52, no. 1 (1969): 63-70.

Pamela M Sutton, et al.,
“Vasoconstrictor Potency of Corticoids:
Intradermal Injection,” J Invest Dermatol
57, no. 6 (1971): 371–376.
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I
Maibach, “Percutaneous Penetration of
Hydrocortisone With Urea,” Arch
Dermatol 109, no. 1 (1974): 58–59.
Lewis G. Scharpf,, et al., “Percutaneous
Penetration and Disposition of
Triclocarban in Man: Body Showering,”
Arch Environ Health 30, no. 1 (1975): 7–
14.

sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF),
and dimethyl acetamide (DMAC). CMF was a
site for UCSF-conducted DMSO research
during the 1960s 30
Hydrocortisone applied to skin. Subjects
requested not to wash the area for one day;
site was not protected. Urine collected for 5
days. Similar to research as being identified as
taking place at CMF. Also, subjects were
described as “normal male volunteers”
Similar research conducted at CMF based on
our research.

faculty informing about required
board approval

Building on their work with hydrocortisone,
they tested 14 steroids on subjects. Steroids hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate,
cortisone, corticosterone, 17-OH
Progesterone, Progesterone, Fluocinolone
acetonide, Desamethosone, estradiol,
testosterone, testosterone acetate,
testosterone propionate,
dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione.
“Healthy adult male volunteers.” This wording
is similar to description of volunteers who
reside at CMF.

None

Type of research typical of CMF. No location
identified. 4-C-hydrocortisone acetate
preparation deposited on forearm. Area was
covered and measured. Urine collected.
Similar research conducted at CMF based on
our findings.

None

None

None

None

Protocols approved by the
radioisotope and human use
committees of the UC office of
Environmental health and safety.
Informed consent was obtained
from each subject

Ten additional articles mention human subjects research, but do not provide enough information
to determine if the research was conducted at CMF. 31 We also found one publication based on
a case study from the prison hospital. 32 Three articles were published (1978-1980) after
California halted human subjects research in prisons which do not reference CMF directly;
however, we believe these articles are possibly discussing findings from research conducted at
the prison hospital given the description of the human subjects. 33 34 35 Our research is ongoing.
Our findings show that Maibach practiced questionable research methods. Archival records and
published articles have failed to show any protocols that were adopted regarding informed
consent and communicating research risks to participants who were incarcerated. Publications
detail experimental methods which included the topical application and intravenous dosing of
pesticides and herbicides, 18 placing small cages with mosquitos “1 cm from the arms” of human
subjects to observe “host attractiveness of humans to mosquitos,” 7, other mosquito studies
placing the cages directly on the skin and observing direct penetration of the proboscis by the
appearance of blood, and experimenting with medications to determine their therapeutic
effectiveness. 9 36
Informed Consent Practices
Based on our archival research of internal human subjects research review board(s) records
and state of California hearings proceedings, PHR has concluded that Maibach and others
engaged in questionable informed consent practices at the prison, especially before 1969. 37 As

4

demonstrated above, it was not until 1975 that consent and/or acknowledgement of approval by
a review board was indicated in any article referencing research conducted at CMF.
While the search for documentation of UCSF internal reviews of Maibach’s human subjects
research at CMF is ongoing, we have discovered several records documenting a lapse in
obtaining approval from UCSF’s Committee on Human Experimentation (CHE) for several
studies, including “Selenium-Tocopherol Blood Levels Study”(1969-1970) and “DMSO-Drug
Interaction Study” (1969). 38 39 These studies began three years after UCSF faculty were
informed that all research involving human subjects was required to go through review
regardless of the source of funding and even under circumstance with which “no funding at all
was required.” 37 In addition, we did find records pertaining to the CHE disapproving Maibach’s
“Study of Cutaneous Penetration of Pesticides in Man…insofar as the use of prisoners as
experimental subjects are concerned” in late 1971. In February 1972, CHE approved the study
but only for one year. 40
Maibach’s relaxed approach to UCSF internal review was made possible by the use of the
Solano Institute for Medical and Psychiatric Research (SIMPR) at CMF. Founded in 1963,
SIMPR was a non-profit organization that coordinated human subjects research at CMF,
including conducting peer review of studies. 41. However, solely seeking approval through
SIMPR was in direct violation of the mandate communicated to all UCSF faculty in 1966.
Maibach and his colleague, Chair of the Department of Dermatology of UCSF, William Epstein,
were such frequent users of SIMPR that the organization referred to them as a “continuously
active research team” in one of their publications. 42
Reflection on past practices
We found no documentation of regret or remorse by Maibach or Epstein regarding their human
subjects research on incarcerated individuals at CMF. In fact, Epstein testified at the 1977 state
hearings in support of biomedical experimentation in California prisons. 43 Epstein died in 2006
and we found no documentation of him changing his opinion on biomedical experimentation. In
an unpublished interview, Maibach defended human subjects research on those who are
incarcerated as a catalyst for knowledge. In addition, He voiced support for Albert Kligman’s
human subjects research on those incarcerated at Holmesberg prison. To our knowledge, he
has yet to discuss the research he conducted at CMF in public. 44
Race and Dermatological Research
As Maibach’s human subjects research in prisons came to an end, his interest in racial, ethnic,
and national skin differences grew. In 1979, he co-authored the article “Black and White Human
Skin Differences” with Klaus E. Anderson. They argued that while “color is the most striking
racial skin difference, it is but one piece of a biologic mosaic.” 45 A sampling of Maibach’s work
on racial skin differences stretching 45-years of scholarship demonstrates his curiosity with the
topic and how race might play a role in differences in dermatological conditions including
contact dermatitis, 46 sodium lauryl sulphate induced cutaneous irritation, 47 skin responses to
topical methyl nicotinate, 48 (1989) and other biological skin processes such as transepidermal
water loss (TEWL). 49 50
In many of Maibach’s publications on racial skin differences, he uses language that further
perpetuates the biologization of race. Names for racial groups are employed but not defined and
there is slippage between nationalities, ethnicities, and racial identifications. 48 While one of his
recent articles hints at a possible reconsideration of the biology of race, 49 we believe the long

5

history of his research of skin differences along racial lines, with race as a possible biological
factor, perpetuated the continuance of racial science in dermatology and has yet to be publicly
addressed.
PHR Recommendations
1. A restorative justice-informed public dissemination of our findings
2. Development and dissemination of relevant educational materials to all schools at
UCSF and UCSF Health, including a formal lecture in the Department of
Dermatology
3. The development of an oral history project to identify and interview those who were
subjected to research at CMF, 1955-1977
4. An official institutional statement of remorse
5. The establishment of a reconciliation process which is co-created with community
organizations and the Office for Restorative Justice
6. Further research in this area, including but not limited to:
a. All research conducted through SIMPR, the non-profit organization
established at the California Medical Facility (CMF) by UCSF faculty.
b. UCSF faculty-led human subjects research conducted on vulnerable
populations. Beginning with but not limited to:
i. Individuals seeking care at UCSF free healthcare clinics
ii. Sonoma State Hospital
iii. San Quentin Prison
c. Contributions by UCSF faculty in the development, endorsement, and
perpetuation of racial science
Appendix: UCSF Policies and Procedures for Research Involving Human Subjects
(https://ucsf.box.com/s/yt87wrp405ydq8b6abfjmxpfu4csbzo8, 106-108)
On September 1, 1966, Dr. Harold Harper, Vice Chancellor for Graduate Studies and Research
sent a memo to all Deans, Department Chars, Principal Investigators and all others concerned.
It set forth the guiding policy statements and indicated that these are the requirements which
must be considered by investigators when seeking approval for experimental protocols involving
human subjects.
In September 1966, Vice-Chancellor for Graduate Studies and Research created a Committee
on Human Welfare and Experimentation and delegated to this committee the responsibility for
establishing and administering a policy that met the Surgeon General's requirements for
protecting individual rights in human experimentation. The members of the Committee were
selected by committee action of the Academic Senate (Emerging assets and liabilities of a
committee on human welfare and experimentation. New Eng J Med 282:427–431, 1970, DOI:
10.1056/NEJM197002192820806). R. Curtis Morris, Jr., M.D., served as the Chairman of Subcommittee on Human experimentation of the Academic Senate Committee on Research

6

On September 26, 1966 another directive from was sent by Dr. Harold Harper, Vice Chancellor
for Graduate Studies and Research. A memo was sent to all Deans, Department Chars,
Principal Investigators and all others concerned. It contained same research procedures as
before and also indicated that responsibility for review was assigned to the Academic Senate
Committee on Research.
On December 5, 1969 a directive was sent by Dr. L. Bennett, Vice Chancellor for Academic
Affairs to Deans, Department Chars, Principal Investigators and others. It was intended to reemphasize two prior directives from November 17, 1967, and June 4, 1969, that all research
involving human subjects required review regardless of the source of funding and even under
circumstance with which no funding at all was required.
On June 25, 1970 the UCOP issued a memorandum on Research Involving Human Subjects
(President Hitch), paragraph 2. This UC presidential policy required review committees to
approve "all investigations involving human subjects for which the University is responsible,"
regardless of the source of funding. (https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/904683.pdf)
On September 20th, 1971, Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs Dr. Dallas Tuck appointed the
Committee on Human Experimentation (CHE) to review research protocols where human
beings are involved as experimental subjects.
Federal-Level Oversight - The United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW), now
called the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), has required prior review and approval of
human subjects research funded by federal agencies since 1966. In December 1971 DHEW issued its
“Institutional Guide to DHEW Policy on Protection of Human Subjects.” In 1974, these “guidelines were
revised and made regulation in 1974.” 51
Works Cited
Alexandra Scientific Advisory Board, “Prof Howard Maibach,” Accessed, September 28, 2022.
Howard Maibach UCSF Profile, Accessed, September 28, 2022.
3
The Federal Bureau of Corrections had halted all human subjects research at prisons in 1976. California was only one of only
seven states in the nation that allowed for the continuation of human subjects research in prisons. According to Shae Goldstein,
“Abuses told: Experiments on Prisoners,” Synapse – The UCSF Student Newspaper, February 17, 1977, CMF was where the
majority of human subjects research in California prisons took place at that time.
4
Howard I Maibach and Albert M Kligman, "The Biology of Experimental Human Cutaneous Moniliasis (Candida Albicans),"
Archives of Dermatology 85, no. 2 (Feb 1962): 233-257.
5
Karen Konoske, on behalf of Howard Maibach, email message to Daniel Lowenstein, October 19, 2022.
6
Abdul A Khan, Howard I Maibach, Walter G Strauss, and William R Fenley, "Screening Humans for Degrees of Attractiveness to
Mosquitoes," Journal of Economic Entomology 58, no 4 (August 1965): 694-697.
7
A. A, Khan, et al. “Increased Attractiveness of Man to Mosquitoes with Induced Eccrine Sweating.” Nature 223, no. 5208 (1969):
859–860.
8
Robert J. Feldmann and Howard I Maibach, "Absorption of Some Organic Compounds Through the Skin in Man," The Journal of
Investigative Dermatology 54, no 5 (1970): 399-404.
9
Raza Aly, Howard I Maibach, Walter G. Strauss, and Henry R. Shinefield, "Effects of a Systemic Antibiotic on Nasal Bacterial
Ecology in Man," Applied Microbiology 20, no 2 (Aug 1970): 240-244.
10
Howard I Maibach, Robert J Feldmann, Thomas H Milby, and William F Serat, "Regional Variation in Percutaneous Penetration in
Man," Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 23, no. 3 (1971): 208-211.
11
A A Khan, Howard I Maibach, Walter G Strauss, "A Quantitative Study of Variation in Mosquito Response and Host
Attractiveness," J Med Ent 8, no 1 (March 1971): 41-43.
12
Fisher, Louis B, and Howard I Maibach, “The Effect of Corticosteroids on Human Epidermal Mitotic Activity,” Arch Dermatol 103,
no. 1 (1971): 39–44.
13
Johnson, Howard L., and Howard I. Maibach, “Drug Excretion in Human Eccrine Sweat,” J Invest Dermatol 56, no. 3 (1971): 182–
188.
1
2

7

14
Raza Aly, Howard I Maibach, Henry R. Shinefield, and Walter G. Strauss, " Survival of Pathogenic Microorganisms on Human
Skin," The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 58, no. 4 (1972): 205-210.
15
Llewellyn Phillips II, Marshall Steinberg, Howard I Maibach, and William A Akers, "A Comparison of Rabbit and Human Skin
Response to Certain Irritants," Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 21, no. 3 (1972): 369-382.
16
Fisher, Louis B, and Howard I Maibach, “Physical Occlusion Controlling Epidermal Mitosis,” J Invest Dermatol 59, no. 1 (1972):
106–108.
17
Fisher, Louis B and Howard I Maibach, “Topical Antipsoriatic Agents and Epidermal Mitosis in Man,” Arch Dermatol 108, no. 3
(1973): 374–377.
18
Robert J. Feldmann and Howard I Maibach, "Percutaneous Penetration of some Pesticides and Herbicides in Man," Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology 28, no. 1 (1974): 126-132.
19
Jerrold A Kram, Henry R Bourne, Howard I Maibach, and Kenneth L Melon, "Cutaneous immediate hypersensitivity in man:
Effects of systemically administered adrenergic drugs," J Allergy Clin Immunol 56, no. 5 (November 1975): 387-392.
6
Abdul A Khan, Howard I Maibach, Walter G Strauss, and William R Fenley, "Screening Humans for Degrees of Attractiveness to
Mosquitoes," Journal of Economic Entomology 58, no 4 (August 1965): 694-697.
19
Jerrold A Kram, Henry R Bourne, Howard I Maibach, and Kenneth L Melon, "Cutaneous immediate hypersensitivity in man:
Effects of systemically administered adrenergic drugs," J Allergy Clin Immunol 56, no 5 (November 1975): 387-392.
20
William L Epstein and Howard I Maibach, “Immunologic Competence of Patients With Psoriasis Receiving Cytotoxic Drug
Therapy,” Arch Dermatol 91, no. 6 (1965): 599–606.
21
Howard I Maibach and William L Epstein, “Immunologic Responses of Healthy Volunteers Receiving Azathioprine (Imuran),” Int
Arch Allergy Immunol 27, no. 2 (1965): 102–109.
22
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I Maibach, “Penetration of 14C Hydrocortisone Through Normal Skin: The Effect of Stripping and
Occlusion,” Arch Dermatol 91, no. 6 (1965): 661–666.
23
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I Maibach, “Percutaneous Penetration of 14C Hydrocortisone in Man: II. Effect of Certain Bases
and Pretreatments,” Arch Dermatol 94, no. 5 (1966): 649–651.
24
Robert J. Feldmann and Howard I. Maibach, “Regional Variation in Percutaneous Penetration of 14C Cortisol in Man,” J Invest
Dermatol 48, no. 2 (1967): 181–183.
25
Howard I Maibach, et al., “Screening for Drug Toxicity by Wave Lengths Greater Than 3,100 A,” Arch Dermatol 95, no. 1 (1967):
12–15.
26
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I Maibach, "Percutaneous Absorption of Steriods," Journal of Investigative Dermatology 52, no. 1
(1969): 63-70.
27
Pamela M Sutton, et al., “Vasoconstrictor Potency of Corticoids: Intradermal Injection,” J Invest Dermatol 57, no. 6 (1971): 371–
376.
28
Robert J Feldmann and Howard I Maibach, “Percutaneous Penetration of Hydrocortisone With Urea,” Arch Dermatol 109, no. 1
(1974): 58–59.
29
Lewis G. Scharpf, et al., “Percutaneous Penetration and Disposition of Triclocarban in Man: Body Showering,” Arch Environ
Health. 30, no. 1 (1975) 7–14.
29
Lewis G. Scharpf, et al., “Percutaneous Penetration and Disposition of Triclocarban in Man: Body Showering,” Arch Environ
Health. 30, no. 1 (1975) 7–14.
30
Jessica Mitford, Kind and Usual Punishment: The Prison Business (New York: Knopf; 1973), 144-45.
31
Maibach_Database_Human Subjects Research.
32
Donald M Kay and Howard I Maibach, “Pruritus and Acquired Anhidrosis: Two Unusual Cases,” Arch Dermatol 100, no. 3 (1969):
291–293.
33
Raza Aly and Howard I. Maibach, “A Comparison of the Antimicrobial Effect of 0.5% Chlorhexidine (Hibistat®) and 70% Isopropyl
Alcohol on Hands Contaminated with Serratia Marcescens,” Clin Exp Dermatol 5, no. 2 (1980): 197–201.
34
Louis B Fisher, et al., “Effects of Occlusive Tape Systems on the Mitotic Activity of Epidermis: With and Without Corticosteroids,”
Arch Dermatol 114, no. 3 (1978): 384–386.
35
Louis B Fisher, et al., “Variably Occlusive Tape Systems and the Mitotic Activity of Stripped Human Epidermis: Effects With and
Without Hydrocortisone,” Arch Dermatol 114, no. 5 (1978): 727–729.
18
Robert J. Feldmann and Howard I Maibach, "Percutaneous Penetration of some Pesticides and Herbicides in Man," Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology 28, no.1 (1974): 126-132.
7
A A Khan, Howard I Maibach, and Walter G Strauss, "A Quantitative Study of Variation in Mosquito Response and Host
Attractiveness," J Med Ent 8, no. 1 (March 1971): 41-43.
9
For example, Raza Aly, Howard I Maibach, Walter G. Strauss, and Henry R. Shinefield, "Effects of a Systemic Antibiotic on Nasal
Bacterial Ecology in Man," Applied Microbiology 20, no. 2 (Aug 1970): 240-244.
36
Howard I Maibach and Walter G Strauss, “Attractiveness and Repellency of Man to Mosquito Bites: Annual Progress Report,”
Progress Report submitted to the US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of The Surgeon General,
Washington D.C., September 1968, UCSF Special Collections.
37
Jessica Mitford, “Experiments Behind Bars: Doctors, Drug Companies, and Prisoners,” The Atlantic January1973, 64-73.
38
Henry W. Elliott, MD, PhD, Chairman, Board of Directors, SIMPR, Letter to Leslie L Bennett, MD, Chairman, Committee on
Human Experimentation, UCSF, February 1, 1972, Box 1, ar86-23_001_009, 33.
39
Leslie L Bennett letter to Howard I Maibach, November 15, 1971, Box 1, ar86-23_001_009, 90-91. .
37
Jessica Mitford, “Experiments Behind Bars: Doctors, Drug Companies, and Prisoners,” The Atlantic January1973, 64-73.
40
Leslie L Bennett, Chair, CHE, Letter to Howard I Maibach, January 31, 1972, Box 1, ar86-23_001_009, 88-89.
41
Jessica Mitford, “Experiments Behind Bars: Doctors, Drug Companies, and Prisoners,” The Atlantic January1973, 64-73.
42
Jessica Mitford, Kind and Usual Punishment, 157-167.
43
The Assembly Select Committee on Corrections, The Status of Biomedical Experimentation in California’s State Prisons, January
28, 1977 (testimony of William Epstein), 14-27.
44
Howard I Maibach, unpublished interview with Jules Lipoff, 2020.
45
KE Andersen and H Maibach, “Black and White Human Skin Differences,” J Am Acad Dermatology 1, no. 3 (1979): 276-82.

8

E Berardesca E and HI Maibach, “Racial differences in sodium lauryl sulphate induced cutaneous irritation: black and white”
Contact Dermatitis doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02741.x.
47
E Berardesca and HI Maibach, “Contact dermatitis in blacks,” Dermatolgy Clin 6, no. 3 (1988): 363-8.
48
CJ Gean, E Tur E, HI Maibach, and RH Guy, “Cutaneous responses to topical methyl nicotinate in black, oriental, and caucasian
subjects,” Arch Dermatol Res 281, no. 2 (1989): 95-8.
49
NO Wesley and HI Maibach. “Racial (Ethnic) Differences in Skin Properties: The Objective Data,” Am J Clin Dermatol 4, no. 12
(2003): 843–860.
50
Reva P Peer, et al., “Did Human Evolution in Skin of Color Enhance the TEWL Barrier?” Arch Dermatol Res 314, no. 2 (2021):
121–132.
48
NO Wesley and HI Maibach. “Racial (Ethnic) Differences in Skin Properties: The Objective Data,” Am J Clin Dermatol 4, no. 12
(2003): 843–860.
49
Reva P Peer, et al., “Did Human Evolution in Skin of Color Enhance the TEWL Barrier?” Arch Dermatol Res 314, no. 2 (2021):
121–132.
51
see https://irb.ucsf.edu/irb-review.
46

9